buildingscience.com Windows and Occupant Comfort EEBA Building Solutions 2003 Lincolnshire, IL
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1 Windows and Occupant Comfort EEBA Building Solutions 2003 Lincolnshire, IL Phil Kerrigan, Jim Larsen, Cardinal Glass Industries PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 1 of 56
2 Code House in Zone 5 R38 Ceiling R19 Wall R10 Basement U0.35 Window PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 2 of 56
3 ResCheck Trade-Off R38 Ceiling R19 Wall R10 Basement U0.35 Window 78% AFUE Furnace = R38 Ceiling R19 Wall R10 Basement U0.55 Window 90% AFUE Furnace PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 3 of 56
4 They Might Be Equal But They re Not the Same!! PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 4 of 56
5 Trading Windows is Different than Trading Insulation Roomside Surface 0 F Outdoor single double triple lowe R7 R11 wall R21 wall Glass Type or Wall Insulation PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 5 of 56
6 Observation #1: Weatherization Adding additional insulation to a wall with low performance windows will have a negligible effect on comfort. When doing replacement windows insist on high performance (low-e) type products to maximize comfort. PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 6 of 56
7 Traditional Comfort Response Assume that all trade-offs provide the same comfort Respond to discomfort complaints on an individual basis Quality Control mode PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 7 of 56
8 Comfort Science Standard 55 predicts the statistical comfort response for a large population of people. A wide range of conditions can be analyzed. Design changes can be evaluated for comfort impacts before the building is started. Quality Assurance mode. PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 8 of 56
9 The 7 Point Comfort Scale Cold Cool Slightly Cool Neutral Slightly Warm Warm Hot PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 9 of 56
10 80% Satisfaction Criteria 100% 90% 80% 70% Percent Satisfied 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Slightly Slightly Cold Cool Cool Neutral Warm Warm Hot (-3) (-2) (-1) 0 (+1) (+2) (+3) PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 10 of 56
11 Human Factors Affecting Comfort Activity Level Standard 55 assumes light sedentary activity to represent typical office or home environment Clothing Standard 55 assumes seasonal differences in clothing levels. Winter clothing insulation level approximately twice that of summer clothing level PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 11 of 56
12 Building Factors Influencing Comfort Air Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature Relative Humidity Air Movement PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 12 of 56
13 ASHRAE Comfort Zones PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 13 of 56
14 The ASHRAE Comfort Program PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 14 of 56
15 Live demo of comfort program PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 15 of 56
16 Using the Comfort Program to Determine Minimum Thermostat Setpoints Set mean radiant temperature equal to air temperature (assumes exterior walls are at room temp) Use standard conditions for relative humidity and air movement, seasonal clothing levels, and sedentary activity PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 16 of 56
17 Comfort in the Hallway 100% 90% Percent Satisfied 80% 70% 60% 50% Winter Summer PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 17 of 56
18 Observation #2: Thermostat Setting The 68 F heating setpoint suggested for the HERS reference house and in IECC performance path FAILS to deliver acceptable comfort in the hallway PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 18 of 56
19 Using the Comfort Program for Exterior Walls & Windows 1. Establish mean radiant temperature (MRT). 2. For windows and sunlit conditions, calculate offset in comfort scale due to direct beam solar gain. PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 19 of 56
20 Determining Mean Radiant Temperature Need to know: Window size (a & b values) Proximity to wall ( c value) Wall/window temp PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 20 of 56
21 Window Size The comparisons presented in this discussion assume a uniform facade to analyze the maximum comfort impact of exterior wall surface temperatures. PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 21 of 56
