Available online at ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 109 (2017 ) 56 63

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1 Available online at ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 109 (2017 ) International Conference on Recent Advancement in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, RAAR 2016, November 2016, Bhubaneswar, India Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of Eco friendly Refrigerant Mixtures to Replace R22 Used in Air conditioning Applications Sharmas Vali Shaik a, T. P. Ashok Babu b * a National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Surathkal, Mangalore , Karnataka, India. b* National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Surathkal, Mangalore , Karnataka, India. Abstract In the present study theoretical thermodynamic performance of a 0.8 TR window air conditioner with ten binary refrigerant mixtures consists of propylene (R1270) and propane (R290) was investigated based on actual vapour compression refrigeration cycle. All the investigated refrigerant mixtures consist of zero ozone depletion potential. Global warming potential of R22 is 1760 whereas GWP of all the studied refrigerant mixtures were below three and also these mixtures are closer to azeotropic containing the temperature glide below 0.4 o C. Thermodynamic performance of all the refrigerant mixtures are computed at the evaporating and condensing temperatures of 7.2 o C and 54.4 o C (ARI conditions) respectively. The results revealed that the coefficient of performance for the mixture R1270/R290 (75/25 by mass %) was closer to R22. The percentage variation in cop for the mixture R1270/R290 (75/25 by mass %) was least by 0.97% among the ten investigated refrigerant mixtures when compared to R22. Refrigeration capacity of all the considered refrigerant mixtures was similar to that of capacity of refrigerant R22. The compressor discharge temperature for all the studied refrigerants were reduced in the range of o C when compared to the reference refrigerant R22. The power required per ton of refrigeration for the refrigerant mixture R1270/R290 (75/25 by mass %) was least among the ten investigated refrigerant mixtures. Since refrigerant mixtures consist of hydrocarbons, therefore they had better miscibility with the mineral lubricant oil. Overall the thermodynamic performance of a refrigerant mixture R1270/R290 (75/25 by mass %) was nearest to R22 and hence it is a suitable environmentally alternative refrigerant to substitute R22 used in residential air conditioning applications The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by Elsevier by Elsevier Ltd. This Ltd. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of RAAR Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of RAAR Keywords: Alternative refrigerants; Compressor discharge temperature; COP; ODP; GWP; Refrigeration capacity * Corresponding author. Tel.: address: tpashok@rediffmail.com The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of RAAR doi: /j.egypro

2 Sharmas Vali Shaik and T.P. Ashok Babu / Energy Procedia 109 ( 2017 ) Introduction A hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerant R22 is the most commonly used in heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration applications because of its outstanding thermodynamic Properties. But R22 has unfavourable ecological effects like ozone depleting potential and high global warming potential. Therefore Montreal Protocol 1987, have been decided to phase out HCFCs in the developed countries by 2030 and for developing countries by 2040 [1, 2]. Therefore it is essential to develop the alternative refrigerants which are eco-friendly in nature in order to meet the requirements of Montreal and Kyoto protocols. In this context hydrocarbon refrigerants were eco-friendly in nature except its flammability. Therefore much attention was required for the hydrocarbons towards safety of the leakage from the system. Earlier various alternative refrigerants was proposed and tested to replace R22. An experimental investigation was carried out with R290 as an alternative to replace R22 used in window air conditioner. Results revealed that the performance of R290 was better when compared to R22 [3]. Experimental studies were conducted in a window air conditioner when it is retrofitted with mixture of R407C, propane (R290) and isobutane (R600a) without changing mineral lubricant oil. From this study it was observed that a blend of R407C/R290/R600a would be an appropriate alternative refrigerant to R22 [4]. Experimental tests were done with hydrocarbons and different blends consist of R1270, R290, R152a and RE170 as a substitute fluids to R22 used in both heat pump and air conditioning devices. Test results revealed that the performance of all the fluids was similar to R22 or superior to that of R22 [5]. Theoretical thermodynamic performance studies were carried out with various refrigerants like R290, R1270, R600a, R600, R32, R134a, R152a and their mixtures as a substitute fluids to R12, R22 and R134a. It was reported that the refrigerant mixture R290/R1270 (20/80 by wt. %) is an alternative to R22 among the other refrigerant mixtures investigated in the study [6]. Performance testing of R433A was conducted in heat pump test equipment under both heat pump and air conditioning working conditions. R433A is a binary mixture consists of 30% R1270 and 70% R290 on mass basis. Test results revealed that performance of R433A was better when compared to R22. Therefore R433A was a suitable alternative refrigerant to R22 [7]. Experimental testing of R432A was carried out as a substitute to R22 used in both heat pump and air conditioning devices. R432A is a binary blend consists of 80% R1270 and 20% RE170 on mass basis. Experimental results revealed that performance of R432A was higher than R22. Therefore R432A was an appropriate eco-friendly refrigerant to replace R22 used in both air conditioning and heat pump applications [8]. The present work focuses on performance investigation of ten binary refrigerant mixtures composed of propylene and propane as alternatives to replace R22. All the considered refrigerant mixtures are having zero ozone depletion potential and very small global warming potential less than three. In this study thermodynamic performance investigation of considered refrigerant mixtures is carried out based on actual vapour compression refrigeration cycle. In this work, effect of thermodynamic performance parameters like COP, compressor discharge temperature, refrigeration effect, refrigeration capacity, degree of subcooling, degree of superheating, type of refrigerant and power consumption per ton of refrigeration are considered for the performance investigation of selected refrigerants. In this study pressure drop at high pressure side of the system is taken as 0.4 bar whereas at low pressure side of the system is 0.2 bar. Nomenclature ARI Air conditioning and refrigeration institute ODP Ozone depletion potential COP Coefficient of performance P Pressure (MPa) GWP Global warming potential Refrigeration capacity (W) Enthalpy (kj/kg) RE Refrigeration effect (kj/kg) Enthalpy at inlet of the compressor (kj/kg) t c Condensing temperature ( o C) Enthalpy at outlet of the evaporator (kj/kg) t e Evaporating temperature ( o C) Enthalpy at outlet of the compressor (kj/kg) T d Compressor discharge temperature ( o C) Enthalpy at inlet of the evaporator (kj/kg) Power per ton of refrigeration (kw/tr) HCFCs Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Compressor work (kj/kg) Mass flow rate of the refrigerant (kg/s)

