REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

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2 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SECOND EDITION S.N. Sapali Professor of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering, Pune Delhi

3 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING, Second Edition S.N. Sapali 2014 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Second Printing (Second Edition) January, 2014 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV, HSIDC, Kundli , Sonepat, Haryana.

4 Foreword... xiii Preface... xv Preface to the First Edition... xvii 1. INTRODUCTION Introduction SI Units Terms Used in Thermodynamics Types of Energy Work Heat Work Done during a Quasi-static Process First Law of Thermodynamics Processes for Ideal Gases Constant Volume Process Constant Pressure Process Constant Temperature Process Adiabatic Process Polytropic Process Control Volume Limitations of the First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics Pure Substance Other Phase Diagrams Numericals METHODS OF REFRIGERATION Introduction Applications of Refrigeration Refrigeration Systems Ice Refrigeration iii

5 iv Evaporative Refrigeration Refrigeration by Dry Ice Liquid Gas Refrigeration Steam Jet Refrigeration Thermoelectric Refrigeration Vortex Tube Solar Refrigeration Magnetic Refrigeration Air Refrigeration Cycle Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle Exercises AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS Introduction Definitions Refrigeration Load Heating Load Concept of Heat Engine, Refrigerator and Heat Pump Air Refrigeration Systems Carnot Refrigerator Limitations of Reversed Carnot Cycle Modified Reversed Carnot Cycle Reversed Carnot Cycle with Vapour as Refrigerant Bell Colemann or Reversed Brayton or Joule Cycle Actual Bell Colemann Cycle Application of Aircraft Refrigeration Methods of Air Refrigeration Systems Simple Air-cooling System Simple Air Evaporative Cooling System Boot-strap Air Cooling System Boot-strap Air Evaporative Cooling System Reduced Ambient Air Cooling System Regenerative Air Cooling System Comparison of Various Air Cooling Systems Used for Aircraft Exercises Numericals SIMPLE VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS Introduction Advantages and Limitations of Air Refrigeration Advantages of Air Refrigeration Limitations of Air Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration System (VC Cycle) Vapour Compression Cycle when Vapour is Dry Saturated at the End of Compression Vapour Compression Cycle when Vapour is Wet at the End of Compression

6 v 4.6 Deviations from the Simple Compression Cycle Suction Gas Superheating without Cooling Suction Gas Superheating with Cooling Effect Effect of Subcooling the Liquid Liquid-suction Heat Exchanger Effect of Evaporator Pressure Effect of Condenser Pressure Losses in Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Exercises Numericals REFRIGERANTS Introduction Classification of Refrigerants Primary Refrigerants Secondary Refrigerants Designation of Refrigerants Desirable Properties of a Good Refrigerant Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants Chemical Properties of Refrigerants Physical Properties of Refrigerants Properties of an Ideal Refrigerant Properties of Important Refrigerants Selection of a Refrigerant New Refrigerants Secondary Refrigerants Substances Used as Secondary Refrigerants Toxicity and Safe Handling of Refrigerants Oil and Refrigerant Relationship Lubricating Oils Effect of CFC on Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Ozone Depletion Global Warming Montreal Protocol Alternatives to CFC Refrigerants Certain Mixtures of Refrigerants as Replacement for HCFC R Substitutes for CFC, R12 Refrigerant Kyoto Protocol and TEWI Exercises MULTIPRESSURE SYSTEMS Introduction Limitations and Drawbacks of the Simple Vapour Compression... Refrigeration Cycle Multistage Vapour Compression System Multistage Compression with Intercooling between the Stages Intermediate Pressure for Minimum Work

