Heat Transfer Equipment Overview Core COPYRIGHT. Types of Heat Exchangers and Their Common Applications in Oil and Gas Processing Facilities
|
|
- Ferdinand Hutchinson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Learning Objectives Heat Transfer Equipment Overview Core Types of Heat Exchangers and Their Common Applications in Oil and Gas Processing Facilities By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Identify types of heat exchangers and common applications in oil and gas processing facilities 1 1
2 Heat Exchanger Types and Applications Heat Exchanger Types and Applications 2 2
3 Heat Exchanger Types and Applications Heat Exchanger Types and Applications 3 3
4 Heat Exchanger Types and Applications Heat Exchanger Types and Applications 4 4
5 Heat Exchanger Types and Applications Heat Exchanger Types and Applications 5 5
6 Heat Exchanger Types and Applications Heat Exchanger Types and Applications 6 6
7 Heat Exchanger Types and Applications Heat Exchanger Types and Applications 7 7
8 Heat Exchanger Types and Applications Types of Heat Transfer Equipment Fluid-Fluid Shell-and-tube Compact Pipe-in-pipe Plate exchangers Brazed aluminum (plate-fin) Printed circuit Spiral Coil Special types for specific services Fired Heaters (Radiant Heat Transfer) Direct Indirect Coolers Utilizing Air Air-cooled heat exchangers (ACHE) Cooling towers Combination air-water 8 8
9 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Most common and most versatile exchanger type Can handle a wide range of fluids single phase and multiphase Robust construction Variety of fabrication materials possible Heavy Relatively large footprint Expensive Compact Heat Exchangers Applications in the oil and gas industry have grown significantly over the past years Relative to shell and tube exchangers: Smaller size and weight Decreased temperature approach and higher efficiency Lower cost, especially when expensive materials of construction are required Several types of compact exchangers: Plate Core-and-Kettle Brazed Aluminum Plate-Fin (BAHX) Pipe-In-Pipe Printed Circuit (PCHE) Pipe Coils 9 9
10 Fired Heaters Fired heaters are the most common type for high temperatures Direct Fired Heaters Two types: Combustion in a fire box, process fluid flows through the tubes (used for larger duties) Combustion in a fire tube usually immersed in the process fluid (used for smaller duties) Indirect Fired Heaters Typically a fire tube heater, fire tube immersed in heat transfer fluid Water used as heat transfer fluid in lower temperature applications Molten eutectic salts used in higher temperature applications Heat transfer to the process fluid occurs in a second tube bundle, which is immersed in the heat transfer fluid Coolers Utilizing Air Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers (ACHE) Most popular in onshore facilities Not as popular offshore due to large footprint Low environmental impact Cooling Towers Air supplies cooling by evaporating water Water is the heat transfer fluid More efficient than air coolers, but Higher CAPEX and environmental impact Not widely used in upstream and midstream applications More popular in refineries and chemical plants Combination Air-Water 10 10
11 Learning Objectives You are now able to: Identify types of heat exchangers and common applications in oil and gas processing facilities Heat Transfer Equipment Overview Core Heat Transfer Mechanisms and Parameters Affecting Heat Transfer Coefficient 11 11
12 Learning Objectives By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Describe heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection and radiation Define heat transfer coefficient and describe the primary parameters that affect its value Heat Transfer Mechanisms Heat is energy transferred as a result of a temperature difference Conduction Transfer of thermal energy through a substance due to a temperature gradient Convection Transfer of thermal energy due to bulk fluid motion caused by the presence of a temperature gradient and its effect on fluid properties Relative magnitude (1-Lowest and 4-Highest): 1. Conduction 2. Natural Convection 3. Laminar Forced Convection 4. Turbulent Forced Convection Radiation A hot body radiates heat that may be absorbed, reflected or transmitted to a colder body 12 12
13 Tube Wall Conduction Heat Transfer Combined Convection & Conduction Heat Transfer Q Q T1 T4 1 ln(r o / ri ) 1 ha 2 k L h A convection Q (k)(driving Force) Resistance Force (k W )(L t ) ln( r / r) / (2 ) o i i W o i conduction o convection Q = heat transferred W Btu/hr SI FPS h o, h i = inside & outside fluid film coefficient W/m 2 - C Btu/hr-ft 2 - F A o, A I, = area for heat transfer m 2 ft 2 r o, r I, = tube outside and inside radius m ft L = tube length m ft k w = thermal conductivity of solid wall W/m- C Btu/hr-ft- F T 1 T 4 = temperature difference C F T T
14 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U o 1 ln Do D o ln(d o / D i ) 1 U hd 2k L h Tube (A o = πd o L and A i = πd i L) U o = overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside tube wall area h o = film coefficient on the outside of the tube h i = film coefficient on the inside of the tube Fouled Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U o Tube (A o = πd o L and A i = πd i L) Do Doln(D o / D i) Do f i f o o i i 2 W o i 1 1 U hd k L h D U o = overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside tube wall area h o = film coefficient on the outside of the tube h i = film coefficient on the inside of the tube k w = thermal conductivity of tube wall o i i W o k w = thermal conductivity of tube wall D o = outside tube diameter D i = inside tube diameter D o = outside tube diameter D i = inside tube diameter f i = fouling factor on the inside of the wall f o = fouling factor on the outside of the wall 14 14
15 Temperature Gradient Through a Fouled Pipe Wall Fouling Factors Avoid using fouling factors as an arbitrary safety factor Empirical and estimated from actual operating data Fouling is dependent upon the velocity of the fluid in the exchanger Rule of Thumb: The fouling factors should not contribute more than 20% excess area to the HEX design If fouling factors have been specified, vendors typically provide heat exchanger data sheets with U clean and U service performance Clean overall heat transfer coefficient U clean will be greater than service overall heat transfer coefficient U service 15 15
16 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients Effect of Velocity on Performance Correlations like these are not recommended for design calculations, but are useful for planning or scoping studies Calculation of overall heat transfer coefficient U o from the equation on the previous slides may be necessary Values of thermal conductivity, k, and film heat transfer coefficient, h, are required Fluid velocity has a significant effect on exchanger performance For flow inside a tube: For flow outside a tube: h i v 0.8 As velocity increases, h increases and therefore U o increases; for a given heat exchanger area, the heat exchanger duty increases as velocity increases Typical Tube Side Velocities h o v
17 Effect of Velocity on Pressure Drop As the fluid velocity increases, the pressure drop also increases For flow inside a tube: P v 1.8 Example Design Pressure Drops (Application specific but these are typical values) Learning Objectives You are now able to: Describe heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection and radiation. Define heat transfer coefficient and describe the primary parameters that affect its value
