Controlling Indoor Humidity in High Performance Homes. Danny Gough, Energy Solutions, LP
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1 Controlling Indoor Humidity in High Performance Homes Danny Gough, Energy Solutions, LP
2 Taking care of business
3 Fundamentals What s in Air? Nitrogen Oxygen Argon 0.93 Carbon dioxide 0.03 Neon Helium Krypton Xenon And Water Vapor
4 How much water vapor air can hold is relative to its temperature. Hence relative humidity
5 How much water vapor air can hold is relative to its temperature. Hence relative humidity 50 F 68 F 86 F IP Version
6 DEW POINT The temperature at which air become saturated and water vapor changes from a gas into a liquid.
7 Why is humidity control important? Because it can affect 1. Health 2. Durability 3. Comfort 4. Energy Efficiency
8 Health Humidity may not be a pollutant, but it can certainly be a indicator for potential indoor air quality problems.
9 Health Problems with Low Humidity RH < 35% - Dry sinuses, - nose bleeds, - bronchitis, - sinusitis, - dehydration (dry skin) - skin irritation - itchy eyes, - increases the spread of bacteria and viruses.
10 Health Problems with High Humidity RH > 50% - Dust mites - RH > 55%, - Interior mold - RH > 70% - Increased off-gassing of VOC s - (10% RH increase x 2)
11 Durability Problems with uncontrolled humidity - Wood changes dimension with changes in its moisture content.
12 Durability Problems with uncontrolled humidity The moisture content of wood is directly related to the humidity and temperature of the surrounding air. The higher the RH, the higher the moisture content of exposed wood.
13 Durability Problems with uncontrolled humidity - The Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) is the moisture content that wood will try to attain under specific conditions of relative humidity and temperature. - EMC can be used to predict the RH of ambient air and vice versa.
14 Durability Problems with low humidity - RH< 35% - At Low Humidity wood shrinks - Creates gaps in hardwood floors - Moldings separate requiring caulking and repainting. - Shrinking wood pulls away from joints. - Potential of structural compromise.
15 Durability Problems with high humidity - RH >50% At high humidity wood expands- Hardwood floors crown or cup. Require refinishing and repainting. Equilibrium moisture content of 90% = MC above 20% Wood may start to decay above 20% MC
16 Humidity affects Comfort (ASHRAE Std )
17 Comfort Problems with lower humidity Relative Humidity RH = 30 % RH = 60 % Acceptable Range for Comfort F F *Low humidity = aggravating static electricity. You get shocked from almost everything you touch
18 Comfort Problems with higher humidity Relative Humidity RH = 30 % RH = 60 % Acceptable Range for Comfort F F It s not the heat, it s the humidity
19 Comfort Problems with higher humidity HEAT INDEX TABLE Relative Humidity AIR TEMPERATURE 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% It s not the heat, it s the humidity
20 Energy Penalty of Uncontrolled Humidity Low winter humidity requires higher thermostat set point to feel comfortable. Increasing ID temperature increases heating bills. High summer humidity requires lower thermostat set point to achieve comfort. Lowered ID temperature increases cooling bills. Removing humidity cost more than removing heat.
21 Where does unwanted house moisture come from Sources from without 1. The sky rain 2. The ground - subsurface 3. The air water vapor
22 Where does unwanted moisture come from Sources from within 1. People Breathing (2 gal/day*) 2. People Bathing 3. People Cooking 4. People Cleaning 5. People s Pets (Especially Fish) 6. Peoples Plants * Family of 4
23 Solution to High Humidity Get rid of the people These guys are well on their way.
24 Where does unwanted moisture come from Sources from within 7. Duct Leaks 8. House leaks 9. House vented appliances 10. Wet crawls and basements 11. Plumbing leaks 12. Materials (paint, concrete et al)
25 Controlling Humidity Keep moisture out (preliminary requirements) 1. Sound roof geometry. Water flows down. 2. Use Overhangs. They protect the walls. 3. Drainage plane (use gravity instead of adhesives). 4. Flashing (ASTM E-2112). 5. Foundation water management. 6. Proper foundation drainage. 7. Proper downspouts. 8. Slope grade (direct your water to the neighbors lot).
26 Controlling Humidity Keep moisture out (preliminary requirements) Good Better Not so good
27 Controlling Humidity Keep moisture out (preliminary requirements) Overhangs provide two benefits: 1. Protects the walls from elements 2. Can reduce solar gain if designed properly
28 Controlling Humidity Keep moisture out (preliminary requirements) ASTM E2112 Standard Practice for Installation of Exterior Windows, Doors and Skylights. Learn how to do it right!