22 Proximity How far away from the exterior wall should the occupant be to establish a comfort rating baseline? PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 22 of 56
23 Comfort vs. Proximity to a Cool Surface 100% 90% Percent 70 F Thermostat 80% 70% 60% 50% 4' Away 3' Away 2' Away 1' Away 40% Wall Temperature, F PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 23 of 56
24 Audience Participation What s the right proximity to use? PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 24 of 56
25 1 of Perimeter ~ 12% Floor Area 100% 87% 74% 63% 52% PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 25 of 56
26 Proximity The comparisons presented in this discussion use a two foot separation distance from the exterior wall as a reasonable expectation of occupant proximity when analyzing the comfort impacts of large windows. PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 26 of 56
27 Exterior Wall/Window Temperatures The exterior wall/window temperature will be a function of outdoor temperature and wall/window insulation level. PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 27 of 56
28 Glass Temperature vs. Weather Inside Surface Temp, F Outdoor Temp single double triple lowe triple 1E triple 2E R11 wall Glass Type PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 28 of 56
29 Learn From Past Experiences Inside Surface Temp, F Example In a cold weather climate like Minneapolis, the market has moved from double pane to low-e. Today there are few complaints on window comfort. Outdoor Temp Applying this lesson to southern markets suggests that double pane will be the minimum acceptable for comfort. 0 single double triple lowe triple 1E triple 2E R11 wall Glass Type PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 29 of 56
30 Observation #3: Mandatory Minimums Mandatory trade-off limits are necessary in a performance path analysis to ensure that btus don t get confused with real life PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 30 of 56
31 Exterior Wall/Window Temperatures Use local design conditions to represent the worst case scenario for analyzing the comfort impacts of exterior wall/windows. PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 31 of 56
32 Solar Gain Offset to Comfort Winter gain is good. Summer gain is bad. What about the spring & fall? PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 32 of 56
33 Winter Solar Gain Can Aid Comfort 100% 90% 80% 70% Percent Satisfied 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% no sun low sun med sun high sun Initial Condition: Cool (-2) PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 33 of 56
34 Summer Solar Gain Detracts Comfort 100% 90% 80% 70% Percent Satisfied 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% no sun low sun med sun high sun Initial Condition: Slightly Warm (+1) PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 34 of 56
35 Observation #4: Solar Gain Offsets Comfort 100% 90% 80% 70% Percent Satisfied 60% 50% 40% no sun low sun med sun high sun 30% 20% 10% 0% Slightly Cool Neutral Slightly Warm (-1) 0 (+1) Initial Condition PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 35 of 56
36 Recommended Conditions for Exterior Wall/Window Comfort Comparisons 1. Window size = Wall 2. 2 proximity 3. Design temperatures 4. Winter night - 70 F minimum thermostat 5. Summer day - 78 F maximum thermostat PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 36 of 56
37 #5: 6 F Wall? T = 1 F Change in Thermostat 100% 90% Percent 2' Away 80% 70% Thermostat Setting % 50% Wall Temp PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 37 of 56
38 70 Low-E Provides Comfort in the Winter What About During the Summer? 60 Roomside Surface 0 F Outdoor single double triple lowe R7 R11 wall R21 wall Glass Type or Wall Insulation PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 38 of 56
39 Summer Properties of 3 Glass Types SHGC Heat Gain Temp 2 pane clear High Solar Gain Low-E Low Solar Gain Low-E PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 39 of 56
40 Why is the High Solar Gain Low-E so Hot? Reflected Out Absorbed in Glass Direct Solar Gain Outdoors Indoors 89 F 75 F Radiated In Conducted In To maximize solar gains, the coating is placed on the airspace side of the inboard pane of glass. The low-e coating absorbs twice as much solar energy as clear glass, so the inside pane of glass heats up to 25+ degrees hotter than the room air temperature. PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 40 of 56