18 Learning Objectives Heat Transfer Equipment Overview Core Estimating Exchangers Heat Transfer Area By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the rate equation used to calculate heat transfer area Describe the effective temperature difference and explain how it affects heat transfer area Estimate heat transfer surface area required for a heat exchanger application 18 18
19 Rate Equation Temperature Temperature (a) Hot End T 2 Temperature T eff Hot End T 2 Heat Transferred, Q Heat Transfer Equation Cold End T 1 Where: Q = heat transfer rate U o = overall heat transfer coefficient A = (a) Heat exchanger area t eff = Effective temperature difference Rate Equation (a) Hot End T 2 T eff Heat Transferred, Q Heat Transfer Equation Cold End T 1 Where: Q = heat transfer rate U o = overall heat transfer coefficient A = Heat exchanger area t eff = Effective temperature difference T eff is the effective temperature difference in the exchanger For conventional exchanger configurations and no phase change, it can be estimated from a simple average equation Cold For more complex exchangers End and a phase change in one or both of the fluids, it can be estimated by dividing the exchanger into sections and using T numerical integration 1 The smaller the effective temperature difference, the more surface area required Heat Transferred, Q T eff is the effective temperature difference in the exchanger For conventional exchanger configurations and no phase change, it can be estimated from a simple average equation For more complex exchangers and a phase change in one or both of the fluids, it can be estimated by dividing the exchanger into sections and using numerical integration The smaller the effective temperature difference, the more surface area required 19 19
20 Effective Temperature Difference Schematics Effective Temperature Difference Schematics Example: oil being cooled with water 20 20
21 Effective Temperature Difference Schematics Example: oil being cooled with water Effective Temperature Difference Schematics 21 21
22 Effective Temperature Difference Schematics Example: chiller in a gas processing facility Effective Temperature Difference Schematics Example: gas-gas exchanger 22 22
23 Effective Temperature Difference Schematics Example: gas being cooled by a multicomponent refrigerant, or side reboiler on a de-methanizer using feed gas as the heat source Log Mean Temperature Difference Assumptions: 1. The heating and cooling curves are linear 2. The physical properties of the fluids do not significantly change in the exchanger ln Where: T lm = Log mean temperature difference, LMTD T eff = Temperature difference corrected for heat exchanger configuration F = TEMA MTD Correction Factor t 1 = Largest T (at one end of the heat exchanger) t 2 = Smallest T (at one end of the heat exchanger) 23 23
24 Suggested Approach Temperatures The minimum temperature approach is an economic choice As T 2 decreases, T eff decreases and the required heat transfer area increases. This increase can be significant as T eff approaches zero. Smaller values of T 2 decrease utility costs (power and fuel) because there is less lost work in the heat transfer process. The minimum approach may occur at the hot end or the cold end of the exchanger depending on the application. The minimum approach may also occur inside the exchanger. Suggested Approach Temperatures The minimum temperature approach is an economic choice 24 24
25 Energy Balance T 3 3 m 34 T 2 2 *C p can be used when no phase change occurs. 1 m 12 Learning Objectives T 1 4 T 4 In a fluid exchanger, the energy balance for each fluid reduces to H = Q The Q of one fluid = the Q of the other fluid if one ignores heat losses to, or heat gains from, surroundings Heat loss or gain is normally considered to be zero in exchanger heat balances You are now able to: Describe the rate equation used to calculate heat transfer area Describe the effective temperature difference and explain how it affects heat transfer area Estimate heat transfer surface area required for a heat exchanger application 25 25
26 Learning Objectives Heat Transfer Equipment Overview Core Shell and Tube Exchanger Types and Their Applications By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Describe shell and tube exchanger types and applications 26 26
27 Shell and Tube Exchangers TEMA: Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association TEMA defines three classes of mechanical standards: Class R Class B Class C Designation of exchanger shown below: AKT (Courtesy Tubular Exchanger Mfgrs. Assn. ) Fixed Tubesheet, Straight Tube Advantages: Lowest cost of any TEMA type, especially type NEN Provides the maximum surface area for a given shell and tube diameter Can be constructed with multiple tube passes to optimize tube velocity Disadvantages: Shell side can only be cleaned by chemical methods Differential thermal expansion Most common application of this exchanger type: gas-gas exchanger Expansion joint Type BEM 27 27
28 Fixed Tubesheet, Straight Tube This TEMA type is the simplest design (others include BEM, AEM, NEN) The tubesheet is welded to the shell The heads are either bolted to the tubesheet or, in the NEN design, welded to the tubesheet Type BEM Expansion joint Removable Bundle, Floating Head w/internal Split Ring This TEMA Type is widely used for applications requiring frequent tube bundle removal for inspection and cleaning Advantages: Floating head design allows for differential thermal expansion between the shell and tube bundle Inside of shell can be inspected and cleaned Tubes can be mechanically cleaned (square layout only) Less expensive per unit of surface area than pull-through designs Split backing ring Type AES 28 28
29 Removable Bundle, Floating Head w/internal Split Ring Disadvantages: Higher maintenance than pull-through designs: shell cover, split backing ring and floating head cover must be removed to pull tube bundle More expensive than fixed tubesheet or U-tube types Applications: Those requiring frequent tube bundle removal for inspection and cleaning For large differential temperatures between the shell and tube fluids Removable U-Tube Bundle Split backing ring Type AES This TEMA Type is widely used for applications requiring frequent tube bundle removal for inspection and cleaning Advantages: Allows for differential thermal expansion between the shell and the tube bundle as well as for individual tubes Inside of shell can be inspected and cleaned Less costly than floating head designs Removable tube bundle Capable of withstanding thermal shock applications. Type CFU 29 29
30 Removable U-Tube Bundle Disadvantages: U-tubes cannot be mechanically cleaned Individual tubes are difficult to replace Single tube passes or true countercurrent flow is not possible Tube wall thickness in the U-bend is thinner than in straight portion of tubes Applications: Oil, chemical and water heating applications Other Designs Type CFU Pull through floating heads (TEMA Type T) Easier maintenance than S type because there is no backing ring Lower surface area per shell diameter than S and U types Outside packed floating head (Type P) and externally sealed floating tubesheet (Type W) Not suitable for most oil and gas applications because of limited integrity of sealing mechanism and the flammability and toxicity of fluids Shell (Types G, H, J and X) Type G and H shells are often used in low pressure drop applications, such as thermosiphon reboilers J-type (divided flow) shells shorten the shellside fluid flow path; these are often used in low pressure-drop applications X-type (crossflow) shells are also used in very low pressure-drop services such as condensers; multiple inlet and outlet nozzles can be used 30 30
