Measuring And Understanding Energy Efficiency

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1 28Mar P: 1 Measuring And Understanding Energy Efficiency Knowledge makes the difference. It is the base for improvements. INSTRUMENTS NEEDED... 1 INTRODUCTION... 2 ENERGY RECOVERY DEPENDS ON TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE... 3 MEASURING TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY... 4 THE LOFT... 4 Humidity On The Loft... 4 Sun Energy From The Loft... 5 How Much Energy Is Collected From The Loft?... 7 CALCULATING THE HRV SYSTEM EFFICIENCY... 8 COMPENSATED EFFICIENCY... 8 AVERAGE EFFICIENCY... 9 EFFICIENCY AND HUMIDITY... 9 LONG TERM HOUSE EFFICIENCY TOO HIGH EFFICIENCY Instruments Needed USB thermal and humidity datalogger uk A USB datalogger is the one which may be left in a ventilation duct. Note: Common low price thermometers are non-linear. The tolerance changes with temperature Professional thermometers keep the tolerance throughout the range Wattmeter Nomenclature: FAI = Fresh Air Into the HRV FAO = Fresh Air Out of the HRV OAI = Old Air Into the HRV OAO = Old Air Out of the HRV

2 28Mar P: 2 Introduction The ventilation system energy efficiency is compounded by a number of physical entities. Energy consumption and recovery depends on energy movements in the ventilation system. Some of this energy is captured or lost in the HRV, ducts or elsewhere in the house. Measurement of airflow and thus air volume is difficult at low airspeeds. Tolerances better than +/-15% are not common. Reasonable measurements are not obtained with simple instruments. Trustworthy instruments and quite some practical and theoretical knowledge is needed to obtain fair air volume and temperature measurements. These are needed to calculate the energy efficiency of the ventilation system. It is NOT possible to use a common thermometer to measure outside, FAI (fresh air in), OAI (old air in), OAO (old air out) and room temperatures at the same time. The reason is the lag of the thermometer. It takes at least 30 minutes to obtain one single temperature measurement. By using several thermometers they all must be of known tolerance throughout the range and this tolerance must be sufficiently small to obtain a fair measurement. The ventilation system efficiency changes hour by hour, day by day and time of year. Several measurements are needed to obtain a fair idea of the efficiency of a HRV system. The curve shows the energy need of a house as a function of temperature change. The blue curve shows the energy needed for heating (moving averages). The red curve shows the outside temperature (moving averages, one sample a day). The original W/C/h and Temp curves have been erased to improve clarity Note the points 1, 2 and 3: They show increased energy needed for heating YET the red average outside temperature curve shows a distinct temperature increase! Energy need should fall!? This behaviour is well known. Elderly people who heated their house with wood or coal found that they had to use more wood or coal when the outside temperature rose.

3 28Mar P: 3 The example is shown here to emphasise the statement: Energy measurements of a ventilation system are a part of the house and cannot be done by a single sample or ad hoc measurements. Look at the curves surrounded by the ring on the chart above. A distinct drop in temperature is expected to demand more energy! Yet in the instance shown the energy need dropped! Energy Recovery Depends On Temperature Difference The energy and temperature difference chart below shows a fair correlation between temperature difference and energy recovered. 1: Energy recovery depends on the temperature difference between inside and outside. The chart above: Energy recovered follows I/O temperature difference. 2: Energy is recovered whether the outside temperature is below or above the inside temperature. The chart above: Energy is recovered both when the outside temperature is below or above the inside temperature. The average efficiency is around 80%. Efficiencies above 100% are due to the delay of energy movements. The delay is created by the local energy storage capacity of the house. Walls store more energy than floors etc.

4 28Mar P: 4 Measuring Temperature And Humidity To measure a temperature is simple. To understand what causes the particular temperature is quite complex. Measure combined temperature and relative humidity (RH) of the loft using a temperature and RH datalogger. At the same time measure the temperature outside using the same sample time. The temperature and RH dataloggers program will calculate the dew point arising from the collected data. As all data are measured at the same time and during a fair timeperiod of at least 24 hours we may obtain a useful data set. The Loft The following measurements were made on a 36m 3 loft (54m 2 area) with 2 FAHRenergy Power HRV installed which excavated fresh air from the loft. Outside temperature, loft temperature and loft humidity were measured with quality USB dataloggers. The hourly excavated air volume is around 150m 3. This fairly large loft ventilation reduces temperature differences on the loft. Condensation spots are eliminated. Roof ventilation is obtained through lose tiles. This gives a mild, even ventilation throughout the roof. To prevent dust and spray from the rain settling in the insulation, a plastic membrane is suspended 10cm from the roof. Spray and dust will slide down the plastic membrane and enter the gutter. The measurements below (next page) were made with 2 thermal and 1 humidity dataloggers. The tolerance is +/-0.5 C and +/-2RH% throughout the measurement range. Heating energy consumption was measured with a wattmeter. The heat used on any day depends on the average temperature, the added sun energy and the heat loss of the house. Humidity On The Loft (See chart on the next page) The loft humidity increases as the loft temperature decreases. From the calculated dew point curve (green) we see that condensation cannot occur as the loft temperature (pink) is well above the dew point. Note that the extra ventilation created by the HRV eliminates any cold spot where condensation could settle.

