Wave of the Future: Espalier for Harvest and Pest Management
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1 Wave of the Future: Espalier for Harvest and Pest Management Master Gardener Conference October 9, 2014 Chuck Ingels Farm & Horticulture Advisor UCCE Capitol Corridor MCP, Sacramento County
2 Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and examples
3 Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Why Wave of the Future? Intro Light Interception Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and examples
4 Why the Wave of the Future? Management of New and Existing Pests Brown marmorated stink bug Other true bugs Asian citrus psyllid/hlb Spotted wing drosophila Codling moth Peach leaf curl
5 Excluding Pests Easier with Espalier Fair Oaks Horticulture Center
6 Excluding Pests Easier with Espalier Wind Damage
7 2012 Peach Leaf Curl Trial Individual Branches Treated Sprayed branches Agribon on branch Untreated Lime sulfur/ Microcop
8 2012 Peach Leaf Curl Trial Lime sulfur (late fall) and Microcop (late winter) very effective Agribon + Liquicop at equally effective Agribon alone, copper soap, and Liquicop were somewhat less effective, but still provided 60-80% control compared to untreated branches
9 Espalier French term; from Italian spalliera (something to rest the shoulder [spalla] against) Pronounced es-pal-yer or es-pal-yay Technique of growing trees into a two dimensional flat plane by training and pruning Began with Romans; refined in 1500s in Europe
10 Advantages of Espalier Training Narrow canopy; greater sunlight penetration Efficient crop production Ability to increase the growth of a branch by training it vertically, and later decrease growth and increase fruiting by training it horizontally Heat capture from walls in winter Good use of narrow spaces
11 Disadvantages Increased management & cost Can be challenging Fruiting branches/shoots less compatible Peach (1-yr. branches), fig/persimmon (current shoot) Sunburn & borers Some species overly vigorous
12 Tree Shape Determines Light Interception 1 X Sunlight > ~ 1.5 X Sunlight Shade Shade Sunlight Sunlight Shade
13 Improving Light Management Sunlight Sunlight > 2 X Sunlight Sunlight More fruit color Strong buds Strong flowers Shade Shade Larger fruit
14 Improving Light Management Sunlight Sunlight Sunlight > 2.5 X Sunlight Sunlight Sunlight Stronger buds Stronger flowers Larger fruit Sunburn?
15 Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Location Trellis Construction Espalier patterns and examples
16 Locating the Trellis Avoid north-facing wall South-facing wall may increase heat in winter for citrus Can be grown on or near wall Keep 6-10 in. from wood walls Allowing 2-3 ft. facilitates tree and wall maintenance Avoid chain-link fencing Photo: KVDP
17 Locating the Trellis Photo: Pam Geisel
18 Ensure Adequate Sunlight
19 Trellis Construction Tips For wooden trellises & posts, use rot-resistant wood (cypress, cedar, redwood, pressure-treated) or metal end posts Sink posts in concrete that extends above ground Use heavy gauge wire (12 or 14 gauge) Support end posts to prevent wire sag
20 Screw eye Turnbuckle One Trellis Method Chain link top rail for support Crossarm for drip lines Post in concrete
21 Supporting the Trellis Ends Wire Vineyard trellis end post Helical anchor (earth anchor)
22 Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and examples Horizontal T (apple) Fan & 2-scafold fan (cherry, peach) Palmette verrier (Asian pear) Informal (citrus)
23 Typical Espalier Patterns Source: EspalierServices.com
24 Typical Espalier Patterns Source: EspalierServices.com
25 Espalier /Horizontal T Consider: Angle Shoots Upward Initially
26 Espalier /Horizontal T Promote Spurs
27 Espalier Pruning Growing Season Source: Pruning and Training (Amer. Hort. Soc.)
28 Dormant Pruning Young Espalier Before After
29 Vigorous Apple Horizontal T No Summer Pruning Shoots 6+ ft. long Fruiting wood shaded Looking up
30 Vigorous shoots Almost no spurs Vigorous Apple No Summer Pruning
31 Vigorous shoots removed Spurs, short shoots left Vigorous Apple Summer Pruning Aug.
32 Vigor management Provide space! Old Winkler Vine UC Davis
33 Pluot Espalier Year 1 Not enough space!
34 Palmette Verrier (Candelabra) Source: pepinieresdenghien.be Source: lesbeauxjardins.com
35 Palmette Verrier (Candelabra) Source: pepinieresdenghien.be Source: lesbeauxjardins.com
36 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) Asian Pear: Planted Jan Late April, 2002 Late May, 2002
37 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2004
38 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2014
39 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2014 Before summer pruning After summer pruning
40 Cherry Fan Fair Oaks Hort. Center April 2013 July 2013
41 Cherry Fan Sept Fan: No heading cuts yet Flower buds formed
42 Cherry Training Trial Upright Fruiting Offshoot (UFO)
43 2-Scaffold Fan Peach Fair Oaks Hort. Center Peach Cherry
44 Espalier Peach/Nectarine Pruning and Training (AHS)
45 Spring Pruning of Mature Peach Tree Prune to 1 bud all but 2 new shoots per branch After harvest cut branch back to lower shoot
46 Spring Pruning of Mature Peach Tree Prune to 1 bud all but 2 new shoots per branch After harvest cut branch back to lower shoot
47 Flower buds Peach Fruiting Branches Veg. bud
48 Cherry, Peach Espalier Fair Oaks Horticulture Center Planted Feb February April
49 Peach Espalier 2013 April June July
50 Peach Espalier July 2013
51 Peach Espalier 2013 Nov. July
52 Peach Espalier Feb./March 2014 Row cover (Agribon)
53 Peach Espalier (1) April 2,
54 Peach Espalier (2) April 21, 2014
55 Peach Espalier April 21, 2014
56 Peach Espalier (3) May 17, 2014
57 Peach Espalier May 17, 2014 After pruning Shoots tied at angle
58 Peach Espalier Which cuts are OK?
59 Peach Espalier Dealing with Side Shoots
60 Peach Espalier (4) June 5, 2014
61 Flower buds forming (late July) Peach Espalier (5) July 12, 2014
62 Peach Espalier July 12, 2014 Year 2: 20 fruits Before After
63 Peach Espalier Sept. 14, 2014
64 Hi Density Orchards The wave of the future
65 Tatura Trellis
66 Citrus Espalier (Mandarin) July 2012 Aug Aug. 2013
67 Citrus Espalier (Mandarin) Oct. 2014
68 Citrus Frost Protection Large Trees Difficult to Cover
69 Citrus Frost Protection Espalier Trees Easy to Cover
70 Thank You! The Wave of the Future
71 Questions?
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