31 Tubes 60 Triangular 30 Rotated Triangular Baffles 90 Square 45 Rotated Square Baffles support the tube bundle and increase the heat transfer coefficient by forcing the shell-side fluid to traverse the tube bundle several times The baffle cut is expressed as a fraction of inside shell diameter; typical baffle cuts range from 0.2 to 0.35 The opening is often called the baffle window, and should provide roughly the same flow area as the crossflow area between the baffles The distance between the baffles is termed the baffle pitch; it typically ranges from 20-50% of the shell diameter More baffles result in higher shell side heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop The most common type is the single segmental baffle The most common tube diameter is 19 mm [3/4 in] Triangular is the most common layout Larger tubes are easier to clean and are sometimes used in severe fouling services A square layout is preferred in removable tube bundle applications, because it is easier to clean Both triangular and square layouts can be rotated to achieve more desirable performance Baffle window Baffle cut 31 31
32 Fluid Placement Shell-Side 1. Viscous fluid 2. Fluid having the lower flowrate 3. Boiling fluid 4. Condensing fluids in total condensers 5. Fluid having lower available pressure drop Learning Objectives Tube-Side 1. Toxic and lethal fluid 2. Corrosive fluid 3. Fouling fluid 4. High temperature fluid 5. High pressure fluid 6. Fluid requiring inhibitor injection 7. Partially condensing fluid You are now able to: Describe shell and tube exchanger types and applications 32 32
33 Learning Objectives Heat Transfer Equipment Overview Core Compact Heat Exchangers and Fired Heaters By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Describe compact heat exchangers and fired heaters 33 33
34 Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers (PHE) Common applications include sea water-cooling medium exchange and crude oil coolers offshore Onshore, they have been used in low pressure fluid-fluid applications, such as lean-rich amine and lean-rich glycol exchangers Gasketed PHEs Advantages and Disadvantages (Courtesy of Tranter) 34 34
35 Example: Shell & Tube vs. Plate Heat Exchanger Schematic of a Semi-Welded PHE (Courtesy ITT Industries) Used for refrigeration applications (condensing and boiling) on the welded side of the exchanger 35 35
36 Block Style Fully Welded PHE Panel Upper head Heat transfer plate pack Gasket Baffle Support Girder Lower head (Courtesy Alfa Laval) Used for TEG dehydration (lean/rich exchanger) amine sweetening, and fractionation tower condenser The block style fully welded PHE is used frequently, where leaks could be hazardous to personnel or the environment Welded PHEs Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages and disadvantages of welded plate exchangers are similar to the gasketed and semi welded PHE, with exceptions provided in this table: 36 36
37 Basic Components of a Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchanger Brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers (BAHX) are frequently used in low temperature gas processing service Applications: Deep NGL recovery Nitrogen rejection Air separation units Helium recovery LNG production Refrigeration Plate Fin Exchanger (BAHX) Composed of alternating layers of corrugated fins and flat separator sheets called parting sheets Each fluid pass in a core has the appearance of a section of the wall of a cardboard box Number of layers, type of fins, stacking arrangement, and stream circuiting will vary Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger (Courtesy Chart Heat Exchangers) 37 37
38 BAHX Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Compact, lightweight and efficient (25 times more surface area per unit weight than an equivalent shell and tube exchanger) Can combine multiple fluids and duties (cold box) Cost effective, especially for clean gases and light hydrocarbon liquids Minimum design temperature is 4 K [-269 C, -452 F] Can achieve temperature approach of 1 C [2 F] Core and Kettle Exchanger Advantages over shell and tube exchangers: Significantly higher heat transfer surface area per unit volume Temperature approaches of 1 C [2 F] Used as chillers and condensers in gas processing and LNG plants with boiling refrigerant as the cooling medium Disadvantages Mechanical cleaning difficult/impossible Mercury corrosion Vulnerable to fire Maximum pressure 100 barg [1450 psig] Limited size Vulnerable to temperature cycling fatigue Complex design procedure (Courtesy Chart Heat Exchangers) 38 38
39 Printed Circuit Exchanger (PCHE) Stacked Plates Printed circuit exchangers (PCHEs) were introduced in the oil and gas industry in the early 1980s PCHEs are constructed from flat metal plates into which flow channels have been milled or chemically etched Passages are typically 1-2 mm [ in] deep Two or more fluids can be accommodated in the core Diffusion bonding is a welding process in which the plates are compressed together and heated to just below the melting temperature of the material Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger To complete exchanger construction, fluid headers and nozzles are welded to the core to direct the fluids to the appropriate passages Design pressures are very high, up to 50 MPa [7280 psig] The most common service for PCHEs are discharge coolers and gas-to-gas exchangers in offshore environments (Courtesy Heatric) 39 39
40 PCHE Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Compact, lightweight & efficient Size and weight < 25% of shell and tube heat exchanger Good for very high pressure 700 bar and clean, nonfouling fluids No pressure relief required Disadvantages Small (2 mm) flow passages so plugging can be an issue Cannot mechanically clean Not suitable for high viscosity liquids Susceptible to thermal stress failure in temperature cycling services Finned Tubes and Pipe-in-Pipe Heat Exchangers This pipe-in-pipe exchanger may be advantageous for relatively low heat loads, where one stream is a gas or viscous liquid or for relatively small exchangers operating at high pressure Single Tube with Fins Multi-Tube with Fins All fins shown are on the outside of the tubes, but they also can be used inside the shape and style vary widely 40 40
41 Pipe-in-Pipe Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages True counter-current flow Good for viscous liquids Good for high pressure Can easily be enlarged or reduced in size by adding or removing a single tube unit Disadvantages Limited in size, good for small heat loads Fins increase P, difficult to clean Pipe-in-pipe exchangers are configured such that the fluid s flow is true counter-current The upper economic limit of these exchangers is a UA of 79 kw/ C [ Btu/hr- F] With corrosive fluids, erosion-corrosion may be enhanced due to impingement and turbulence problems Examples of Coil Wound Heat Exchangers Very popular for LNG service Minimum resistance to flow Maximum surface area per unit weight and volume Manufactured from aluminum Multiple tube bundles to handle several fluids (Courtesy Linde Engineering) 41 41
42 Indirect Fired Heaters Typically a fire tube heater in which the fire tube is immersed in heat transfer fluid Process fluid circulates through a second heat transfer coil immersed in the heater transfer fluid Water bath - applications < 100 C [212 F] Natural gas line heaters and natural gas heaters upstream of pressure let-down stations Molten eutectic salt bath > 260 C [500 F] Regeneration-gas heaters in small dry-desiccant dehydration systems Crude oil and condensate stabilizer reboilers Example of an Indirect Fired Heater Used to heat oil and gas in production operations, where the heat loads are not large 42 42