5 28Mar P: 5 In reference to the 2 circles in the chart above: On a cold morning after the sun has risen, the outside temperature rises faster than the loft temperature. This is the situation where condensation possibilities on the loft are highest. Due to the forced ventilation the loft dew point is never reached. Without the forced ventilation the loft humidity is less controlled. On a warm, cloudy day with some wind the loft humidity would be as high as outside. If the clouds disperse at nights and the wind recedes, the loft temperature will fall below the dew point as the loft air is not exchanged. Condensation will occur. This is the foundation for the common mouldy and smelly loft. Sun Energy From The Loft The roof of the house is square, all sides are tapering towards the middle. The roof is tilted 23 degrees. The roof area is 114m 2 of which an average of 25m 2 is turned towards the sun. Due to the roof angle this represents around 11m 2 of sun area during the summer. On sunny days 6 hour of sunshine is assumed. The sun energy which radiates onto the roof during the month of March is around 300W per m 2, some of which is reflected. Some sun energy heats the roof tiles and thus heats the loft space through roof tile thermal conduction. The sun energy radiating onto the roof on a sunny March day is thus 300*11*6 = 19.8kWh. The calculated the heat loss of the house (upper level) for the 24 th of March is 11kWh. From the chart below we see that 0.9kWh was used. As the heater is a heat pump having a CoP of 2.5 we have received 2.25kWh from the heat pump. The difference of 8.75kWh is possibly received from the loft through the HRV. Having an 80% HRV system at 150m 3 of air volume per hour we expect to lose 2kWh. A total of 10.75kWh has been collected from the loft.

6 28Mar P: 6 Let us compare our 10.75kWh energy collected from the loft to a sun collector. The sun collector should be 10.75/0.3/6 = 6m 2. This FAHRenergy loft installation corresponds to a FREE 6m 2 sun collector No installation and no maintenance is needed for this virtual sun collector Let s accept that we get positive energy from the loft. Let s utilise this free energy! The HRV constantly excavates fresh air from the loft. The energy which has not been collected by the HRV, heats up the loft space. This energy can be calculated from the difference between the measured loft, outside temperature and air volume. The result is seen in the chart below: Parameters used to calculate the air energy: Air power constant is 0.3W per degree Celsius per m 3. Sample rate is 0.5hour. Air volume is 150m 3 per hour. The green curve shows the calculated loft energy available, relative to the outside temperature. The energy received by the loft at anyone time is mainly positive. During cold mornings (24 th and 26 th ) the energy is negative (cooling). It occurs when the outside temperature is warmer than the loft. It is associated with sunny morning spells and thus decreasing humidity outside and on the loft. The latter is due to the consistent forced intake of outside air to the loft. The measurements during 24 hours on 3 days have been converted into energy available (not collected). Some loft energy has been collected by the HRV. In other words: The HRV system reduces the temperature peaks of the loft. This in turn dampens the humidity changes on the loft and condensation periods are shortened or eliminated.

7 28Mar P: 7 How Much Energy Is Collected From The Loft? Energy collected by the HRV is defined as the energy recovered from the old air plus the extra energy obtained from excavating the fresh air from the loft rather than directly from the outside. The yearly calculated heating energy consumption of the laboratory house and the actual used heating energy we obtained from September 2009 to March 2010 is shown below: More about the energy reduction here: Energy collected from the loft during autumn is mainly from the sun. Energy collected during the winter is mainly recovery of heat percolating through the ceiling and loft insulation. During January the average loft temperature was 1.7 C versus the average outside temperature being 8 C. The rather large temperature difference is surprising as 150m 3 of fresh air were excavated from the loft every hour. One explanation is the extra insulation the snow cover has created. This means that a large part of the energy did not escape but assisted the HRV system in its quest for energy recovery. This is an added installation bonus. The OAO of the HRV is higher than the loft temperature and thus higher than the outside temperature. Condensation cannot happen.