41 Comfort During Summer Peak 100% 90% Percent 78 F Thermostat 80% 70% 60% 50% Clear Glass Low Solar Gain Low-E LowSun MedSun HighSun 40% High Solar Gain Low-E 30% Wall Temp PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 41 of 56
42 #6: HSG Windows are Bad for Summer Comfort 100% 90% 80% 70% Percent Satisfied 60% 50% 40% single double HSLE LSLE 30% 20% 10% 0% 78F (all) 73F 74F 74F 78F PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 42 of 56
43 Cooling Summary 78 F is an adequate setpoint temperature for: A room with no windows A room with low solar gain windows For rooms with high solar gain glass: Tuff it out Close the drapes Leave the room Turn the thermostat down PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 43 of 56
44 And Now A real world example PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 44 of 56
45 EEBA Habitat Duplex PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 45 of 56
46 EEBA Habitat Duplex PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 46 of 56
47 EEBA Habitat Duplex Attributes: -Building America specifications -conditioned basements -vented attic -mechanicals and ducts in conditioned space -windows evenly distributed on 3 sides PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 47 of 56
48 LSLE with 78% Furnace Energy Star Score: 87.5 PASS Interior Design Annual Source Setpoint Load Consumption Heating 68 F 18.8 kbtu/hr 27.6 MMBtu Cooling 78 F 13.3 kbtu/hr 13.3 MMBtu Absolute carbon emissions 5270 pounds per year 37% better than MEC HERS standard furnace HERS standard setpoint 10 SEER air conditioner PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 48 of 56
49 Double Pane with 90% furnace Energy Star Score: 87.4 PASS Interior Design Annual Source % Setpoint Load Consumption Increase Heating 68 F 21.5 kbtu/hr 28.9 MMBtu 5% Cooling 78 F 16.3 kbtu/hr 17.4 MMBtu 23% Absolute carbon emissions 6000 pounds per year 12% Same Energy Star Score 18% peak cooling load increase Source consumption comparison PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 49 of 56
50 Single Pane/90% furnace/12 SEER Energy Star Score: 86.3 PASS Interior Design Annual Source % Setpoint Load Consumption Increase Heating 68 F 26.0 kbtu/hr 37.6 MMBtu 27% Cooling 78 F 18.1 kbtu/hr 14.9 MMBtu 11% Absolute carbon emissions 6710 pounds per year 21% Still HERS compliant 27% peak cooling load increase Extreme comparison PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 50 of 56
51 Now adjust the setpoints to ensure comfort PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 51 of 56
52 LSLE with 78% Furnace Energy Star Score: 87.5 PASS Interior Design Annual Source % Setpoint Load Consumption Increase Heating 72 F 19.9 kbtu/hr 33.2 MMBtu 17% Cooling 78 F 13.3 kbtu/hr 13.3 MMBtu 0% Absolute carbon emissions 5960 pounds per year 12% Heating had to be increased beyond 68. PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 52 of 56
53 Double Pane with 90% furnace Energy Star Score: 87.4 PASS Interior Design Annual Source % Setpoint Load Consumption Increase Heating 74 F 23.5 kbtu/hr 37.3 MMBtu 11% Cooling 74 F 17.6 kbtu/hr 21.5 MMBtu 37% Absolute carbon emissions 7610 pounds per year 31% 24% peak cooling load increase $120 extra a year in heating and cooling costs. (Local utility rates) PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 53 of 56
54 Single Pane/90% furnace/12 SEER Energy Star Score: 86.3 PASS Interior Design Annual Source % Setpoint Load Consumption Increase Heating 75 F 28.8 kbtu/hr 49.7 MMBtu 33% Cooling 73 F 20.1 kbtu/hr 19.9 MMBtu 32% Absolute carbon emissions 8880 pounds per year 41% 34% peak cooling load increase $180 extra a year in heating and cooling costs. PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 54 of 56
55 Summary Degradation of the thermal envelope can be overcome with equipment efficiency. Degradation of the comfort envelope will be overcome with: Comfort complaints, customer dissatisfaction or Increased energy expense and pollution PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 55 of 56
56 Make Them Equal Make Sure They re the Same!! PR-0307: Windows and Occupant Comfort Page 56 of 56
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