43 Primary Applications of Fired Heaters Direct Fired Heaters (Q = 3 to 100 MW [10 to 340 MMBtu/hr]): Combustion in a fire box, process fluid flows through the tubes Typically used in high heat duty applications Boilers Still bottom heaters in lean-oil plants Regeneration-gas heaters in dry-desiccant dehydration systems Hot oil (or other heat transfer fluid) heaters Oil heaters upstream of oil dehydration units Crude oil or condensate stabilizer reboilers Combustion in a fire tube usually immersed in the process fluid Typically used in smaller heat duty applications Small boilers Glycol reboilers Heater treaters in oil dehydration applications Reboilers in small amine systems Common Direct Fired Heater Types in Oil and Gas Processing 43 43
44 Learning Objectives You are now able to: Describe compact heat exchangers and fired heaters 44 44
45 6/14/2017 Learning Objectives Heat Transfer Equipment Overview Core Process Cooling Methods and Air-cooled Heat Exchangers (ACHE) By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: List the four primary process cooling (heat rejection) methods Describe why air-cooled heat exchangers are so frequently used, key operating parameters, and the difference between induced draft and forced draft designs 45 1
46 6/14/2017 Process Cooling In all processes, heat must be rejected to ambient (heat sink) Methods: 1. Once-Through Cooling Water (Direct Cooling) 2. Cooling Towers 3. Indirect Heating Medium 4. Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers (ACHE) Applications include: 1. Compressor aftercoolers 2. Refrigeration condensers 3. Reflux condensers 4. Steam condensers PFD of a Direct Cooling Water System Used in offshore facilities and onshore facilities located near a large body of water, e.g. sea, lake, river, et. al. 46 2
47 6/14/2017 Advantages and Disadvantages Once-Through Cooling Water Heat Sink Temperature: water ambient temperature Heat Transfer Fluid: water Approach: 5-10 C [9-18 F] (process fluid to heat sink temperature) Advantages: 1) Simplicity, low capital cost 2) Typically gives lowest process temperatures 3) Water is heat transfer fluid 4) Exchangers are small, minimizing footprint 5) Water is less susceptible to ambient temperature fluctuations 6) Less equipment than an indirect cooling system 7) Potentially lower CAPEX than indirect systems, especially for only a few cooling loads Disadvantages: 1) Limited availability, e.g., desert applications 2) Temperature limits on water returned to environment 3) Water is usually corrosive and fouling, this can be a significant problem for systems that use sea water 4) Freezing 5) Water can be contaminated by process fluid creating environmental discharge issues 7) Low sea water temperature may cause hydrate problems in the process 8) Sea water systems require corrosion resistant metallurgy, which is often titanium PFD of an Indirect Cooling Medium System Used in offshore facilities 47 3
48 6/14/2017 Advantages and Disadvantages Indirect Cooling Medium Heat Sink Temperature: Ambient water temperature Heat Transfer Fluid: Ambient water Approach*: 3-5 C [6-9 F] on ambient water / water heat exchanger Approach*: 5-10 C [9-18 F] on process heat exchangers Advantages: 1) Less equipment exposed to ambient water, which is corrosive and fouling 2) Allows a wider range of heat exchanger options 3) Allows the use of less aggressive cooling medium, such as glycol / water mixtures 4) Less susceptible to ambient temperature fluctuations Disadvantages: 1) Requires additional larger heat exchanger and circulation pumps 2) Environmental limits on temperature of ambient water return 3) Sea water / water can be contaminated with indirect cooling medium 4) Freezing in some locations * process fluid to heat sink temperature PFD of a Cooling Tower System Make-up Water Warm Water Return Air Blowdown Cooled Water to Process Cooling towers are seldom used in oil and gas processing applications Large supply of ambient water is not necessary 48 4
49 6/14/2017 Advantages and Disadvantages Cooling Towers Heat Sink Temperature: wet-bulb air temperature Heat Transfer Fluid: water Approach*: C [27-36 F] Advantages: 1) Water is heat transfer fluid 2) Exchangers are small, minimizing footprint 3) Large supply of ambient water not necessary 4) Lower process temperatures achievable than air cooling Disadvantages: 1) High capital and operating cost 2) Make-up water supply required 3) Chemicals are necessary to treat water for corrosion, scaling, algae, etc. 4) Cooling water blowdown disposal 5) Freezing * process fluid to heat sink temperature The Two Basic Types of ACHEs ACHE are the most popular in onshore facilities Offshore, ACHEs are sometimes used on shallow water installations but are seldom if ever used in deeper water (Courtesy the Rainey Corp.) 49 5
50 6/14/2017 Induced Draft versus Forced Draft Induced Draft Forced Draft The tube bundle is covered The air plenum chamber is above tube bundle The fan is above the tube bundles (Courtesy the Rainey Corp.) Induced Draft and Forced Draft Air Coolers The tube bundle is not covered The air plenum chamber is below tube bundle The fan is below the tube bundle 50 6
51 6/14/2017 ACHEs Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages 1. Air readily available everywhere 2. Low environmental impact 3. Lower maintenance than cooling towers 4. Less fouling than water 5. Mechanically simple and flexible 6. Partial cooling available in the event of power failure 7. Facility water consumption requirements reduced ACHE Key Operating Parameters Type of ACHE Induced or Force Draft Process fluid Vapor or liquid coolers Condensers Properties Overall heat transfer coefficient Disadvantages 1. Highest heat sink temperature compared to other methods 2. Large footprint and equipment size 3. Process fluid freezing in low temperature environments 4. Air flow must be free of surrounding obstructions 5. Fan noise 6. Daily temperature variation affects ACHE performance 7. More complex control systems required 8. Winterization of equipment is expensive 9. Thermal cycling must be limited Air ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity Air flowrate Tube design and number of bays Type of tube fins Fan arrangement, type and speed Control of cooled fluid temperature 51 7
52 6/14/2017 Heat Exchangers Specification and Selection These are some factors you should consider: 1. Do not specify or purchase a heat exchanger without consideration of its effect on the total process. 2. Do not make the capital cost of the heat exchanger a sole criterion for purchase. 3. Acquaint the vendor with details of service and point out the choice will be made on both initial and operating cost, not initial capital cost alone. 4. Use realistic pressure drop specifications since this affects size and cost. Allow as much pressure loss as economics dictates for the actual system and not merely reproduce a standard spec that might not apply. 52 8
53 Learning Objectives You are now able to: List the four primary process cooling (heat rejection) methods Describe why air-cooled heat exchangers are so frequently used, key operating parameters, and the difference between induced draft and forced draft designs PetroAcademy TM Gas Conditioning and Processing Core Hydrocarbon Components and Physical Properties Core Introduction to Production and Gas Processing Facilities Core Qualitative Phase Behavior and Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Core Water / Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior Core Thermodynamics and Application of Energy Balances Core Fluid Flow Core Relief and Flare Systems Core Separation Core Heat Transfer Equipment Overview Core Pumps and Compressors Overview Core Refrigeration, NGL Extraction and Fractionation Core Contaminant Removal Gas Dehydration Core Contaminant Removal Acid Gas and Mercury Removal Core 53 51
How is the heat transfer?
