Wave of the Future: Espalier for Production and Pest Management
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1 Wave of the Future: Espalier for Production and Pest Management Sacramento Master Gardener Monthly Meeting April 15, 2014 Chuck Ingels Farm & Horticulture Advisor
2 Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and methods On-farm examples
3 Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and methods On-farm examples
4 Why the Wave of the Future? Management of New and Existing Pests BMSB and other true bugs Asian citrus psyllid/hlb Spotted wing drosophila Codling moth Peach leaf curl Birds & squirrels
5 Excluding Pests Easier with Espalier Fair Oaks Horticulture Center
6 Excluding Pests Easier with Espalier Wind Damage
7 2012 Peach Leaf Curl Trial Individual Branches Treated Sprayed branches Agribon on branch Untreated Lime sulfur/ Microcop
8 Espalier French term; from Italian spalliera (something to rest the shoulder [spalla] against) Pronounced es-pal-yer or es-pal-yay Technique of growing trees into a two dimensional flat plane by training and pruning Began with Romans; refined in 1500s in Europe
9 Advantages of Espalier Training Narrow canopy; greater sunlight penetration Good use of narrow spaces Efficient crop production Ability to decrease growth & increase fruiting by training it horizontally* Heat capture from walls in winter Pest management
10 Disadvantages Increased management & cost Can be challenging Fruiting branches/shoots less compatible Peach (1-yr. branches), fig/persimmon (current shoot) Sunburn & borers Some species overly vigorous
11 Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and methods On-farm examples
12 Locating the Trellis Avoid north-facing wall South-facing wall increases heat in winter, spring Can be grown on or near wall Keep 6-10 in. from wood walls Avoid chain-link fencing Photo: KVDP
13 Locating the Trellis Photo: Pam Geisel
14 Trellis Construction Tips Use rot-resistant wood (cypress, cedar, redwood, pressure-treated) Sink posts in concrete that extends above ground Use heavy gauge wire (12 or 14 gauge) Support end posts to prevent wire sag
15 Screw eye Turnbuckle One Trellis Method Chain link top rail for support Crossarm for drip lines Post in concrete
16 Supporting the Trellis Ends Wire Vineyard trellis end post Helical anchor (earth anchor)
17 Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and methods On-farm examples
18 Typical Espalier Patterns Source: EspalierServices.com
19 Typical Espalier Patterns Source: EspalierServices.com
20 Espalier /Horizontal T Promote Spurs
21 Vigorous Apple Horizontal T No Summer Pruning Shoots 6+ ft. long Fruiting wood shaded Looking up
22 Vigorous shoots Almost no spurs Vigorous Apple No Summer Pruning
23 Vigorous shoots removed Spurs, short shoots left Should be done earlier Vigorous Apple Summer Pruning Aug.
24 Vigor management Provide space! Old Winkler Vine UC Davis
25 Pluot Espalier (1998) Year 1 Not enough space!
26 Palmette Verrier (Candelabra) Source: pepinieresdenghien.be
27 Palmette Verrier (Candelabra) Source: pepinieresdenghien.be
28 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) Asian Pear: Planted Jan Late April, 2002 Late May, 2002
29 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2004
30 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2014
31 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2014 Before summer pruning After summer pruning
32 Cherry Fan (Stella) Fair Oaks Hort. Center April 2013 July 2013
33 Cherry Fan APRIL 2015 Fan: No heading cuts yet SEPT Flower buds formed
34 2-Scaffold Fan Peach Fair Oaks Hort. Center Peach Cherry
35 Espalier Peach/Nectarine Pruning and Training (AHS)
36 Spring Pruning of Mature Peach Tree Prune to 1 bud all but 2 new shoots per branch After harvest cut branch back to lower shoot
37 Spring Pruning of Mature Peach Tree Prune to 1 bud all but 2 new shoots per branch After harvest cut branch back to lower shoot
38 Flower buds Peach Fruiting Branches Veg. bud
39 Cherry, Peach Espalier Fair Oaks Horticulture Center Planted Feb February April
40 Peach Espalier 2013 April June July
41 Peach Espalier July 2013
42 Peach Espalier 2013 Nov. July
43 Peach Espalier Feb./March 2014 Row cover (Agribon)
44 Peach Espalier (1) April 2,
45 Peach Espalier (2) April 21, 2014
46 Peach Espalier (3) May 17, 2014
47 Peach Espalier May 17, 2014 After pruning Shoots tied at angle
48 Peach Espalier Dealing with Side Shoots
49 Peach Espalier (4) June 5, 2014
50 Flower buds forming (late July) Peach Espalier (5) July 12, 2014
51 Peach Espalier July 12, 2014 Year 2: 20 fruits Before After
52 Peach Espalier Sept. 14, 2014
53 Peach Espalier March 7, 2015 April 11, 2015
54 Citrus Espalier (Mandarin) July 2012 Aug Aug. 2013
55 Citrus Espalier (Mandarin) Nov. 2014
56 Citrus Frost Protection Large Trees Difficult to Cover
57 Citrus Frost Protection Espalier Trees Easy to Cover
58 Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and methods On-farm examples
59 Hi Density Orchards The wave of the future
60 Mechanical Harvesting
61 Tatura Trellis
62 This is the ideal Hi Density Orchards This is often the reality with pears
63 Notching of Trellised Pears
64 Cherry Training Trial Upright Fruiting Offshoot (UFO)
65 Thank You!
66 Questions?
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