1.0 INTRODUCTION. Shaw Industries Group 2 SwRI Project No c

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2 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report presents the results of a fire performance evaluation in accordance with the 2011 Edition of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile or Expanded Vinyl Wall Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls. Testing was conducted by Southwest Research Institute s (SwRI) Fire Technology Department, located in San Antonio, TX. This test method is intended to evaluate the flammability characteristics of textile or expanded vinyl wall coverings where such materials constitute the exposed interior surfaces of buildings and demountable, relocatable, full-height partitions used in open building interiors. It determines how much a material will contribute to fire growth in a room and the potential for fire spread beyond the room under the particular conditions simulated. The test is conducted in a room measuring ft (W L H), instrumented to take temperature, smoke, heat flux, and rate of heat release measurements for the 15-min test duration. NFPA 265 Method B, in which three walls of the test room are fully lined, is used. The ignition source is a propane gas burner calibrated to generate a 40-kW output for the first 5 min of testing, followed by a 150-kW output for the remaining 10 min of the test. NFPA 265 does not have criteria for passing or failing a product due to performance during the fire test; however, Annex B of the standard lists the acceptance criteria used by NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code, the International Building Code, and the International Fire Code. In general, this test is used as a tool for ranking material performance in a standard configuration. However, a major event that this test can identify is the propensity of a material to cause a standard room to flashover, which according to NFPA 265, is determined to have occurred when two of five specified conditions are attained. These conditions are listed in Table 2 with the test results. The material being tested may perform differently when it is placed in a room of a different size or shape, or in different environmental conditions. The test data cannot be generalized to apply to these different conditions. The heat release rate is measured using the oxygen consumption technique. This technique requires the measurement of gas concentrations in the exhaust duct, as well as the volumetric flow of these gases. The products of combustion and entrained air are collected in a hood and extracted through an exhaust duct by a fan. A gas sample is drawn from the exhaust duct and analyzed for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations. The gas temperature and differential pressure across a bi-directional probe are measured for calculating the mass flow rate of the exhaust gases. Shaw Industries Group 2 SwRI Project No c

3 The smoke release rate is determined by the measured light obscuration in the exhaust duct using a vertically-oriented, white-light extinction photometer located close to the gas sampling point. Temperature measurements were recorded using thermocouples positioned according to NFPA 265. The results apply specifically to the specimens tested, in the manner tested, and not to similar materials, nor to the performance when used in combination with other materials. 2.0 MATERIAL DESCRIPTION A 54-in. wide roll of TIARA Roll# D was received on February 22, 2013, and was placed into a conditioned environment of 21 C ± 3 C, 50% ± 5% relative humidity until the samples were prepared. On February 22, 2013, SwRI personnel applied the TIARA Roll# D to ½-in. thick, 4 8-ft Type X gypsum sheets using Shur Stik 111 heavy duty wall covering adhesive applied with a roller. After the samples were prepared, they were placed back into the conditioned environment until immediately prior to installation in the test room. Material details are provided in Table 1. Table 1. Material Details. Material ID TIARA Roll# D Description* 3.5-mm rib wall covering, non-woven needlebond fabric. 50/50 polypropylene/polyester blend. Color Black Thickness* in. Dimensions* in. (each prepared panel) Substrate ½-in. Type X gypsum Adhesive Shur-Stik 111 *Information provided by the Client. 3.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS SwRI personnel constructed the test room in accordance with NFPA 265 using ½-in. Type C gypsum wallboard for the inside surface. The TIARA Roll# D panels were installed on February 25, 2013, using drywall screws every 12 in. on center around the perimeter and every 24 in. on center in the field. Two TIARA Roll# D panels were used to fully cover the rear 8 8-ft wall of the test room and six TIARA Roll# D panels were used to cover both of the 8 12-ft walls. The doorway wall was left uncovered in accordance with the standard. 4.0 TEST RESULTS Testing was conducted on February 25, The test room and building were at approximately 19.4 C and 24% relative humidity during the test. A summary of the test results is given in Tables 2 and 3. Test observations can be found in Table 4. Selected photographic documentation is provided in Appendix A. The test results are summarized in Appendix B. Video documentation of the test is provided on DVD. Shaw Industries Group 3 SwRI Project No c

4 NFPA 101, NFPA 5000, the International Building Code, and the International Fire Code use the following acceptance criteria, from Annex B of NFPA 265, for interior wall or ceiling finishes tested in accordance with NFPA 265: 1. During the 40-kW exposure, flames should not spread to the ceiling. 2. Flames should not spread to the outer extremity of the samples on the 8 12-ft walls. 3. Flashover should not occur. Flashover is considered to have occurred when any two of the following conditions have been attained: a. The heat release rate exceeds 1 MW. b. The heat flux to the floor exceeds 20 kw/m 2. c. The average upper layer temperature exceeds 600 C. d. Flames exit the doorway. e. Autoignition of the paper target on the floor occurs. 4. The total smoke released throughout the NFPA 265 test should not exceed 1,000 m 2. Table 2. Summary of Test Results and Flashover Limits. Material ID TIARA Roll# D Flashover Limits Per Section of NFPA 265 Maximum Heat Release Rate (Total) Total Heat Flux to the Floor Maximum Average Upper Layer Temperature Flames Exiting Doorway? Auto- Ignition of Paper Target? 553 kw 7.0 kw/m C No No 1,000 kw 20 kw/m C Not Allowed Not Allowed Table 3. Summary of NFPA 265 Appendix B.3 Criteria. Material ID TIARA Roll# D Flamespread to the Ceiling during 40-kW Exposure Flamespread to the Outer Extremities of the 8 12-ft Walls Flashover Occurs Total Smoke Release No No No 942 m 2 Criteria of NFPA 265 Appendix B.3 Not Allowed Not Allowed Not Allowed 1,000 m 2 Based on the test results, the material identified as TIARA Roll# D , did not cause the test room to flashover. TIARA Roll# D meets the acceptance criteria for textile wall coverings or expanded vinyl wall coverings as described in Annex B of NFPA 265. Shaw Industries Group 4 SwRI Project No c