How is the heat transfer? As we discussed early in the first chapter that heat can transfer through materials and the surrounding medium whenever temperature gradient exists until thermal equilibrium is
More informationAs we discussed early in the first chapter that heat can transfer through materials and the surrounding medium whenever temperature gradient exists
As we discussed early in the first chapter that heat can transfer through materials and the surrounding medium whenever temperature gradient exists until thermal equilibrium is reached. Heat transfer by:
More informationHeat Transfer Equipment
Heat Transfer Equipment THE BROADEST SELECTION AVAILABLE FOR GENERAL HEATING AND COOLING. PR ODUC Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers PRE-ENGINEERED FOR GENERAL APPLICATIONS SX2000 Pre-engineered fixed tubesheet
More informationMarine Heat Exchangers SALES SERVICE REPAIR
Marine Heat Exchangers SALES SERVICE REPAIR Heat Transfer Equipment THE BROADEST SELECTION AVAILABLE FOR GENERAL HEATING AND COOLING. PRODUC 104-32 Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers PRE-ENGINEERED FOR GENERAL
More informationEvaporators. Direct Expansion Flooded Recirculated Over Feed
Evaporators Purpose: Liquid Refrigerant is Boiled from a Low Pressure Liquid to a Low Pressure Gas by Absorbing Heat from the Medium that is being Cooled Types: Direct Expansion Flooded Recirculated Over
More informationWaste-heat recovery: Weighing in the environmental Factor
Waste-heat recovery: Weighing in the environmental Factor Engineer's Digest Magazine August 1989 Richard P. Zoldak, P.E. Market Development Manager Alfa-Laval Thermal Co. Thermal pollution and process-waste
More informationFOR THE PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES
H E A T E X C H A N G E R S BULLETIN NO. TIS-111A PRIME SURFACE PLATE & FRAME ALL-WELDED PLATE FOR THE PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES THE heat transfer people H E A T E X C H A N G E R S 2 TRANTER BRINGS
More informationHeat Exchanger. The purpose may be either to remove heat from a fluid or to add heat to a fluid.
HEAT EXCHANGERS Heat Exchanger Heat exchanger is an apparatus or an equipment in which the process of heating or cooling occurs. The heat is transferred from one fluid being heated to another fluid being
More informationHeat Exchangers. Heat Exchangers 1
Heat Exchangers Heat Exchangers 1 How is the heat transfer? Mechanism of Convection Applications. Mean fluid Velocity and Boundary and their effect on the rate of heat transfer. Fundamental equation of
More informationMECHANICAL SCIENCE Module 2 Heat Exchangers
Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook MECHANICAL SCIENCE Module 2 Heat Exchangers Heat Exchangers DOE-HDBK-1018/1-93 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES... ii LIST OF TABLES... iii
More informationNo matter how adventurous a process engineer may
No matter how adventurous a process engineer may be in private, if it really matters to his or her work, conservatism tends to be the order of the day. This is perfectly understandable. When the result
More informationSHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR INDUSTRIAL ONCE-THROUGH COOLING SYSTEMS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF LEAKAGE
ANNEX III SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR INDUSTRIAL ONCE-THROUGH COOLING SYSTEMS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF LEAKAGE The design of the heat exchanger is extremely important, as it is the key element of a
More informationE. Baffle Tray Column (or, Termed Shower Deck, No Holes, Caps, or Other Contact Devices)
252 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants E. Baffle Tray Column (or, Termed Shower Deck, No Holes, Caps, or Other Contact Devices) For counter flow, gas flowing up a column through
More informationSHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER (STHE) - part b
BEST PRACTICE NO. 47 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER (STHE) - part b A shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) consist of several different components and each component needs to be evaluated in the selection
More informationHeat Transfer Equipment - Heat Exchangers. UAE, Dubai, Cityseason Suites Hotel. Training Course : Training Course For One Week In
Training Course : Heat Transfer Equipment - Heat Exchangers Training Course For One Week In UAE, Dubai, Cityseason Suites Hotel Which Be Held As Under Details : Tel. : 00965 22610021 99600277, Fax : 00965
More informationENERGY OPTIMIZATION IN THE MAA GAS PROCESSING FACILITIES
ENERGY OPTIMIZATION IN THE MAA GAS PROCESSING FACILITIES ABDULLAH AJMI, K.S.SABAPATHI, MUSAALAM AL MOWAIZRI, SHAIMA AL AMEEN PROCESS ENGINEERING MINA AL-AHMADI REFINERY, KNPC Kuwait Oil & Gas Summit and
More informationChoose the winning team. Heat transfer technology for industrial cooling and air conditioning
Choose the winning team Heat transfer technology for industrial cooling and air conditioning Alfa Laval makes it easy Buying heat exchange components for industrial cooling and air conditioning projects
More informationS&T HEAT EXCHANGERS Part II: Main Parts, Conical Transitions, Shell & Heads, Nozzle Design.
S&T HEAT EXCHANGERS Part II: Main Parts, Conical Transitions, Shell & Heads, Nozzle Design. STUDY NOTES Instructor: Javier Tirenti training@arvengconsulting.com www.arvengconsulting.com Table of contents
More informationThe theory behind heat transfer
Alfa Laval in brief Alfa Laval is a leading global provider of specialized products and engineered solutions. Our equipment, systems and services are dedicated to helping customers to optimize the performance
More informationCompact diffusion-bonded heat exchangers. The future of heat transfer engineering
Compact diffusion-bonded heat exchangers The future of heat transfer engineering A proud pedigree and a great track record Heatric, a leading supplier of compact heat exchangers since 1985, is part of
More informationREGENERATION GAS HEATING: How It Works and What You Should Know
REGENERATION GAS HEATING: How It Works and What You Should Know WRITERS INFO: Regeneration Gas Heating: How It Works and What You Should Know Jeff Ackel Sigma Thermal, Inc. CEO sigmathermal.com Q Zane
More informationModule 3: Liquid Fossil Fuel (Petroleum) Lecture 25: Refinery Equipments
1 P age Module 3: Liquid Fossil Fuel (Petroleum) Lecture 25: Refinery Equipments 2 P age Keywords: Pipe still heater, heat exchangers, distillation tower, pumps Refinery equipments Introduction In refinery,
More informationProcess Simulation and Optimization of Cryogenic Operations Using Multi-Stream Brazed Aluminum Exchangers
Page 1 of 12 Process Simulation and Optimization of Cryogenic Operations Using Multi-Stream Brazed Aluminum Exchangers JOHN C. POLASEK, Bryan Research & Engineering, Inc., Bryan, Texas STEPHEN T. DONNELLY,
More informationUltraHeat Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers. Engineered for Excellence
UltraHeat Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers Engineered for Excellence Graham Corporation traces its history to the earliest development of heat transfer products in the United States during the 1920s, when
More informationTop performance when the going gets tough
Top performance when the going gets tough The Alfa Laval DuroShell plate-and-shell heat exchanger Sub-headline coming soon DuroShell plate-and-shell made tougher Alfa Laval DuroShell is a specially engineered
More informationHeat Exchanger Solutions For the oil and gas industry
Solutions For the oil and gas industry Plate & Frame Prime Surface Shell & Plate Welded Plate Spiral PAGE 0 0 0 Performance tuned Heat Exchanger Products for oil & gas Oil & gas upstream and downstream
More informationMECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME.2017 FUNDAMENTAL OF REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING. Sample Questions and Answers
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME.2017 FUNDAMENTAL OF REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Sample Questions and Answers CHAPTER 5 EVAPORATORS 1. What is Evaporator? Classify the various types of evaporator. Evaporator
More informationDESIGN PHILOSOPHY. Indirect bath heaters have a wide variety of successful applications in the oil and gas
INDIRECT HEATERS DESIGN PHILOSOPHY Indirect bath heaters have a wide variety of successful applications in the oil and gas production, processing and trasmission industry. Some of the most common application
More informationDesign Based Comparative Study of Several Condensers Komal B. Dabhi 1, Prof. S. B. Thakore 2 1 Chemical Engg. Dept., L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad 380015 2 Chemical Engg. Dept., L. D. College
More informationPhysical Mechanism of Convection. Conduction and convection are similar in that both mechanisms require the presence of a material medium.