3 58 Sharmas Vali Shaik and T.P. Ashok Babu / Energy Procedia 109 ( 2017 ) Alternative refrigerants In the present study ten binary refrigerant mixtures consists of propylene (R1270) and propane (R290) is considered to investigate the performance of the vapour compression refrigeration system. A matlab code is written to develop the thermodynamic properties of ten studied refrigerant mixtures by using martin-hou equation of state [9].The developed properties of refrigerant mixture are not available in literature and therefore they are compared with Refprop [10].The deviations of developed properties from Refprop were in the range of 1.5 to 4 % within the operating pressure and temperature. Hence the procedure followed to develop the properties is precise. The critical properties of the refrigerant mixtures are taken from the Refprop. Basic properties of refrigerants are given in table1. Table 1. Basic characteristics of investigated refrigerants Refrigerant designation Composition By mass % Molecular weight (kg/kmol) Boiling point ( o C) Critical Pressure (Mpa) Critical temperature (K) ODP GWP (100years) Temperature Glide ( o C) R22 Pure fluid M1 (R1270/R290) 25/ < M2 (R1270/R290) 35/ < M3 (R1270/R290) 45/ < M4 (R1270/R290) 55/ < M5 (R1270/R290) 60/ < M6 (R1270/R290) 65/ < M7 (R1270/R290) 70/ < M8 (R1270/R290) 75/ < M9 (R1270/R290) 80/ < M10 (R1270/R290) 85/ < Thermodynamic performance analysis Thermodynamic performance analysis of R22 and its various alternative refrigerant mixtures which is considered in this study is carried out based on actual vapour compression refrigeration cycle. In this thermodynamic analysis pressure drop in the condenser and evaporator, pressure drop through suction valve and discharge valve, superheating of the refrigerant vapour in the evaporator and subcooling of refrigerant liquid in the condenser is considered. The raise in temperature due to heat gain at compressor inlet and drop in temperature due to heat loss at compressor outlet is assumed as 10 o C. The degree of subcooling and superheating is taken as 5 o C and 10 o C respectively. A matlab code is developed to compute the thermodynamic analysis of the vapour compression refrigeration system. Actual vapour compression refrigeration cycle on pressure-enthalpy diagram is shown in figure 1[11]. Fig. 1. Actual vapour compression refrigeration cycle on p-h diagram.