7 vi 6.3 Types of Multistage Vapour Compression System with Intercooler Two-stage Compression with Flash Gas Removal Two-stage Compression with Flash Intercooling Two-stage Compression with Flash Gas Removal and Additional Gas Cooler Multiple Evaporators and Compressors Systems Multiple Evaporators at the Same Temperature and a Single Compressor System Multiple Evaporators at Different Temperatures with a Single Compressor, Individual Expansion Valves and a Back Pressure Valve Multiple Evaporators at Different Temperatures with a Single Compressor, Multiple Expansion Valves and a Back Pressure Valve Multiple Evaporators with Individual Compressors and Individual Expansion Valves Multiple Evaporators with Individual Compressors and Multiple Expansion Valves Multiple Evaporators with Compound Compression and Individual Expansion Valves Multiple Evaporator System with Compound Compression, Individual Expansion Valves and Flash Intercoolers Refrigeration Unit with Multiple Evaporators with Compound Compression Multiple Expansion Valves and Flash Intercooler Cascade System Exercises Numericals VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS Introduction Refrigerant Solvent Properties Simple Vapour Absorption System Practical Vapour Absorption System Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System vs Vapour Compression Refrigeration System COP of an Ideal Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System Domestic Electrolux (Ammonia Hydrogen) Refrigerator Lithium Bromide Absorption Refrigeration System Exercises Numericals PSYCHROMETRY Introduction Psychrometry

8 vii 8.3 Psychrometric Chart Typical Air Conditioning Processes Sensible Heating of Air Sensible Cooling of Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification of Moist Air Adiabatic Cooling or Cooling with Humidification Process Heating and Humidification Heating and Humidification by Steam Injection Adiabatic Mixing of Air Streams Air Washer Chemical Dehumidification or Sorbent Dehumidification Exercises Numericals COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION AND PSYCHROMETRIC ANALYSIS Introduction Thermodynamics of Human Body and Mathematical Model Effective Temperature Human Comfort Chart Outside Design Conditions Sources of Heat Load Conduction through Exterior Structures Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Cooling Load Estimation by CLTD Method Heat Gain through Glass Factors Affecting Solar Radiation at a Place Method of Estimation Infiltration Sensible Heat Loss Effect of Infiltration Air Latent Heat Loss Effect of Infiltration Air Ventilation Outside Air Load Heat Load from People Lighting Heat Gain from Equipment and Appliances System Heat Gain Room Cooling Load Cooling Coil Load Psychrometric Analysis of the Air Conditioning System Determining Supply Air Conditions Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) Summer Air Conditioning System Provided with Ventilation Air (Zero Bypass Factor) Grand Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF) Winter Air Conditioning

9 viii 9.20 Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor (ERSHF) Exercises Numericals AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Introduction Classification of Air Conditioning Systems Unitary System Window Air Conditioner Split Air Conditioner Central Air Conditioning Systems Reheat System Multizone System Dual Duct System Variable Air Volume (VAV) System All-water System Air-water Systems Unitary vs. Central Systems Air Conditioning Equipment Cooling Coil Coil Selection Heating Coils Air Cleaning Devices (Filters) Types of Filters/Cleaners Types of Media Electronic Air Cleaners Choice of Filter Humidifiers Fan Types of Fans Performance Characteristics of Fans Fan Selection Fan Ratings System Characteristics Fan system Interaction Selection of Optimum Fan Conditions Fan Laws Exercises COMPRESSORS Introduction Compression Process Indicator Diagrams Comparison of Indicator Diagrams Overall Volumetric Efficiency Clearance Volumetric Efficiency (h cv )

10 ix Effect of Heat Exchange Loss Effect of Valve Pressure Drops Leakage Loss Design Features of a Reciprocating Compressor Determination of Compressor Motor Power Performance of a Reciprocating Compressor Performance of Ideal Compressor Actual Performance Capacity of a Compressor Capacity Control of Reciprocating Compressor Rotary Compressors Rolling Piston Compressor Rotary Vane Type Compressor Screw Compressors Single Screw Compressor Oil-injected Compressor Oil-injection Free Compressor Centrifugal Compressor Work Done by Impeller Power Input Performance of Centrifugal Compressor Hermetically Sealed Compressor Exercises EVAPORATORS AND CONDENSERS Introduction Conduction Steady State Heat Conduction through a Slab Steady State Heat Flow through a Cylindrical Wall Steady State Conduction through a Composite Wall Steady State Conduction through a Composite Cylinder Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Convection Heat Transfer Evaporator Dry and Flooded Evaporators Frosting and Defrosting of Coolers Methods of Defrost Latent Heat Defrost Electric Defrost Selection from Manufacturer s Data Sheets Liquid Coolers (Chillers) Direct Expansion Type Flooded Shell-and-Tube Coolers Baudelot Cooler Shell-and-Coil Cooler

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