Base-Load Electricity Usage - Results from In-home Evaluations

Transcription

1 Base-Load Electricity Usage - Results from In-home Evaluations Anil Parekh, Natural Resources Canada Terry Strack, Strack & Associates Presented at the Conservation & Demand Management in a Sustainable Energy Future Conference, Burlington Ontario, June 11, 2012

2 Residential Energy Use

3 National Statistics Canadian Use Energy Use in Canada(PJ/year) (8,545 PJ in 2004) Industrial, 3278, 38% Residential, 1421, 17% Commercial, 1172, 14% Agricultural, 209, 2% Transportation, 2465, 29% Canadian Energy Statistics Handbook, NRCan

4 National Statistics $28.3 billion a year Canadian Energy Statistics Handbook, NRCan

5 Electricity Use, kwh/year National Statistics Household Base Loads (kwh/year) Clothes Washer + Dryer Range + Dishwasher Lighting Refrigerator + Freezer Plug Loads Canadian Energy Statistics Handbook, NRCan

6 Base-Load Questions What types of base-load devices are found in Canadian homes, especially plug loads? What is the market penetration of various base-load devices in Canadian homes? What is the electricity consumption of specific load types? Usage in a specific house sample (e.g. to inform homeowner) Average usage in the population of houses (e.g. for planning). What are the savings opportunities for reducing electricity consumption? 6

7 Response Development of a uniform and consistent procedure for evaluating electricity usage in residential homes, called Residential Electricity Evaluation Protocol, or REEP for short. REEP is an add-on to an ecoenergy Evaluation. REEP can be completed in about 1 hour by an experienced energy advisor. REEP provides a detailed breakdown of electricity usage which agrees closely with actual billed usage. REEP evaluates a number doable scenarios for reducing electricity consumption on a case-by-case basis. 7

8 REEP Process Overview Data Collection Electricity Usage Simulation Homeowner Report Inventory of appliances, equipment & lighting Occupancy Info Heating & Cooling Simulation Electricity End-Use Framework Electric Utility Billing Information Historic Usage Information 8

9 REEP Process Overview Walk-through survey to collect inventory of devices Include all electricity usages (hard-wired and plug loads): HVAC space & water heating, cooling, ventilation Base loads: Lighting Major appliances Computer and entertainment devices computers, TV, DVD, stereos Other appliances and devices (tools, gadgets and other) Pumps and seasonal loads (pools, hot-tubs, spas, heaters, etc) Brief occupant interview Entry of electricity usage from 12 months of bills REEP software is used to: combine survey data, perform data analysis & quality-assurance checks, and generate an advisory home owner report. 9

10 Progress So Far Completed pilot trial in Ottawa (40 homes) in 2010 using 1 st Generation REEP Tool. 2 nd Generation REEP Tool used to completed extended field trials in 2011 & 2012 involving 720 households: British Columbia (97) Manitoba (97) New Brunswick (23) Nova Scotia (70) Saskatchewan (100) Ontario (333) 3 rd Generation REEP Tool has been developed and is ready for Field Use. 10

11 Results REEP Tool REEP works 95% of 2012 as-received evaluations passed QA checks 99% of REEPs agreed with billed usage within±15%. On an aggregated basis, REEP estimates have < 1% difference to billed usage. Homeowners like the breakdown of their electricity usage Customized to their household equipment and lifestyle, and Agrees closely to their actual billed usage. 11

12 Results Occupancy Based on the 720 households surveyed Average of 3.0 persons; 2 adults 0.8 school-age, and 0.2 pre-school children Day-time occupancy on weekdays was 0.9 persons per household Over the year, on average households are occupied about 95% of the time, or about 49 1/2 weeks/year 12

13 Results Lighting Based on the 720 households surveyed Average of 57 lamps (bulbs); 53 indoor lamps 4 outdoor lamps Additional 4 lamps or strings* of seasonal lights Most common** lighting technology Incandescent in 49% of households Fluorescent in 46% of households, and Halogen in 5% of households. * string is defined as 35-small lamps ** most common is based on highest lamp count 13

14 Large Appliances Results Large Appliances Appliance Type Avg # per house # of appliances per household % of houses surveyed none 1 2 >2 Comments Refrigerator % 66.0% 29.6% 4.4% Freezer % 50.6% 5.0% 0.3% Wine cellar % 4.2% 0.4% 0% Range % 91.8% 8.2% 0% 91.3% are electric Microwave % 88.6% 6.4% 0% Dishwasher % 65.3% 1.3% 0% Clothes washer % 97.6% 1.7% 0% Clothes dryer % 96.5% 1.5% 0% 96.1% are electric 14