8 28Mar P: 8 Calculating The HRV System Efficiency FAO = Fresh Air Out of the HRV. OAI = Old Air Into the HRV. In the chart below FAO, AOI and outside temperatures were collected using 3 dataloggers. Sample rate is 0.5 hours. From the collected data the immediate efficiency was calculated and given the name Ei. The immediate efficiency Ei, depends on the energy transferred from the old air to the fresh air. This will be: Ei = temperature difference between FAO and outside divided by the temperature difference between OAI and outside. This becomes (in reference to the chart): Ei = (FAO C-Out C)/(OAI C-Out C) To get Ei in percent multiply by 100. Compensated Efficiency Due to a difference of 1.15 in the OAI and the FAO flow (FAO being the larger), the efficiency has been compensated by multiplying Ei with Let us call it Comp factor. In the chart the compensated efficiency curve is called Ec1.15. This is the actual efficiency. Ec% = (FAO C-Out C)/(OAI C-Out C) * Comp * 100 Note that FAO has intentionally been set a bit high to increase the energy recovery even if this results in a lower FAO temperature.

9 28Mar P: 9 Average Efficiency The average efficiency is the sum of the ½ hours efficiencies divided by the sample number. The average efficiency during the 27th and 28 th of March 2011 is 76% Interesting points in the chart above: The two circles points out that minimum efficiency occurred when the outside temperature is increasing (This is typically in the morning). As the outside temperature settles the efficiency rises. It then stays around the same value all day until the evening where the heater switches off. At this point it drops a bit but then stays steady. Note that an earlier drop in the outside temperature has little effect. In the morning, when the outside temperature rises, the efficiency of the HRV system drops sharply. Again the efficiency rises sharply as the outside temperature settles. Also note that the heater stopped which steadied the OAI during this period yet the efficiency rose steadily. One might suspect the heater being part of the efficiency but the heater has no connection to the HRV but for the fact that it heats the air in the house. It is more likely that the variance is connected to the fact that fresh air is taken from the loft. The above points out that: Several coherent samples must be made over time to obtain an efficiency measurement More about the actual efficiency measured in the FAHRenergy laboratory house during a 4 years period. Actual HRV system efficiency is around 80% (see page 8): Efficiency And Humidity FAHRenergy HRV s are designed to avoid condensation. In reference to the efficiency chart above, the red square points to a situation where OAO condensation is a possibility as the efficiency reaches 99%. Should the OAO temperature be reduced to near the loft temperature OAO condensation could occur if the loft humidity is near 100%. To assure condensation cannot occur in FAHRenergy HRV s it is designed such that the efficiency of an installed HRV stays around 80%. This gives a fair temperature and thus humidity safe limit of the OAO. This has been done to avoid expensive control and heater systems which only would reduce the actual energy efficiency, increase the failure rate and price.

10 28Mar P: 10 Long Term House Efficiency What is the long term efficiency of a house with average insulation, heat pump as a sole heating system and FAHRenergy HRV ventilation? The above describes several installed FAHRenergy systems, hereunder the FAHRenergy laboratory house. The lab house, which has been in action for 6 years, is intended to answer such questions. The Lab House Long Term Results During a period from autumn 2009 to 2012 everything has been the same in terms of insulation, ventilation and heating. The Swedish electricity company s connection bill. In Sweden electricity payment has been split into electricity consumption and delivery through the electrical net (to confuse the customer). The electrical company charges the actual total monthly consumption as the meter from Kamstrup Metro DK reports the reading directly through the electrical network: The 2 monthly charge for the electrical network connection (not the electricity) is shown. The total monthly consumption on each month during a year is seen on the bill above. Heat consumption in the coldest December for many decades (2010) was 490kWh.

11 28Mar P: 11 Monthly Heat Consumption 2009 was a cool winter 2010 was a very cold winter and year. The coldest in decades 2011 was a very cold winter In reference to the chart above: From April to October no heating was needed. Normally the heating season would include both April and October but the FAHRenergy HRV system delivers sufficient heat from the sun to compensate for the needed energy.

12 28Mar P: 12 Yearly Heating Efficiency Changes KWh/ C is calculated from the average daily energy consumption divided by the difference between the 18 C average room temperature and the monthly average outside temperature. The chart shows that the energy consumption increases as the outside temperature decreases. This effect arises from the heat pump which has a lower Cop (Coefficient of Power) at lower temperatures. The polynomial trend curve points this out. The large and the small top of the blue curve arose from high humidity weather conditions where the outside unit of the heat pump needed excessive defrosting. Outside humidity is commonly low during severe frost. Too High Efficiency Too little and too much spoils everything! HRV s with too high a temperature efficiency consume more than 25% of the energy recovered for humidity mitigation. This reduces the energy actually recovered to less than 60% for a HRV which was measured to 80% in the laboratory. A CoP (Coefficient of Power) below 4 is common for this type of HRV s. To obtain this higher efficiency humidity mitigation through heaters and control electronics are added. An energy consuming and expensive design.