14. Contextual Analysis E-WASTE Management in South Africa

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1 Appendix Contextual Analysis E-WASTE Management in South Africa This chapter of the IndWMP will expand on the status quo of E-WASTE in South Africa beyond the Status Quo information that is provided in the main part of the ERA IndWMP Plan. E-WASTE is a complex waste stream in that it comprises a basket of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) of more than a hundred products, which collectively have between 100 and 200 component elements. Some estimates are as high as 1,000 elements. When assessing what happens to E-WASTE, the picture gets further complicated by the fact that some of these elements have significant value and that some have low value or value at all, largely due to the absence of demand for these elements and because it is costly to handle the toxicity in these materials or components containing such materials in an environmentally appropriate manner. It is commonly agreed that relevant and reliable E-WASTE data is lacking. This is largely due to the fact that there is currently neither an imperative nor a system for collecting such data. Numerous studies have been undertaken into various aspects of this question within the last decade. The paucity of comprehensive data is largely reflective of the fact that the E-WASTE industry was not yet sufficiently organised as a sector and that there is no authority collecting comprehensive and relevant (integrated) E-WASTE specific data. At best, we have a series of small and valuable studies which begin to contribute to building the fuller picture on E-WASTE management. However, many are outdated and are estimated attempts at putting data together for the sector. The research literature into E-WASTE all recognise and confirm largely the same trends and challenges in effectively managing E-WASTE in South Africa WHAT IS E-WASTE? E-WASTE (also named WEEE ) is all electronic and electrical equipment, as defined by the EU WEEE Directive, that has come to the end of its useful life and can no longer be used for its originally intended purpose. The definition of EEE adopted by the IndWMP is as defined in the EU WEEE. Directive. EEE means equipment which is dependent on electric currents or electromagnetic fields in order to work properly and equipment for the generation, transfer and measurement of such currents and fields and designed for use with a voltage rating not exceeding volts for alternating current and volts for direct current The standardised categories of EEE are the following: 1. Large household appliances 2. Small household appliances 3. IT and telecommunications equipment 4. Consumer equipment 5. Lighting equipment 6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial tools) 7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment Appendix 14 1 ERA E-WASTE IndWMP 2018

2 8. Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products) 9. Monitoring and control instruments 10. Automatic dispensers 14.2 LIFESPAN OF E-WASTE All EEE goods entering the South African market, new or second-hand, imported or locally manufactured, will end up being E-WASTE. The useful life-spans of these EEE goods vary from two years for mobile phones and up to fifteen years for refrigerators. In part, the variation in the life-span of E- WASTE, even for the same type of product is due to factors that include the importation of bigger volumes of cheaply manufactured EEE, as well as rapid technological innovation in the EEE industry CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF E-WASTE Electrical and Electronic Equipment is made up of organics and metals in elemental and compound forms. A wide range of metals and precious metals can be extracted from E-WASTE. Common heavy metals found in E-WASTE include Hg (mercury), Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium). Halogens, Br (bromine), Cl (chlorine) and Fl(fluorine), as part of organic polymers, are also found. E-WASTE has become a major source of base and precious metals such as Au (gold), Ag (silver), Cu (copper), Al (aluminium) and Fe (iron) and others, especially in most developed countries with technologies to process them. 1 Table 1: Extracts from ATE, "Identification of the Electrical and Electronic (WEEE) Situation in South Africa: A Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) WEEE as an emerging policy issue Most of the E-WASTE which undergoes processing for material recovery is for the purpose of extracting metals such as copper, silver, aluminium, iron, gold and others. However, most of the technologies being used to recover usable materials from E-WASTE are not capable of recovering hazardous substances such as brominated flame retardants during processing however it has been found out recently that simple float sink systems are used very successfully in India to separate flame retardant 1 ATE, 2012 Page 93 Appendix 14 2 ERA E-WASTE IndWMP 2018