5 Table 4. Test Observations. Time (min:s) Observation 00:00 Start of Test, burner set at 40 kw. 00:30 Flames in the burner corner 4 ft high. 01:00 A light smoke layer is present 5 5½ ft from the floor. 01:30 The sample on the right wall ignites from 1 3 ft adjacent to the burner. 02:00 Darkening smoke layer down to 5 ft above floor. 02:30 Right wall is burning to height of 4 ft. 02:40 Flaming material drips down wall to behind the burner and continues to burn. 03:00 Flames in the corner are 5 ft high. 04:05 Flames in the corner are 6 ft high and burning both walls within 1 ft of the corner. 04:30 There is a visible decrease in the flame size. 05:00 Burner output increased to 150 kw. 05:30 Smoke layer descends down to a height of 4 ft. 06:00 The ceiling is not visible to judge flame spread. 06:10 The rear paper target is smoldering. 06:30 The right and rear walls are both burning within 2 ft of the corner. 06:50 Increasing visibility in the room. Flames spread 5 6 ft across ceiling. 08:30 Only the edges of the burnt area are still flaming. 09:10 Smoke layer remains at 5 ft above the floor. 09:30 The gypsum substrate is flaking in the area that was burnt. 10:00 There is no sustained burning on the walls. 15:00 End of Test. No visible combustion in the room. Shaw Industries Group 5 SwRI Project No c

6 APPENDIX A TEST PHOTOS (CONSISTING OF 3 PAGES) Shaw Industries Group SwRI Project No c

7 Figure A-1. TIARA Roll# D Installed in Test Room prior to Testing. Figure A-2. 3 min 38 s into Test (40-kW Exposure). Shaw Industries Group A-1 SwRI Project No c

8 Figure A-3. TIARA Roll# D min 38 s into Test (150-kW Exposure). Figure A4. TIARA Roll# D min 48 s into Test (150-kW Exposure). Shaw Industries Group A-2 SwRI Project No c

9 Figure A-5. TIARA Roll# D min 51 s into Test (150-kW Exposure). Figure A-6. TIARA Roll# D Post Test Shaw Industries Group A-3 SwRI Project No c

10 APPENDIX B TEST DATA (CONSISTING OF 5 PAGES) Shaw Industries Group SwRI Project No c

11 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS Tiara Roll #D Maximum HRR total 553 kw at 5 min 36 sec Average HRR total Total Heat Released 151 kw 136 MJ Maximum HRR excl. burner 402 kw at 5 min 36 sec Average HRR excl. burner Total Heat Released (Excluding Burner) 41 kw 37 MJ Maximum Smoke Release Rate m²/s at 5 min 35 sec Average Smoke Release Rate Total Smoke Released 1.05 m²/s 942 m² Maximum Optical Density /m at 5 min 35 sec Maximum Duct Flow Rate Average Optical Density Average Volumetric Duct Flow Rate 2.13 m³/s /m 2.01 m³/s Total Heat Flux to the Floor 7.0 kw/m² at 5 min 22 sec Max. Average Upper Layer Temperature 432 C 810 F at 5 min 59 sec Maximum Doorway Temperature 329 C 624 F at 6 min 6 sec Shaw Industries Group B-1 SwRI Project No c

12 Heat Release Rate (kw) HRR Burner HRR Excluding Burner HRR Total HEAT RELEASE RATE Time (min) Total Heat Released (MJ) TOTAL HEAT RELEASED THR Excluding Burner THR Total Time (min) Shaw Industries Group B-2 SwRI Project No c

13 Smoke Release Rate (m²/s) SMOKE RELEASE RATE AND TOTAL SMOKE RELEASED Smoke Release Rate Total Smoke Released Total Smoke Released (m²) Time (min) VOLUMETRIC DUCT FLOW RATE AND OPTICAL DENSITY Volumetric Flow Optical Density Volumetric Flow Rate (m³/s) Optical Density (m -1 ) Time (min) Shaw Industries Group B-3 SwRI Project No c

14 Temperature ( C) UPPER LAYER TEMPERATURES Right Front Left Front Center Right Rear Left Rear Average Ceiling Temp Temperature ( F) Time (min) Temperature ( C) DOORWAY, ABOVE BURNER, AND DUCT TEMPERATURES Exhaust Duct TC #1 Exhaust Duct TC #2 Doorway Above Burner Temperature ( F) Time (min) Shaw Industries Group B-4 SwRI Project No c

15 20 HEAT FLUX TO THE FLOOR Heat Flux (kw/m²) Time (min) Shaw Industries Group B-5 SwRI Project No c

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