Sustainable Refrigerant Solutions for HVAC-R. Laurent Abbas, Wissam Rached, Brett Van Horn

Transcription

1 Sustainable Refrigerant Solutions for HVAC-R Laurent Abbas, Wissam Rached, Brett Van Horn 2014 ASHRAE Annual Conference Seattle, WA July 1, 2014

2 Learning Objectives 1. Design refrigeration and air-conditioning systems with respect to the thermodynamic properties of the new, low-gwp refrigerants, in comparison with the past and current refrigerants. 2. Assess the overall economic aspects of the vapor-compression systems according to the performance of the refrigerant in vapor-compression cycles, accounting for the cycle efficiency, heat transfer, pressures, and material compatibility. 3. Outline the design aspects of the refrigeration and AC systems with respect to the solubility of refrigerants and lubricants and their heat transfer characteristics. 4. Explain how the molecular formula and structure of the refrigerants determine their thermodynamic properties, thermal stability, and their relationship with lubricants and construction materials. 5. Describe the correlation between the chemical composition and molecular structure of the refrigerants and their environmental characteristics. 6. Associate the composition of the refrigerant blends with their potential flammability, environmental impact, and performance in refrigerating and air-conditioning equipment. ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to ASHRAE Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-aia members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/ASHRAE for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. 2

3 Thank You Disclaimer The statements, technical information and recommendations contained herein are believed to be accurate as of the date hereof. Since the conditions and methods of use of the information referred to herein are beyond our control, Arkema expressly disclaims any and all liability as to any results obtained or arising from any reliance on such information; NO WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, OR ANY OTHER WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IS MADE CONCERNING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN. The user should thoroughly test any application before commercialization. Nothing contained herein constitutes a license to practice under any patent and it should not be construed as an inducement to infringe any patent, and the user is advised to take appropriate steps to be sure that any proposed action will not result in patent infringement Arkema Inc. 3

4 Agenda Why new refrigerants are needed? Refrigerant developments HFO blends for different market needs Summary 4

5 Regulatory Policy on refrigerants European Union F-gas : Reduction of CO2 emission by 2/3 by January 2015 : entry into force of the new F-Gas regulation Main measures Cap and Phase Down Selected use bans Applications Refrigerators & Freezers for commercial use (Hermetically sealed systems) with GWP > 2500 Stationary refrigeration with GWP>2500 Multipack centralised refrigeration systems for commercial use with CAP>40kW : GWP>150 Single split AC (<3kg) with GWP >750 Date of ban EPA Proposal Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) to be issued in Summer 2014 to change the status (delist) materials Would ban the use of some high GWPs in application likes vending machine or multiplex supermarkets systems. Timing unclear Global regulatory policy on HFCs picking up momentum

6 Considerations in Fluid Selection Performance Efficiency, Efficacy, Durability Compatibility, stability, Environmental Ozone Depletion Global Warming Fluid Selection Availability Supply, cost, ease of manufacture, Many factors are important for selecting a refrigerant for any particular application Safety Flammability Toxicity, Pressure Properties Density, conductivity, viscosity, Fluid selection requires a balance among various drivers, such as direct environmental impact, energy efficiency, safety, and so forth.

7 Next Generation Refrigerants For Low, Medium and High Pressure Applications VOLUMETRIC CAPACITY 404A Replacement Solutions 410A Replacement Solutions R-22 R-407A R-407C R-427A R-410A R-404A R-1234yf R-1234ze R-134a Replacement Solutions R-134a R-123 Replacement Solutions R GWP Non-flammable Mildly flammable

8 HFO technology implementation Systems Components Lubricants Combination of technological changes Performances Collaborative effort from system and refrigerant manufacturers Refrigerant choice Evolution of codes and standards region specifics application specifics Safety Cost

9 HFO technology implementation Systems Components Lubricants Combination of technological changes Performances Low GWP AREP Collaborative effort from system and refrigerant manufacturers Refrigerant choice UNEP UNEDO Project External testing Evolution of codes and standards region specifics application specifics Safety Cost

10 Initial Low GWP developments Proposed solutions R-134a Small Stand-Alone Med Temp Liquid chillers (MP) ARM-41 (~ 950) ARM-42(< 150) R-404A MT and LT Refrigeration: DX Systems Transport refrigeration ARM-30a(~ 200) ARM-31a(~ 500) ARM-32a (~ 1500) R-410A A/C Heat Pumps Chillers (HP) ARM-70a(< 500) R-123 Liquid chillers (LP) ARC-1 (<13)

11 Initial Low GWP developments Proposed solutions R-134a Small Stand-Alone Med Temp Liquid chillers (MP) ARM-41 (~ 950) ARM-42(< 150) R-404A MT and LT Refrigeration: DX Systems Transport refrigeration ARM-30a(~ 200) ARM-31a(~ 500) ARM-32a (~ 1500) GWP too high for upcoming regulation Not optimized for R-404A - Not all applications R-410A A/C Heat Pumps Chillers (HP) ARM-70a(< 500) Significant loss of capacity R-123 Liquid chillers (LP) ARC-1 (<13)

12 Current Low GWP developmental blends Proposed solutions Optimized solutions R-134a Small Stand-Alone Med Temp Liquid chillers (MP) ARM-41 (~ 950) ARM-42(< 150) R-404A MT and LT Refrigeration: DX Systems ARM-30a (~ 200) ARM-31a (~ 500) ARM-32a (~ 1500) ARM-20a(< 150) ARM-20b(~ 250) ARM-32b (~ 1400) ARM-25(< 150) Transport refrigeration LT DX systems ARM-35 (~ 2150) R-410A A/C Heat Pumps Chillers (HP) ARM-70a (< 500) ARM-71a(< 500) R-123 Liquid chillers (LP) ARC-1 (<13)

13 Transport Refrigeration Current R-404A replacement like R-407 series have much higher discharge temperatures than R-404A. High Glide Blends may be an issue Systems have to run at a wide range of temperature conditions Our solution ARM-35 Non-flammable ~45% reduction in GWP Increase in Discharge T < 10F Evaporator Glide <10F Pressure (bar) ARM-35 R-404A % vs R-404A Temperature (C) CAP COP

14 Very low GWP solutions for R-404A replacements Needs for a refrigerant with GWP < 150 to meet upcoming regulations in Europe ARM-20a Our solutions ARM-25 Increase in Discharge T similar or lower to R-407A Evaporator Glide <10F Evaporator Glide 10-15F 15 Anticipated Class 2L 15 Anticipated Class % vs R-404A % vs R-404A CAP COP -20 CAP COP

15 Air conditioning Needs for a refrigerant with GWP lower than 750 in EU Discharge Temperature of R-32 may be a concern in some applications Our solution ARM-71a R-410A Efficiency LCCP Capacity 110 CAP COP Increase in discharge T 14 Toxicity Discharge T Flammability High Ambient ARM-71a % vs R-410A Tdisch - R-410A (F) Efficiency LCCP Capacity Toxicity Discharge T Flammability High Ambient R-32 Efficiency LCCP Capacity Toxicity Flammability Discharge T High Ambient Condensation temperature (F)

16 Summary Our commitment to a sustainable future: Developing next generation solutions for all major applications HFO and new generation molecules. Lower-GWP HFO blends for HVAC-R different solutions based on GWP, performances and flammability Active involvement in industry wide effort to replace current HFCs AHRI Low-GWP AREP Joint UNEP/UNIDO project for high ambient temperatures (Promoting Low-GWP Refrigerant Alternatives for the Air Conditioning Sector in High-Ambient Countries)

17 Questions? 17 L.Abbas