Convection 1 Physical Mechanism of Convection Conduction and convection are similar in that both mechanisms require the presence of a material medium. But they are different in that convection requires
More informationSCHMIDT- BRETTEN GASKETED PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS
SCHMIDT- BRETTEN GASKETED PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS API Schmidt-Bretten Leadership in plate heat exchangers since 1879. API Schmidt-Bretten traces its roots to 1879 in Germany when company founder Wilhelm
More informationMechanical Engineering Department Sheet (1)
Benha University Heat and Mass Transfer Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra 3 rd Year (Power) Mechanical Engineering Department Sheet (1) (1) What is heat exchanger? Mention with brief description and sketches
More informationTHE GATE COACH All Rights Reserved 28, Jia Sarai N.Delhi-16, ,-9998
1 P a g e 1 BASIC CONCEPTS IN HEAT TRANSFER Introduction 3 Thermodynamics vs Heat transfer 4 Essential conditions for heat transfer 4 Heat transfer mechanism 4 Thermal conductivity 7 2 CONDUCTION Steady
More informationAir-Cooling Evaporators
Air-Cooling Evaporators Types of construction Circuit Configurations Methods of Refrigerant Feed Methods of Air Circulation Methods of Defrost Type of Construction Bare tube Finned Tube Plate-surface Bare
More informationTOTAL SYSTEM EFFICIENCY: SYSTEM APPLICATIONS & DESIGNS. David Grassl PE Mechanical Engineer Principal
TOTAL SYSTEM EFFICIENCY: SYSTEM APPLICATIONS & DESIGNS David Grassl PE Mechanical Engineer Principal Similar to traditional boiler systems, condensing boiler systems have many designs they can operate
More informationTECHNICAL CATALOGUE Section 1 Technical Information
TECHNICAL CATALOGUE Section 1 Technical Information North America 1.800.335.6650 - International 1.902.659.2424 - Fax: 1.902.659.2800 - http://www.heatexchangers.ca 1 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS...2
More informationInternational Association of Certified Practicing Engineers
www.iacpe.com Knowledge, Certification, Networking Page: 1 51 IACPE No 19, Jalan Bilal Mahmood 80100 Johor Bahru Malaysia The International is providing the introduction to the Training Module for your
More informationFS 231: Final Exam (5-6-05) Part A (Closed Book): 60 points
Name: Start time: End time: FS 231: Final Exam (5-6-05) Part A (Closed Book): 60 points 1. What are the units of the following quantities? (10 points) a. Enthalpy of a refrigerant b. Dryness fraction of
More informationHeat Transfer Equipments
Heat Transfer Equipments The transfer of heat to and from process fluid is an essential part of most chemical processes. The word exchanger really applies to all types of equipments in which heat is exchanged.
More informationAIR CONDITIONING. Carrier Corporation 2002 Cat. No
AIR CONDITIONING Carrier Corporation 2002 Cat. No. 020-016 1. This refresher course covers topics contained in the AIR CONDITIONING specialty section of the North American Technician Excellence (NATE)
More informationOHMS ENTERPRISE Subsidiary of AIT Synergy Ventures SDN BHD
OHMS ENTERPRISE Subsidiary of AIT Synergy Ventures SDN BHD Welcome to OHMS ENTERPRISE Cost effective, reliable service and quality spare parts for plate heat exchangers worldwide OHMS ENTERPRISE is specialized
More informationPV Newsletter Monthly Publication from CoDesign Engineering Skills Academy
February 15, 2013 PV Newsletter Monthly Publication from CoDesign Engineering Skills Academy www.codesignengg.com Classification of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Shell-and-tube heat exchangers can be
More informationthe new standard in Heat Transfer Equipment Century Series Heat Exchangers
the new standard in Heat Transfer Equipment Century Series Heat Exchangers Pre-engineered & custom-engineered heat exchangers, designed to TEMA specs. Century Series HEAT Exchangers Design flexibility
More informationEvaporation System: Types and Design Aspects
Evaporation System: Types and Design Aspects Dr. Pankaj Kumar, Er. Dhritiman Saha and Er. Chandan Solanki Food Grains and Oil Seeds Processing Division, ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana Evaporation is an important
More informationPLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS BETTER BY DESIGN
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS BETTER BY DESIGN Construction that s better by design. Polaris quality demands careful attention to the materials and craftsmanship in every heat exchanger we make. Here s why you
More informationCL4001 HEAT TRANSFER OPERATIONS
CL4001 HEAT TRANSFER OPERATIONS MODULE V Lecture Notes: Debasree Ghosh HEAT EXCHANGER Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Heat Exchangers: Introduction and
More informationRefrigeration Systems and Accessories
As with the Chapter Review Tests and the Final Exam, the tests your understanding of the materials underlying the learning objectives. After you ve reviewed your answers to the Chapter Review Tests, try
More informationSOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER Dhaval. B. Upadhyay 1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sir Bhavshinhji Polytechnic institute Bhavnagar, Gujarat, Abstract
More informationPIPING SYSTEM EQUIPMENTS
PIPING SYSTEM EQUIPMENTS Introduction Equipments are devices that provide power, process and store materials. Equipments in piping systems depend on the specific industries using them. Specialized equipment
More informationContents. Preface... xvii
Contents Preface... xvii Chapter 1. Rotary Calcination Kiln: Heat Exchange by Radiation... 1 1.1. General points.................................. 1 1.1.1. Purpose of calcination kilns........................