29 Controlling Humidity Keep moisture out (preliminary requirements)
30 Controlling Humidity Keep moisture out (preliminary requirements) Foundation water management 1. Formed footing with capillary break. 2. Perimeter drain installed below the top of the footing 3. Damp-proofing on the exterior wall. 4. Drainage mat - manipulates driving force, sends water to perimeter drain. 5. Proper backfill. 6. Grade away from house use swales. 7. Pipe downspouts away.
31 Controlling Humidity Keep moisture out (preliminary requirements) Foundation water management
32 Controlling Humidity Keep moisture out (preliminary requirements) Foundation water management
33 Controlling Humidity Keep moisture out (preliminary requirements) Foundation water management
34 Controlling Humidity Keep moisture out (preliminary requirements) Drain the rain
35 (preliminary requirements) Keep crawl space moisture at bay?
36 (preliminary requirements) Keep crawl space moisture at bay? Closed crawl space
37 (preliminary requirements) Keep crawl space moisture at bay? Closed crawl space
38 (preliminary requirements) Track indoor humidity levels.
39 (preliminary requirements) Remove bulk moisture from showers, tubs and cooking using properly sized exhaust fans ducted to the outside.
40 (preliminary requirements) Size bath exhaust fans for 8 air changes per hour. Area x ceiling height x 8 / 60 Verify performance by testing
41 EXHAUST FAN SIZING Area of Bathroom Sq Ft (WxD) CFM required w/ 8 ft ceiling CFM required w/9 ft ceiling
42 (preliminary requirements) Why test?
43 (preliminary requirements) Right size cooling equipment Research by Shirley and Henderson, published in Ashrae Journal-April 2004 showed: High efficiency air conditioners require 9 to 29 minutes to reach steady state efficiency. Fan delay increase RH.
44 (preliminary requirements) Right size cooling equipment
45 (preliminary requirements) Right size cooling equipment Perform aggressive Manual J load calculations on every home. Do not add safety factors. Do not design for record breaking temperatures Do not add internal loads for entertaining groups of people.
46 (preliminary requirements) Right size cooling equipment Review equipment product data Adjust equipment performance for design conditions (75/63) Select equipment to meet both sensible and latent loads Total gain is irrelevant
47
48 (preliminary requirements) Right size cooling equipment Acme 1 ½ ton with super good air 650 CFM Load 75/63 Sensible Gain 14,530 btuh 14,700 btuh Latent Gain 5,014 btuh 5,400 btuh Net Gain 19,544 btuh 20,100 btuh
49 (preliminary requirements) Air Tight Ducts Return leaks - pull unwanted moisture into duct system. Supply leaks - create negative house pressure pulls unwanted moisture through house leaks.
50 (preliminary requirements) Pressure balancing Provide a low resistance path between every isolated room and the closest return air opening. ACCA Manual D Section 1-4
51 (preliminary requirements) Use ECM blower motors Use less energy Adjust speed to deliver programmed airflow in duct systems (up to 1 WC) Fan speed can be manipulated for better humidity control
52 (preliminary requirements) Use ECM blower motors Use less energy Adjust speed to deliver programmed airflow in duct systems Fan speed can be manipulated for better humidity control
53 Strategy 1 Slow indoor blower speed Most manufacturers provide a dehumidification mode through control circuitry which reduces the speed of the ECM motor 20%.
54 38% Greater Latent Capacity ODT = 95ºF - IDT = 95ºF IWB = 95ºF 50% cfm Sensible Gain 20,230 btuh 17,472 btuh Latent Gain 3,570 btuh 4,928 btuh Net Gain 23,800 btuh 22,400 btuh KW
55 Pro s and Con s + Relatively inexpensive and simple to install. - Only provides enhanced dehumidification when there is a call for cooling.
56 Strategy 2 Bring on the cooling system for dehumidification Sequence of operation When indoor humidity climbs above setpoint, thermostat energizes cooling to dehumidify the air. Cooling will continue to operate until indoor temperature drops 1ºF to 3ºF below cooling set-point.
57 Pro s and Con s + Relatively inexpensive and simple to install. Just requires configuration in setup. + Removes humidity upon a call. Doesn t rely on cooling demand. - Lowering temperature, raises RH. - Potential to over-cool the home. - Not very effective at low indoor db temperatures.
58 Strategy 2b Carrier, Bryant Ideal Humidity Control (Infinity Evolution) Sequence of operation When indoor humidity climbs above setpoint, thermostat energizes cooling to dehumidify the air and slows the indoor blower to enhance moisture removal. Cooling will continue to operate until indoor temperature drops 1ºF to 3ºF below cooling set-point until indoor temp reaches 70ºF
59 Pro s and Con s + Removes humidity upon a call. Doesn t rely on cooling demand. + Provides more humidity removal through slowing indoor blower. - Expense - Sophistication for both installer and operator - Lowering temperature, raises RH. - Potential to over-cool the home. - Not very effective at low indoor db temperatures.