4 Sharmas Vali Shaik and T.P. Ashok Babu / Energy Procedia 109 ( 2017 ) The descriptions of various state points of the cycle as shown in figure 1 are given in Table 2. The table 2 shows the description of different state points of the thermodynamic cycle [11]. Table 2. Descriptions of various state points of the thermodynamic cycle State points Description of various states of the thermodynamic cycle 4-1m Evaporator pressure drop 1m-1l Superheat of refrigerant vapour in the evaporator 1l-1k Heat gain and superheating of the refrigerant vapour through the suction line 1k-1j Suction line pressure drop 1j-1 Suction valve pressure drop 1-2 Polytropic compression 2-2j Discharge valve pressure drop 2j-2k Discharge line pressure drop 2k-2l Heat loss and desuperheating of refrigerant vapour through the discharge line 2k-3 Condenser pressure drop 3-3j Subcooling of refrigerant liquid in the condenser 3j-3k Heat gain in the liquid line Manufacturer catalogue data of 0.8 TR window air conditioner used for thermodynamic analysis of the cycle is given in Table 3 and 4 respectively. The table 3 lists the ARI operating conditions of the compressor whereas table 4 shows the pressure drop values at various points of the cycle [12]. Table 3. ARI conditions Refrigerant Refrigeration capacity (TR) Evaporator temperature t e ( o C) Condensing temperature t c ( o C) R Table 4. Pressure drop values at various points of the cycle Description Pressure drop in bar Suction valve pressure drop 0.2 Discharge valve pressure drop 0.4 Suction line pressure drop 0.1 Discharge line pressure drop 0.1 Pressure drop in the evaporator 0.1 The calculations involved in the thermodynamic performance analysis of the vapour compression refrigeration cycle are given below. 1. Isentropic work of compression is determined by 2. Refrigerating effect is given by 3. Coefficient of performance is calculated as 4. Power consumption per ton of refrigeration 5. Refrigeration capacity Summary of results for the ten investigated refrigerant mixtures are given in Table 5. Table 5. Summary of results for studied refrigerant mixtures Refrigerant designation COP Variation in COP (%) T d ( o C) Power per ton of refrigeration (kw/tr) Q c (W) Refrigeration Effect (kj/kg) W c (kj/kg) R M M M M M M M M M M

5 60 Sharmas Vali Shaik and T.P. Ashok Babu / Energy Procedia 109 ( 2017 ) Results and discussions Thermodynamic performance of ten refrigerant mixtures are investigated to replace R22 used in air conditioning applications. The results and discussions for the investigated refrigerants are given below. 4.1 Refrigeration effect and compressor work Figure 2 (a) shows the refrigeration effect of various refrigerant mixtures. Figure 2 (b) shows the compressor work of various refrigerant mixtures investigated in the present study. From the figure 2 (a) and 2 (b) it is observed that refrigeration effect and compressor work increase for ten mixtures R1270/R290 (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9 and M10 in table 5) due to their excellent liquid and vapour phase enthalpy properties when compared to R22. The results show that refrigeration effect of a refrigerant mixture M10 is higher among the ten studied refrigerant mixtures whereas compressor work for the refrigerant mixture M9 is higher among the ten investigated refrigerant mixtures when compared to base line refrigerant R22. a b Fig. 2. (a) Refrigeration effect of various refrigerant mixtures; (b) Compressor work of various refrigerant mixtures. 4.2 Coefficient of performance and percentage variation in cop Coefficient of performance (COP) is the ratio of refrigeration effect to the compressor work. COP is considered as an index of energy efficiency for a given apparatus when it is charged with a particular refrigerant. Therefore it is essential to investigate the COP of considered refrigerant mixtures against the R22 while selecting the alternative refrigerants. Figure 3 (a) shows the COP of various refrigerant mixtures. Figure 3 (b) shows the percentage variation in COP of various refrigerant mixtures. From the figure 2 (a) and 2 (b) it is observed that the both refrigeration effect and compressor work increase for all the investigated refrigerant mixtures. Therefore net effect on the COP of ten studied refrigerant mixtures either increases or decreases or remains same, depending upon the composition of refrigerant mixtures used and also on the operating conditions of the system. From the figure 3 (a) and 3 (b) it is observed that COP of a refrigerant mixture M8 is nearer to the refrigerant R22 whereas percentage variation in COP of a refrigerant mixture M8 is least among the ten investigated refrigerant mixtures. Result showed that refrigerant mixture M8 gives the COP which was closer to R22 and also least percentage variation in COP among the ten studied refrigerant mixtures when compared to R22.

6 Sharmas Vali Shaik and T.P. Ashok Babu / Energy Procedia 109 ( 2017 ) a b Fig. 3. (a) COP of various refrigerant mixtures; (b) Percentage variation in COP of various refrigerant mixtures. 4.3 Compressor discharge temperature Fig 4 shows the discharge temperature of the compressor for various refrigerant mixtures. While implementing alternative refrigerants the lifespan, consistency and durability of the compressor motor should be studied. These parameters can be investigated by computing the discharge temperature of the compressor. From the figure 4 it is observed that all the investigated refrigerant mixtures in this study revealed the o C decrease in discharge temperature of the compressor when compared to the reference refrigerant R22. Hence all the studied refrigerant mixtures would be applicable from the stand point of durability of the compressor life. Fig. 4. Compressor discharge temperature of various refrigerant mixtures.