More informationSB Series Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger Installation Manual
SB Series Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger Installation Manual HOT COLD Exploded view of Schmidt SB Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger. WARNING Before proceeding with installation and operation read entire manual
More informationGLYCOL REGENERATIVE METHOD A
SERVICES, INC. GAS DEHYDRATION Through the TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL REGENERATIVE METHOD A Basic Seminar on the Operation of TEG Systems I PRINCIPLES AND OPERATION OF GLYCOL DEHYDRATORS WATER IS PRODUCED WITH
More informationA formula for success
A formula for success Heat transfer solutions for process applications Excellence in the making When it comes to process industries, heat transfer isn t one-size-fits-all. You need a partner who knows
More informationUltraHeat Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers. Engineered for Excellence
UltraHeat Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers Engineered for Excellence Graham engineers analyze your specific vacuum and heat transfer requirements to maximize the efficiency and performance of your process.
More informationS.A. Klein and G.F. Nellis Cambridge University Press, 2011
12.A-1 A mixture of helium and water vapor is flowing through a pipe at T= 90 C and P = 150 kpa. The mole fraction of helium is y He = 0.80. a.) What is the relative humidity of the mixture? b.) What is
More informationCOILS / INDUSTRIAL HEAT EXCHANGERS / NUCLEAR PRODUCTS / AIR COOLERS
AIR COOLER Products COILS / INDUSTRIAL HEAT EXCHANGERS / NUCLEAR PRODUCTS / AIR COOLERS Overview Certifications API 614 - ISO VG 32 Mineral Oil Flushing Capabilities API 661 ASME U-Stamp ASME UM-Stamp
More informationc o n d e n s e r Glossary of Terms
c o n d e n s e r Glossary of Terms ARI Standard Conditions 85 F. water inlet; 95 F. water out; 105 F. condensing; 0.0005 fouling factor Flow Rate or Velocity The speed at which the condensing water travels
More informationJ. LINES, Graham Corp., Batavia, New York
Originally appeared in: January 2017, pgs 77-81. Used with permission. Process Engineering J. LINES, Graham Corp., Batavia, New York Key design considerations for vacuum process condensers The crude oil
More informationMath. The latent heat of fusion for water is 144 BTU s Per Lb. The latent heat of vaporization for water is 970 Btu s per Lb.
HVAC Math The latent heat of fusion for water is 144 BTU s Per Lb. The latent heat of vaporization for water is 970 Btu s per Lb. Math F. to C. Conversion = (f-32)*(5/9) C. to F. Conversion = C * 9/5 +
More informationHeat sinks for electronic cooling applications
Heat sinks for electronic cooling applications Shubhash V. Jadhav Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVERI s College of Engineering Pandharpur, Introduction The previous century brought the miniaturization
More informationAppendix 13. Categories of Cooling and Heating systems
EcoShopping - Energy efficient & Cost competitive retrofitting solutions for Shopping buildings Co-funded by the European Commission within the 7 th Framework Programme. Grant Agreement no: 609180. 2013-09-01
More informationTechnical Development Program
Technical Development Program COMMERCIAL HVAC CHILLER EQUIPMENT Water-Cooled Chillers PRESENTED BY: Omar Rojas Sales Engineer Menu Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7
More informationModern Heat Exchanger - A Review
Modern Heat Exchanger - A Review Mr. Irfan Aiyubbhai Vohra 1, Prof. Azim Aijaj 2, Dr. B.B. Saxena 3 1 M.Tech Student, P.C.S.T. Bhopal,M.P. 2 Assosiate Professor, P.C.S.T. Bhopal,M.P. 3 H.O.D.Mechanical
More informationEfficient Steam System Design
Efficient Steam System Design The word Efficient is often used to describe the general performance of a system. However it is important to distinguish between efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency is
More information2. HEAT EXCHANGERS MESA
1. INTRODUCTION Multiport minichannel and microchannel aluminium tubes are becoming more popular as components in heat exchangers. These heat exchangers are used in various industrial applications and
More informationAPPLICATIONS FOR HVAC SYSTEMS
H E A T E X C H A N G E R S BULLETIN NO. TIS-112A PLATE & FRAME HEAT EXCHANGERS APPLICATIONS FOR HVAC SYSTEMS THE heat transfer people H E A T E X C H A N G E R S 2 Highly Efficient Low Cost Expandable
More informationArrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in cryogenic separation or liquefaction plants.
CPC - F25J - 2017.08 F25J LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS {OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS} MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT {OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
More informationHeat pump and energy recovery systems
SBS5311 HVACR II http://ibse.hk/sbs5311/ Heat pump and energy recovery systems Ir. Dr. Sam C. M. Hui Faculty of Science and Technology E-mail: cmhui@vtc.edu.hk Oct 2017 Contents Basic concepts Air-to-air
More informationTechnical college/ Baghdad 4th Year Week No. :- 11. The objectives of this lesson are to: Introduction:
Refrigeration Systems Theoretical hours: 2 Practical hours: 2 Units: 6 COOLING TOWERS First 10 minutes: review the last lecture. Then explain the new lecture, solve an example. Last 10 minutes review the
More informationPolaris PHEs vs. Shell-and-Tube Exchangers
Polaris PHEs vs. Shell-and-Tube Exchangers For all these reasons, your Polaris heat exchanger is a better choice than a shell-and-tube substitute. Compact design enables efficient plate heat exchangers
More informationOptimizing Continuous Deodorization for Quality and Energy
106th AOCS Annual Meeting Update on New Technologies and Processes in Oils and Fats Optimizing Continuous Deodorization for Quality and Energy Jim Willits, Sr. Consultant Desmet Ballestra North America
More informationAPV ParaFlow Plate Heat Exchangers
APV ParaFlow Plate Heat Exchangers A history of excellence, innovation and expertise A look back. And forward. For more than 75 years, APV Systems has provided customers worldwide with the latest technology,
More informationProducts & Application
Products & Application 1 Agenda 1. Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger 2. Wide Gap Plate Heat Exchanger 3. Semi-Welded Plate Heat Exchanger 4. LHEBloc (Welded PHE) 5. Spiral Heat Exchanger 6. Plate & Shell Heat
More informationAir Conditioning Clinic. Absorption Water Chillers One of the Equipment Series TRG-TRC011-EN
Air Conditioning Clinic Absorption Water Chillers One of the Equipment Series TRG-TRC011-EN Absorption Water Chillers One of the Equipment Series A publication of The Trane Company Worldwide Applied Systems
More informationOil and Gas Heaters ZICOM EQUIPMENT PTE LTD
AUSTRALIA 38 Goodman Place Murarrie, Qld 4172 Australia Telephone : +61 7 3390 7962 Facsimile : +61 7 3908 6088 THAILAND 95/15 Moo 1 Tumbon Bankaow Ampur Panthong, Chonburi 20160 Bangkok Telephone : +66
More informationPETRO-CANADA OIL AND GAS. FIRE-TUBE IMMERSION HEATER OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM & Field Heater Audit Program
PETRO-CANADA OIL AND GAS FIRE-TUBE IMMERSION HEATER OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM & Field Heater Audit Program Energy Management Work Shop The Fuel Gas Challenge by Phil Croteau P. Eng. Energy Efficiency Engineer
More informationORGANISATION AFRICAINE DE LA PROPRIETE INTELLECTUELLE N Titre :Liquefied natural gas plant with ethylene independent heavies recovery system.