3 treated plastics from untreated ones. Because the flame retardants are embedded in the hard plastic, they are often disposed of on normal landfill sites where they threaten water resources due to leaching. Hence the need for government to take steps with the view to regulate the disposal of E-WASTE materials as they are potentially hazardous to human health and the environment. 2 E-WASTE has been classified as hazardous waste due to the fact that it contains toxic components and compound materials. The toxicity levels in E-WASTE differ between products and categories of product. While some products have negligible traces of toxic elements, when they are concentrated in large enough quantities, exposed to particular weather conditions, or if incorrectly treated/processed, can produce substances that place our health, safety and environment at risk. What follows is a collection of statements made with regard to the toxicity and hazards of E-WASTE as described by various analysts and researchers: PCs, TVs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones and audio equipment can leach lead and other substances into the soil and ground water if not properly handled E-WASTE has several bio-accumulative and toxic substances, including heavy metal such as lead, nickel, chromium, mercury, and organic pollutants such as polychlorinated bi-phenyl (capacitators) and brominated flame retardant plastics There are hazardous materials in Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) glass and newer LCDs have their own set of toxicity challenges Rechargeable batteries in electronics and fridges are hazardous While it may be possible to assess hazardous materials and substances contained in products and production processes, these materials change rapidly and such assessments are not likely to hold longer term validity There is significant trade in printed circuit board which contains toxins Toxic impact is influenced by concentration/density and the conditions under which they are managed SA needs technology for E-WASTE fractions like ABS plastics, chargeable and non-rechargeable batteries, CRT tubes, CFC extraction, fridges and cartridges The burning of E-WASTE releases volatile organic substances that creates significant air pollution which affects the health of local communities where this takes place It is impossible to ASSAY (materials test) all EEE and its components due to the volumes of goods in the EEE basket, rapid manufacturing changes and proprietary information protection Materials Data Sheets, which specifies the location of toxic substances in EEE, is best handled and applied at the level of the E-WASTE processor and recycler There will be more complex embedded materials in future EEE, and the trend is towards using less metal and more plastic 14.4 WHAT IS DRIVING EEE CONSUMPTION AND E-WASTE GROWTH IN SOUTH AFRICA? The growth in E-WASTE is due to the demand for EEE goods maintaining a steady upward trend and it cannot be foreseen that this trend will abate in future. This demand stems from the fact that EEE consumption is pervasive across our entire society, from industry and commerce through to government and households. 2 Page 99 of Africa Tropical Environment Study (2012) Appendix 14 3 ERA E-WASTE IndWMP 2018

4 While corporate users are the biggest consumers of ICT, white goods are consumed in larger quantities within households. Household appliances, leisure and entertainment equipment, ICT, electronic toys and mobile phones are in very high use in South African households. The growing consumption of EEE is in part driven by economies of scale, where higher demand increases production, and where increased production makes the acquisition of EEE increasingly more affordable for greater sections of the population. A factor driving increased affordability is also the increase in the use of cheaper materials in the manufacture of EEE, and thus the need for more frequent replacement of EEE goods. While it cannot be stated with any certainty, nor generally, it would be prudent to assume that in-built obsolescence in EEE is also a factor driving replacement sales, which in turn, is a factor in the increased EEE consumption rates. A further factor driving the growth in EEE sales is the rapid rate of innovation across most categories of EEE. A factor contributiing to the high rate of E-WASTE generation relates to the poor quality of EEE destined for most developing countries. This is due to the population s financial constraints in acquiring EEE of superior brands. Thus importers tend to flood developing markets with inferior products with a short life-span. 3 It must be noted, however, that in terms of Section 59 of the Consumer Protection Act, retailers are obliged to take back EEE for responsible recycling at no charge to the consumer. This obligation has however yet to be enforced. Import accounts for the largest percentage of EEE goods on the South African market. There tends to be dominant sets of importers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) for major categories of EEE. Overall, it is estimated by Steercom that there could be as many as 5,500 OEMs across all categories of EEE. EEE is also locally manufactured, and is estimated to be about 20% of the total EEE traded on the South African market. Because of price considerations and because affordability is a major consideration for the majority of South Africans, there is a viable market for refurbished goods. Imported second-hand EEE also contributes to the EEE and E-WASTE in South Africa the most noticeable among them are PCs and mobile phones. Overseas donations by companies and charities to local South African organisations and institutions also contribute to the amount of EEE and E-WASTE in South Africa. While they technically comply with the Basel Convention which controls the transboundary movement of E-WASTE, it was found that as much as 50% of these donations comprised PCs that are not functional / refurbishable, and can be deemed to be a direct importation of E-WASTE. It is probable that is happening both intentionally and unintentionally. There are likely to be illegal or unrecorded channels by which EEE and E-WASTE enters the South Africa. There are strong indications that this might be true and pervasive enough to warrant attention. Ultimately, there is EEE and E-WASTE because there are consumers and demand for EEE. 3 (2012) ATE study (page 24) Appendix 14 4 ERA E-WASTE IndWMP 2018

