Energy efficient vacuum freezing ice slurry generation using a R718 compressor
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1 Institute of Air-handling and Refrigeration (ILK Dresden) Energy efficient vacuum freezing ice slurry generation using a R718 compressor ATMOsphere Europe 2013
2 ILK Dresden R&D company Founded in 1964 Re-established as independent research institute in 1990 Employees: 145 Academics: 72 % Laboratory area: ~3000 m² Test rigs: ~56 Phys. / Chem. Laboratories: Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 2
3 R718 - Water as refrigerant 1 st generation For over 20 years ILK works in the field of refrigeration using water as refrigerant world's first practicable R718 chillers with centrifugal compressors : 9 chillers with capacities of kw installed, some still in operation today Demonstrating the feasibility of this new cooling technology in practical use Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 3
4 R718 water as refrigerant Chillers with water as refrigerant will never be small Example for a chiller with: Cooling capacity of 1000 kw Evaporation temperature of 1 C Condensation temperature of 37 C R717 NH 3 R718 H 2 0 Suction flow rate [m³/h] Evaporation pressure [bar] Pressure ratio [-] Specific performance [kj/kg] Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 4
5 Characteristics of water as refrigerant Water... Is environmentally friendly Is non-toxic Is non-flammable Is much cheaper than any other refrigerant Is everywhere available Is an very efficient refrigerant Doesn t need oil circulation or oil reservoir Doesn t require a refrigerant stock, Turbo compressors have low sound emissions Causes no hazards Requires no on-site security facilities Is very well suited for office / building applications Can work with heat exchangers with low nominal pressure Water is one of the refrigerants of the future! Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 5
6 Ice slurry generation by vacuum freezing How does it work? Method to generate a pumpable water/ice mixture by direct evaporation of the refrigerant water under low vacuum conditions Evaporation at the triple point of water (550 Pa, 0 C) Evaporation with low temperature difference Condenser Storage as a single substance binary mixture of water/water ice Generation with low capacity High discharge capacity possible Condensate Water 0,006 bar Turbo compressor Constant discharge capacity Partial discharge of storage possible Water 0 C Ice Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 6
7 System layout Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 7
8 Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation Design of the experimental plant evaporator and storage tank Suction line condenser for water vapour surface for evaporation ice slurry storage volume Centrifugal water vapour compressor ice slurry outlet for discharging Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 8
9 Pilot installation Vacuum ice slurry cold storage Demonstration project: Vacuum ice generation and storage at the University of Applied Sciences in Zwickau, Germany Mission: Load management / additional peak capacity for the cooling network of the university and education of students Parameters Evaporator capacity: (Charging capacity) Storage capacity: 50 kw 350 kwh Storage volume: 6 m³ Discharging capacity: 100 kw Commissioning Nov Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 11
10 Ice storage as energy storage I Ice storage why? Cooling applications need energy Air conditioning, food processing and storage, industrial processes (most) chillers driven by electricity Cooling related loads dominate in many regions e.g. southern China: 40 % of electricity for AC High peak power demand especially caused by air-conditioning Without storage dimensioning of chillers for peak load Ice storage for decoupling of cooling demand and cooling generation Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 12
11 Ice storage as energy storage II Renewable energies require energy storage Ice storage provides possibility to directly store final energy No other lossy conversion steps required Efficiency increase of cold generation at favourable re-cooling/condensation conditions (day-night temperature difference) Abu Dhabi wetterkontor.de Innovative ice storage system with vacuum ice Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 13
12 Comparison of cold storage technologies Sensible heat storage Uses temperature difference (typ. 6/12 C -> 25 kj/kg) Very small difference usable Leads to very big tanks Stratification issues Latent heat storage Uses latent heat of fusion Water / Ice (333 kj/kg) High storage density Melting point close to application temperature T.Urbaneck Calmac Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 14
13 Comparison of ice storage technologies Ice banks Low evaporating temperature At least one heat exchanger between evaporating refrigerant and ice Temperature difference increases with thickness of ice layer Big heat exchanger needed for high charging and discharging power Vacuum ice (Slurry ice) Only ice storage technology with evaporating temperature comparable to chilled water generation low charging, high discharging capacity possible No complete discharging necessary Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 16
14 Efficiency considerations t 0 [ C] t C [ C] COP π Spec. demand [kw el /kw 0 ] R718 ice generation η is = 0,65 R717 water chiller η is = 0,7 Combined R718 R717 η is = 0,65 η is = 0, , Combined nighttime R718 R717 η is = 0,65 η is = 0, (8.91) (0.112) Conventional ice (slurry) R717 η is = 0, Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 17
15 Benefits of vacuum ice slurry technology Effective evaporation temperature as high as -0.5 C Ice particle generation at free water surface no scraping, lower maintenance Higher efficiency than conventional ice bank storage or scraped surface slurry Storage size (HX) not linked to cooling capacity Storage/System efficiency above 100 % possible by using day/night ambient temperature difference No degradation of storage material; unmatched durability Storage material water is cheap and sustainable Ice slurry is pumpable -> distribution networks possible Ice slurry can be used as secondary refrigerant kw ice generation capacity with ILK turbo compressor technology Can be used for demand side load management Vacuum freezing ice slurry generation - ATMOsphere Europe M. Safarik 18
16 Thanks for your attention! Questions? ILK Dresden Department of Applied Energy Engineering Bertolt-Brecht-Allee 20; Dresden; Germany Dr.-Ing. Mathias Safarik Tel.:
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