7 62 Sharmas Vali Shaik and T.P. Ashok Babu / Energy Procedia 109 ( 2017 ) Power per ton of refrigeration Figure 5 shows the power per ton of refrigeration for various refrigerant mixtures. If the power per ton of refrigeration is less, then the performance of the system can be increased. From the figure 5, it is observed that the power per ton of refrigeration for the refrigerant mixture M8 was closer to R22 and least among the ten investigated refrigerant mixtures. Therefore performance of the refrigerant mixture M8 was closer to R22, when compared to ten studied refrigerant blends. 4.5 Refrigeration capacity Fig. 5. Power per ton of refrigeration for various refrigerant mixtures. Refrigeration capacity is an essential performance parameter like coefficient of performance in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning. If the capacity of the system varies extremely for alternative refrigerant mixtures from that of reference refrigerant R22 then the compressor needs redesign completely, which will cause quite expensive. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fluids which will provide a similar capacity to that of reference refrigerant R22. From the table 5 it is observed that similar capacity was chosen for all the investigated refrigerants to that of capacity of R22. Therefore no design modifications are required to the compressor. Hence the same size of compressor can be used for all the investigated refrigerant mixtures. 5. Conclusions In the present study thermodynamic analysis of R22 and ten refrigerant mixtures consists of propylene and propane is investigated based on actual vapour compression refrigeration cycle. From this study the following conclusions are drawn. The COP of refrigerant mixture M8 (3.566) showed the nearest to that of COP of R22 (3.601) among ten investigated refrigerant mixtures. Percentage variation in COP of the mixture M8 was least by 0.97% among the ten studied refrigerant mixtures when compared to R22. Discharge temperature of compressor for all the investigated refrigerant mixtures were reduced in the range of 5.6 o C-8.4 o C when compared to reference refrigerant R22. The lower compressor discharge temperature increases the life of motor windings. Thus it is beneficial.

8 Sharmas Vali Shaik and T.P. Ashok Babu / Energy Procedia 109 ( 2017 ) The power per ton of refrigeration for the refrigerant mixture M8 (0.986 kw/tr) showed the nearest to that of power per ton of refrigeration of R22 (0.976 kw/tr) among the ten studied refrigerant mixtures. And also Refrigeration capacity of all the studied refrigerant mixtures had similar capacity to that of R22. Overall the refrigerant mixture M8 (R1270/R290 75/25 by mass %) is an appropriate eco-friendly alternative refrigerant to replace R22 among the ten investigated refrigerant mixtures from the stand point of COP, GWP and power per ton of refrigeration. References [1] United Nations Environmental Programme, Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, Final act. New York: United Nations; [2] Powell RL. CFC Phase-out; have we met the challenge. J. Fluorine Chem 2002; 114: [3] Devotta S Padalkar AS Sane NK. Performance assessment of HC-290 as a drop-in substitute to HCFC-22 in a window air conditioner. Int. J. Refrigeration 2005; 28: [4] Jabaraj DB, Avinash P Mohan Lal D Renganarayan S. Experimental investigation of HFC407C/HC290/HC600a mixture in a window air conditioner. Energy Convers. Manage 2006; 47: [5] Ki-Jung Park Taebeom Seo Dongsoo Jung. Performance of alternative refrigerants for residential air-conditioning applications. Appl. Energy 2007; 84: [6] Dalkilic AS Wongwises S. A performance comparison of vapour-compression refrigeration system using various alternative refrigerants. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 2010; 37: [7] Ki-Jung Park Yun-Bo Shim Dongsoo Jung. Performance of R433A for replacing HCFC22 used in residential air-conditioners and heat pumps. Appl. Energy 2008; 85: [8] Ki-Jung Park Yun-Bo Shim Dongsoo Jung. Experimental performance of R432A to replace R22 in residential air-conditioners and heat pumps. Appl. Therm. Eng 2009; 29: [9] Martin Joseph J Yu-Chun Hou. Development of an equation of state for gases. A.1.Ch.E. Journal 1955; 1(2): [10] Lemmon EW Huber ML McLinden MO. NIST Standard Reference Database 23, Version 9.1 Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP 2013, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg. [11] Arora C P. Refrigeration and Air conditioning. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill; p [12] Ashok Babu TP, Samaje Vikas V, Rajeev R. Development of Zero ODP, Less TEWI, Binary, Ternary and Quaternary Mixtures to Replace HCFC-22 in Window Air-Conditioner. International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference 2006; 854:1-8.