60 Strategy 3 Bring on the cooling system for dehumidification Add reheat to prevent overcooling. Sequence of operation When indoor humidity climbs above setpoint, thermostat energizes cooling to dehumidify the air. Indoor blower reduces speed to enhance moisture removal. Cooling will continue to operate until indoor humidity set-point is achieved. Heat is provided up-stream of the evaporator coil to prevent over-cooling the home. Challenge is using a source of reheat that is affordable.
61 Strategy 3a - Geothermal Option Triple function geothermal unit heats and cools the home as well as heating domestic water. Average COP = 4.0. Use hydronic coil upstream of the evaporator coil to provide reheat.
62
63
64 Strategy 3b - Solar Reheat Option Using a conventional heat pump to heat and cool the home, a hydronic coil upstream of the evaporator coil to provide reheat. Reheat is provided through solar thermal.
65
66
67 Pro s and Con s + Removes humidity upon a call. Doesn t rely on cooling demand. + Provides more humidity removal through slowing indoor blower. + Very efficient in all modes. (heating, cooling and dehumidification. Solar is plentiful in shoulder seasons. - Expensive to install - Sophistication for installer.
68 Strategy 4 Four (4) pipe hydronic air handler with chilled water coil for cooling and dehumidification. Sequence of operation When indoor humidity climbs above setpoint, thermostat energizes chilled water circulator pump (less than 100 watts). 38ºF to 42ºF water circulates through chilled water coil. Blower speed is reduced to enhance humidity removal. Chilled water will continue to operate until indoor humidity set-point is achieved. Heat is provided up-stream of the evaporator coil to prevent over-cooling the home.
69 Four pipe air handler with ECM motor Reverse Cycle Geothermal Unit
70
71 Pro s and Con s + Extremely flexible. Can be used for radiant, warm air heating, domestic water heating, ice melting, pool heating and reheat. + Removes humidity upon a call. Doesn t rely on cooling demand. + Provides exceptional humidity control + Very efficient in all modes. (heating, cooling and dehumidification. (COP = 5.5) + Simple and reliable - Expensive to install - Sophistication for installer.
72 Strategy 5 Lennox Humiditrol
73 Lennox Humiditrol
74 Strategy 5 Lennox Humiditrol
75 Pro s and Con s + Removes humidity upon a call. Doesn t rely on cooling demand. + Provides exceptional humidity control + Moderately efficient - Expensive to install - Sophistication for installer - Cannot be used with zoning
76 Strategy 6 Face & Bypass Sequence of operation When indoor humidity climbs above setpoint, thermostat energizes cooling system. Modulating damper opens to bypass return air necessary to maintain 32ºF- 34ºF evaporator coil temperature. Colder coil enhances humidity removal. Unit will remove approximately 4 pints per hour per ton.
77 Strategy 6 Face & Bypass
78 Strategy 6 Face & Bypass
79 Pro s and Con s + Removes humidity upon a call. Doesn t rely on cooling demand. + Provides exceptional humidity control + Moderately efficient - Moderate cost - Sophisticated controls - Have to cut hole in the new air handler cabinet
80 Strategy 7 Whole House Dehumidifier
81 Strategy 7 Whole House Dehumidifier
82 Strategy 7 Whole House Dehumidifier
83 Strategy 7 Whole House Dehumidifier Pro s and Con s + Removes humidity upon a call. Independent of cooling system + Provides exceptional humidity control. + Can be used to pre-dry ventilation air. + Very efficient, (7.9 pints per kwh - Thermastor) -Cost - Logistics for duct work. - Adds sensible heat to the structure. - Noise
84 Strategy 7b Desiccant Dehumidifier Sequence of operation When indoor humidity climbs above setpoint, thermostat energizes dehumidification system. Indoor air is passed of desiccant wheel, which absorbs water vapor. Desiccant must be regenerated to absorb more vapor.
85 Strategy 7b Desiccant Dehumidifier
86 Strategy 7b Desiccant Dehumidifier Pro s and Con s + Removes humidity upon a call. Independent of cooling system. -Cost - Efficiency dependent on outdoor conditions and gas pricing. (200 pints/day rated at 5.6 pints/kwh) - Logistics for duct work
87 Strategy 7c Heat Pipe Dehumidifier
88 Strategy 7c Heat Pipe Dehumidifier Pro s and Con s + Removes humidity upon a call. Independent of cooling system. -Cost - Efficiency pints/day rated at 3.2 pints/kwh - Adds 8500 btuh sensible to the structure - Logistics for duct work
89 Questions?
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