Turf Grass v. Mixed Open

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1 Turf Grass v. Mixed Open Peter Claggett, U.S. Geological Survey March 8, 2016 Urban Stormwater Workgroup Meeting U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

2 What s the difference between turf and mixed open? Turf Grass: low vegetation and some barren areas within developed lands and adjacent to non-road impervious surfaces. Mixed Open: scrub-shrub everywhere and low vegetation and barren that is not turf grass or known to be agriculture (e.g., beaches, vacant lots, transmission line right-of-ways, junkyards, fairgrounds, etc.). FOR MXO TG (SwM) Relative Nitrogen Export Rate (#/acre/yr) Silage with Manure FOR MXO TG Relative Phosphorus Export Rate (#/acre/yr) CON

3 P6 Developed Areas- defined With local data: Land Use: residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, institutional and other urban uses. Parcels: <=10 acres with >=1% impervious, or >10 acres with >=10% impervious surfaces. With national data: Census Blocks: average housing density >= 0.2 dwelling units per acre (e.g., less than 5-acre lots). Institutional and recreational areas (NAVTEQ, 2014).

4 Impervious Non-Roads over Developed Land Uses (national data) Developed Areas Impervious Non-Roads over Developed Land Uses (local data) Impervious Non-Roads over Developed Parcels (local data)

5 Land Cover to Land Use Crosswalk Chesapeake Conservancy/ UVM Phase 6 CBP Worldview Solutions Inc. Water Water + NWI + NHD Water Impervious Roads Impervious Roads Impervious Impervious Structures Impervious Non-Roads Impervious Other Tree Canopy (TC) Forest Forest TC over Roads TC over Turf Grass Trees TC over Structures TC over Impervious Harvested/Disturbed Scrub-shrub Open Space Scrub-shrub Barren Barren Emergent Wetands Tidal Wetlands Wetlands + NWI & State data + Modeled occurrence Low vegetation (herbaceous) Turf Grass Turf Grass Pasture Pasture Cropland Cropland

6 Shrubbery from High-res Imagery and LiDAR: quintessential mixed open

7 Turf Grass and Tree Canopy over Turf are near buildings, driveways, and parking lots Urban Area Forest Tree Canopy over Turf Rural Area

8 Turf Grass vs Agriculture (land cover)

9 Turf Grass vs Agriculture (low vegetation)

10 Turf Grass vs Agriculture (developed land use overlay)

11 Definition Challenges What are the defining characteristics of turf grass? - fertilized? - mowed? - compacted? - minimal organic A soil horizon? - all of the above? What are the defining characteristics of mixed open? - maintained in early successional state (e.g., bush hogged)? - minimally compacted/disturbed? - not fertilized? - potentially barren? - outside developed areas?

12 Definition Challenges How do we classify low vegetation and barren land within complex land uses: - Institutional campuses - Military installations - County, State, and National Parks - Dirt and gravel roads - Highway right-of-ways - Railroad right-of-ways - Commercial/industrial barren areas - Quarries and surface mines - Landfills - Vacant lots - Sandy and rocky waterbody margins - Adjacent to rural buildings

13 Solution Low vegetation and barren lands = X% mixed open and X% turf grass: Institutional grounds/campuses Military installations and other Federal Facilities County, State, and National Parks Commercial/industrial areas Quarries and surface mines Low vegetation and barren lands = turf grass: Highway right-of-ways Airports Areas adjacent to buildings, driveways, and parking lots Low vegetation and barren lands = mixed open: Landfills Vacant lots Sandy/rocky outcrops and waterbody margins Beaches Railroad right-of-ways (4m width) = impervious non-roads. Dirt and gravel roads = impervious roads.

14 Given how turf grass and mixed open are mapped, are the current target loading rates and input assumptions accurate? FOR MXO TG (SwM) Relative Nitrogen Export Rate (#/acre/yr) Silage with Manure FOR MXO TG Relative Phosphorus Export Rate (#/acre/yr) CON

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