19 ORGANISATION AFRICAINE DE LA PROPRIETE INTELLECTUELLE 11 N 16711 51 8 Inter. CI. F25J 1/00 (12.01) FASCICULE DEBREVET D INVENTION 21 22 Numéro de dépôt:1201400051 (PCTUS12/050147) Date de dépôt :09/08/2012
More informationMASS TRANSFER EQUIPMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR CRYOGENIC ABSORBERS, DEMETHANIZERS AND DEETHANIZERS
Distillation Absorption 2010 A.B. de Haan, H. Kooijman and A. Górak (Editors) All rights reserved by authors as per DA2010 copyright notice MASS TRANSFER EQUIPMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR CRYOGENIC ABSORBERS,
More informationCompression of Fins pipe and simple Heat pipe Using CFD
Compression of Fins pipe and simple Heat pipe Using CFD 1. Prof.Bhoodev Mudgal 2. Prof. Gaurav Bhadoriya (e-mail-devmudgal.mudgal@gmail.com) ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to identify the advantages
More informationHeat Recovery Units. Heat Recovery 1
Heat Recovery Units Heat Recovery 1 Heat Recovery Unit Why? A heat recovery unit (HRU) can help make mechanical ventilation more cost effective by reclaiming energy from exhaust airflows. HRUs use air-to-air
More informationBASCO TYPE ES EXTENDED SURFACE PLATE FIN HEAT EXCHANGERS. ...world leaders in heat transfer technology
BASCO TYPE ES EXTENDED SURFACE PLATE FIN HEAT EXCHANGERS...world leaders in heat transfer technology Everything you want in a heat exchanger and less API Heat Transfer Basco Type ES Extended Surface Plate
More informationPocket Dilution Cooler
Pocket Dilution Cooler T. Prouvé, N. Luchier, L. Duband CEA/DSM/INAC/SBT Grenoble, 38054 Cedex 9, France ABSTRACT We have developed a compact, self-contained dilution cooler that can be operated from a
More informationPLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS QUALITY TECHNOLOGY SERVICE As a result of the researches on effectiveness and cost, many different types of heat exchangers have been developed as an alternative to conventional shell
More informationAppendix A. Glossary of Common Terms
Glossary of Common Terms Glossary of Common Terms Absorption chiller A refrigeration machine using heat as the power input to generate chilled water. Adjustable speed drive A means of changing the speed
More informationTechniques of Heat Transfer Enhancement and their Application. Chapter 4. Performance Evaluation Criteria for Two-Phase Heat Exchangers
Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation Criteria for Two-Phase Heat Exchangers Prof. Min Zeng 1/50 1. Introduction 2. Operating Characteristics of Two-phase Heat Exchangers 3. Enhancement in Two-Phase Heat Exchange
More informationEliminating Condensation and Resulting Corrosion. Sulphur Tail Gas and De-Gas Lines
Eliminating Condensation and Resulting Corrosion In Sulphur Tail Gas and De-Gas Lines By David R. Hornbaker, Controls Southeast, Inc. and Graham M. MacPherson, P.Eng., Millenia Resource Consulting Abstract
More informationCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. In the modern life, electronic equipments have made their way
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In the modern life, electronic equipments have made their way in to practically every part, which is from electronic gadgets to high power computers. Electronic components have
More informationAlfa Laval Wet Surface Air Coolers (WSAC ) FAQs
Alfa Laval Wet Surface Air Coolers (WSAC ) FAQs Q: How is the WSAC a closed-loop cooling system? A: The WSAC is a closed-loop cooling system because the process loop being cooled is inside the tube bundles
More informationAdvanced heat transfer technology
Advanced heat transfer technology Providing substantial energy savings through customized designs Thermo plate products for the process industry Thermo plate products for the process industry Unique transfer
More informationME 410 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS LABORATORY MASS & ENERGY BALANCES IN PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES EXPERIMENT 3
ME 410 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS LABORATORY MASS & ENERGY BALANCES IN PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES EXPERIMENT 3 1. OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to observe four basic psychrometric processes
More informationBrazed Plate Heat Exchanger Operations Manual
razed Plate Heat Exchanger Operations Manual razed Exchanger Operations Manual razed Heat Exchangers from Polaris deliver exceptional strength and performance in a compact package. These versatile units
More informationHeat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between
cen58933_ch3.qxd 9/9/2002 9:57 AM Page 667 HEAT EXCHANGERS CHAPTER 3 Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at different temperatures while keeping
More informationOIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
FIRED HEATER DESIGN This case study demonstrates the implementation of an API 560 fired heater compound component in Flownex. It also shows how Flownex has been used during the process design and preliminary
More informationGandhinagar Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Engineering) Semester II. Design of Heat Exchange Equipments [ ]
Experiment 1 Study of fundamentals of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer associated with Heat Exchangers Review questions (1) Significance of dimensionless numbers. (2) Define overall heat transfer coefficient.
More informationInternational Reactor Bulletin 1100 Corporation. Standard and Custom Reactors for the Chemical Process Industries
International Reactor Bulletin 1100 Corporation Standard and Custom Reactors for the Chemical Process Industries 2 International Reactor Corporation 521 Kiser Street Dayton, Ohio 45404-1641 Phone: 937-224-4444
More informationEngineering for the Craft Brewer. Lecture 6 Summer 2014
Engineering for the Craft Brewer Lecture 6 Summer 2014 Unit Operations in Brewing 1. Malt Handling and Milling 2. Mashing 3. Lautering 4. Boiling 5. Whirlpooling 6. Wort Cooling 7. Fermentation, Conditioning,
More informationA world of heat exchangers Optimized heat transfer solutions for every application
Heat exchangers A world of heat exchangers Optimized heat transfer solutions for every application Gasketed, welded, brazed heat exchangers, and freshwater distillers www.heatexchangers.danfoss.com Heat
More informationAmec Foster Wheeler- Fired Heater Division
Amec Foster Wheeler 2016 Amec Foster Wheeler- Fired Heater Division Amec Foster Wheeler 2016 Amec Foster Wheeler Delayed Coker Heater - Best Practices Patrick Bernhagen Director of Sales Agenda 1. Overview
More informationGUIDE TO COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS MODULE 2.1
GUIDE TO COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS MODULE 2.1 PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER TYPES This technology module contains a brief introductory description to the exchanger type above, followed by information on construction,
More informationIN THE MARINE INDUSTRY
H E A T E X C H A N G E R S BULLETIN NO. TIS-108A PRIME SURFACE HEAT EXCHANGERS PLATE & FRAME HEAT EXCHANGERS ALL-WELDED PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS IN THE MARINE INDUSTRY THE heat transfer people H E A T E
More information