15 Atypical Loads Common Loads Results Small Appliances Average # per household Home Entertainment Office & Comm. All TVs Set-top boxes Sub-categories Video devices Audio devices Photo frames Video games All Comp. & acc. Comp. mon. Prts & multi-func Modems & LAN Tel & fax Other Office Kitchen, cleaning, grooming 11.4 Supplemental Space Cond. 2.1 Found in 66% of houses surveyed Misc & Seasonal 0.6 Found in 36% of houses surveyed Service pumps 0.4 Found in 26% of houses surveyed Pools, Hot-tubs, Spas, Saunas 0.2 Found in 17% of houses surveyed 15

16 Results Base Load Electricity Use (kwh/year) Average base-load usage estimated at 19.0 kwh/day 16

17 Results Customized breakdown of Electricity Use Lighting 4% Electricity Usage by Major Area (% total) Major Appliances 30% Air- Conditioning 7% Suppl. Space Cond. 5% Other 48% Space Heating & Vent. 5% Home Entertainment 23% Office & Comm. 15% Other Loads 11% 17

18 Results Comparison (kwh/year) Base-Load Category 720-house REEP Survey ( ) National Statistics (2009) Difference (REEP Stats) Lighting 1,088 1, Major appliances 2,674 2,677-3 Common plug-loads 2,251 1, subtotal 6,013 5, Atypical Loads 906 n/a +906 Total base-load 6,919 5,503 +1,416 18

19 Common Loads Results Common Plug Loads Average kwh per household Sub-categories Home Entertainment All TVs Set-top boxes Video devices Audio devices Photo frames Video games total S/B* All Comp. & acc. Comp. mon. Prts & multi-func Modems & LAN Tel & fax Other Office Office & Comm. total S/B* Kitchen, cleaning, grooming, etc. All Common Plug Loads total 704 total 2251 * NOTE: Some of the households surveyed reduce stand-by (S/B) electricity usage by using external switches to disconnect devices when they are not being used; This existing behaviour is reflected in these energy-use estimates. 19

20 Results Atypical Loads Item Suppl. Space Cond. Misc & Seasonal Service pumps Pools, Hot-tubs etc. Load Summation # houses sampled Avg. Annual Elect Usage for all houses samples (kwh/y) # of houses with non-zero usage (% of all houses) Avg. Annual Elect Usage for all non-zero houses (kwh/y) (66%) 256 (36%) 186 (26%) 121 (17%) ,890 3,429 20

21 Energy Savings Opportunities REEP evaluates up to energy saving opportunities on a house-by-house basis Retrofit Opportunities: Lighting upgrades (incandescent lamp replacement, garden & seasonal lights) Major Appliance upgrades (refrigerator, freezer, clothes washer) HVAC upgrades (air-conditioner & electric water heaters) Behavioural Changes: Recycling multiple refrigerators and/or freezers Using outdoor clothes line (for 25% of dryer loads) Using external switches to reduce standby energy usage some home entertainment devices (50% S/B red's) some office & communication devices (50% S/B red's) Using timers on Pool, Hot-tub and Spa pumps (50% reduction in usage) 21

22 Base-Load Savings Base-Load Energy Savings Average kwh per household Retrofit Energy Savings Behavioural Energy Savings Total Savings All 745 (11% of base load) All 702 (10% of base load) 1,447 (21% of base load) Lighting upgrades Main Refrigerator upgrades Sub-categories Main Freezer upgrades Clothes Washer upgrades ** Recycle extra Refrig s & Freezers Home Enter t switches* Outdoor clothes lines Computer & Office switches* Pump Timers * NOTE: Some of the households surveyed reduce stand-by (S/B) electricity usage by using external switches to disconnect devices when they are not being used; This existing behaviour is reflected in these energy-saving estimates. ** Does not include energy savings in clothes dryer energy due to better water removal by the high-efficiency clothes washer. 22

23 Conclusions The Canada-wide survey, involving 720 houses indicates: 6,920 kwh/y (19.0 kwh/day) of electricity use Small plug-load devices are a significant portion of base-load usage at 2,250 kwh/y, - same size as major-appliance usage (2,670 kwh/y). Low-efficiency incandescent and halogen lighting technologies show the highest bulb counts in over HALF of the houses surveyed. REEP successful in a wide range of residential households. Homeowner feedback has been positive, with REEP providing new details on where electricity is being used in their specific household. The growing database of REEP surveys provides a new source of information. 23

24 Conclusions 2 Largest identified base-loads savings: Equipment Retrofits Lighting upgrades: savings of 478 kwh per household. Refrigerator upgrades: savings of 208 kwh per household. Life-style or behavioural changes Recycle extra refrigerators/freezers: savings of 235 kwh per household Use external switches on some home entertainment equipment: average annual savings of 176 kwh per household. Use an outdoor clothes line part of the time: average annual savings of 146 kwh per household. 24

25 For Further Information Natural Resources Canada: Anil Parekh CanmetENERGY Strack & Associates: Terry Strack