5 14.5 THE E-WASTEMANAGEMENT CHALLENGE The Nature of E-WASTE revisited as a factor in E-WASTE management practices The question of what EEE is composed of becomes crucial at the stage when it reaches its end-of-life stage. The valuable nature of some components in E-WASTE is what creates a potential danger insofar as the common practices in extracting the value can be of concern with regards to their undesirable and uncontrolled Environmental, Health and Safety impacts. The valuable components, fractions and elements of E-WASTE commonly lead to the extraction of this value with very little regard for what happens to the low value, no value and toxic elements of the waste. This is really what this section of the contextual analysis will look at more closely. E-WASTE is derived from over 100 electrical and electronic products which, within and between them, contain anything from 200 to 1000 components and compounds. Some EEE has high concentrations of the valuable elements and very little (trace) hazardous substances by weight and, with some EEE, the converse is true. Aside from this complexity, it is also true that each unit of EEE which contains very small traces of hazardous substance can, in high enough concentration, bring these risks to the fore. The concentration of these components or substances under uncontrolled conditions (like rain or high sun exposure) can create known and as yet unknown risks to human health and the environment. There is yet another factor known as the toxic mix which speaks to the fact that E-WASTE operators often do not know what some of the trace elements, when combined in high enough concentrations will produce when co-mingled. Places that pose a high risk for the accidental release of toxins from E-WASTE are municipal landfill sites, uncontrolled dumpsites and other spaces in our environment where low value and/or toxic fractions are currently being disposed of improperly. The composition of other components and fractions in EEE, those which are of neither high value nor high toxicity, also pose a risk for the effective management of E-WASTE as they tend generally not to be processed for use in recycled goods. This is in large part due to the lack of demand for these fractions and/or the lack of useful and profitable applications for such recycled material. This phenomenon can in part be traced back to EEE manufacturing processes that disregard the necessity for all end-of-life goods to be re-processed maximally in order to avoid landfill and in order to eliminate the hazards (real or possible) posed by products when they reach their end-of-life. This factor points to a couple of imperatives: a) Encourage the reduction of hazardous substances used in manufacturing EEE and ensure that all EEE is manufactured from materials that are recyclable, for EEE manufacture as well as for alternate use. b) Provide support for research and development into the recycling of E-WASTE, especially for low value fractions and components. c) Alongside (b) above, invest in recycling technology and processes that produce useful resources and products and also stimulate markets for such recycled goods and materials. d) Establishing a system that controls the collection and processing of E-WASTE Appendix 14 5 ERA E-WASTE IndWMP 2018

6 Where does EEE go when it becomes E-WASTE? While much of the EEE consumption can be measured given essential sales information from the Producers is provided including EEE import statistics from SARS, it is harder to find reliable references The major market for E-WASTE is with metal recyclers and processors. For the low value fractions that cannot be used either in the manufacture of EEE or other goods, or which are too toxic to handle there are no markets. This problem tends to be transferred to our environment and our landfill space. Where it is cheaper to do so, it goes to foreign destinations where the problem is easier to deal with due to an absence of legislation, standards, systems and controls in managing the problematic side of E-WASTE The Impact of scrap metal trade in E-WASTE recycling practices It has been said in numerous reports and studies on E-WASTE in South Africa that South Africa has a well-established E-WASTE recycling sector. This is partly true in that the high value metals and precious metals from E-WASTE have long been traded on a prolific and profitable basis. The size of the South African scrap metal industry and the volumes of scrap metal from E-WASTE (and particularly high value PCB boards) traded over the last decade seemingly affirm that scrap metal recycling is indeed well established. However, such an assertion conflates the recycling of scrap metals from E-WASTE with full and proper E-WASTE recycling. In addition to the maturity and size of the scrap metal industry in South Africa, the fact that an increasing number of informal waste pickers are handling E-WASTE in increasingly larger volumes is held as proof that E-WASTE is valuable and that this value is increasingly being realized by the informal waste collectors. What follows is a closer look at the general situation of how E-WASTE is being managed in South Africa Cost of E-WASTE management Logistics, especially transport costs, are a key challenge to a sustainable E-WASTE management system. For white goods, storage costs and floor space are key cost drivers Costs for disposing and transport of hazardous waste are cited as key concerns for large-scale recycling business models Crime in the recycling industry Crime and corruption in the metal recycling industry is rife and there is considerable trade in stolen TELKOM and ESKOM cables E-WASTE infrastructure4 Recycling systems are not uniform and sustainable solutions for many materials, - for example, CRT, various types of (brominated) plastics, heavy metal containing batteries have not yet been developed in South Africa CLOSING REMARKS ON THE CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS This contextual analysis and any part of context provided in the main body of the ERA IndWMP relied substantially on the Africa Tropical Environment Study of 2012 as it reviewed the existing literature quite extensively and helped to bring together and synthesise the essence of many reports and study findings on E-WASTE. It is also one of the latest available report on E-WASTE as most of the E-WASTE studies were conducted around the mid-2000s.ultimately, through the course of numerous Steering 4 (2012) ATE (Page 15) Appendix 14 6 ERA E-WASTE IndWMP 2018

7 Committee meetings, all of the points raised in the contextual analysis were discussed and debated among stakeholders who have vast practical exposure to the pertinent issues. It is uniformly agreed that SA currently has not sufficient capacity to manage E-WASTE effectively and on the scale required in terms of collection, storage, processing, destruction and disposal of non-recyclable E-WASTE and in particular under consideration of the problematic and often very hazardous low/no value fractions contained within. Appendix 14 7 ERA E-WASTE IndWMP 2018

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