Contents The IET Regulations, BS 7671, and this Guide 1.1 The need for this Electrician s Guide 1.2 The IET Regulations BS 7671

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1 Contents 1 The IET Regulations, BS 7671, and this Guide The need for this Electrician s Guide The IET Regulations BS International basis The Seventeenth Edition Third Amendment to the Seventeenth Edition: a summary Overview of the main changes to BS 7671 with Amendment Plan of the Seventeenth Edition The Electrician s Guide The rationale for this Guide Using this Electrician s Guide 9 2 Installation requirements and characteristics Introduction Safe ty requirements Scope of the Regulations Legal status of the Regulations New inventions or methods Safety requirements Design, equipment, installation and testing Supplies for safety services Definitions Assessment of general characteristics Introduction Purposes, supplies and structure External influences Compatibility Maintainability Low voltage generating sets Standards Undervoltage Over voltage and electromagnetic disturbances 21 3 Installation control and protection Introduction Switching Switch positions Emergency switching Switching for mechanical maintenance Functional switching 27

2 iv Contents 3.3 Isolation Isolator definition Isolator situation Isolator positions Semiconductor isolators Isolator identification Electric shock protection The nature of electric shock Resistance of the shock path Contact with live conductors Protection from contact Basic protection Fault protection Protection for users of equipment outdoors High temperature protection Introduction Fire protection Protection from burns Overcurrent protection Introduction Overload Fuses Circuit breakers Protecting conductors Protection from faults Introduction Prospective short-circuit current (PSC) Operating time Conductors of reduced current-carrying capacity Back-up protection Insulation monitoring Short circuit and overload protection Combined protection Current limited by supply characteristic Protection omitted Protection of conductors in parallel Absence of protection Selectivity or Discrimination Protective measures against fire Introduction What locations are involved? Locations with combustible construction materials Locations with fire risk due to the materials present 55 4 Cables, conduits and trunking Introduction Cable insulation materials Cables Non-flexible low voltage cables Cables for overhead lines Flexible low voltage cables and cords Cables carrying alternating currents Corrosion Cable choice Cable types Current carrying capacity of conductors 66

3 Contents v Methods of cable installation Ambient temperature correction factors Cable grouping correction factors Thermal insulation correction factors When a number of correction factors applies Protection by semi-enclosed (rewirable) fuses Cable rating calculation Special formulas for grouping factor calculation Cable volt drop Harmonic currents and neutral conductors Low smoke-emitting cables The effects of animals, insects & plants Maximum conductor operating temperatures Cable supports, joints and terminations Cable supports and protection Cable bends Joints and terminations Cable enclosures Plastic and metal conduits Ducting and trunking Cable capacity of conduits and trunking Conductor identification 90 5 Earthing The earthing principle What is earthing? The advantages of earthing The disadvantages of earthing Earthing systems System classification TT systems TN-S system TN-C-S sytem TN-C system IT system Earth-fault loop impedance Principle The importance of earth fault loop impedance The resistance/impedance relationship Earth-fault loop impedance values Maximum circuit conductor length Protective conductors Earthing conductors Protective conductor types Bonding conductors Protective conductor cross-section assessment Protective conductor cross-section calculation Unearthed metalwork Earth electrodes Why must we have earth electrodes? Earth electrode types Protective multiple earthing (PME) What is protective multiple earthing? Increased fire risk Broken neutral conductor Special requirements PME-fed installations 115

4 vi Contents 5.7 Earthed concentric wiring What is earthed concentric wiring? Requirements for earthed concentric wiring Other protection methods Class II equipment Non-conducting location Earth-free equipotential bonding Electrical separation Residual current devices (RCDs) Why we need residual current devices Principle of the residual current device Regulations for residual current devices Fault-voltage operated circuit breakers Combined functional and protective earthing Surge protective devices What are surge protective devices? Protection from lightning surges Protection from switching surges Circuits Basic requirements for circuits Maximum demand and diversity Maximum demand Diversity Applied diversity BS 1363 socket outlet circuits The fused plug The ring final circuit The radial circuit Industrial socket outlet circuits Introduction BS 546 socket outlet circuits BS EN socket outlet circuits Other circuits Lighting circuits Cooker circuits Off-peak appliance circuits Circuit segregation Segregating circuits Electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) Lift and hoist shaft circuits Auxiliary circuits Power supplies Protective measures Cables and conductors Inspection and testing Introduction The tester Why do we need inspection and testing? Information needed by the tester Inspection Notices and other identification Inspection Periodic inspection and testing Testing sequence 151

5 Contents vii Why is correct sequence important? Correct testing sequence Continuity tests Protective conductor continuity Ring final circuit continuity Correct polarity Measurement of R 1 + R Insulation tests Testing insulation resistance Tests of non-conducting floors and walls Tests of barriers and enclosures Tests for electrical separation of circuits Earth testing Testing earth electrodes Measuring earth-fault loop impedance and prospective short-circuit current Testing residual current devices (RCDs) Test instrument requirements Basic requirements Accuracy and resolution Supporting paperwork Why bother with paperwork? Electrical installation condition report Installation alterations and additions Periodic inspection and testing Minor electrical installation works certificate Special installations Introduction Locations containing bath tubs and shower basins Introduction Bath and shower room requirements Swimming pools and other basins Introduction Special requirements for swimming pools Fountains Rooms containing sauna heaters Introduction Special requirements for saunas Construction and demolition sites Introduction Special regulations for construction sites Agricultural and horticultural premises Introduction Agricultural installations Horticultural installations Conducting locations with restricted movement Introduction Special requirements Electrical installations in caravan / camping parks and similar locations Introduction Leisure vehicle park installations Electrical installations in caravans and motor caravans Introduction Caravan installations Tent installations 194

6 viii Contents 8.10 Outdoor lighting installations including highway power supply and street furniture Scope Safety Switching and isolation Marinas Introduction The marina electrical installation Medical locations Exhibitions, shows and stands Introduction Requirements Solar photovoltaic (PV) Power Supply Systems Introduction Principles Protection systems Floor and Ceiling Heating Systems Introduction Electric shock and overheating protection Identification Bathrooms and swimming pools Extra-low Voltage Lighting Installations Introduction Basic requirements Wiring Systems Mobile Transportable Units Introduction Problems and solutions Detailed requirements Temporary electrical installations for structures, amusement devices and booths at fairgrounds, amusement parks and circuses Introduction Special requirements Operating and maintenance gangways Electrical vehicle charging Other installations and equipment Introduction Earthing for installations having high protective conductor currents Introduction Equipment with protective conductor current exceeding 3.5 ma Equipment with protective conductor currents exceeding 10 ma Final circuits were the protective conductor is likely to exceed 10 ma Connection of duplicate protective conductors Final circuits feeding socket outlets Heating appliances and installations Electrode boilers and water heaters Instantaneous water heaters Surface, floor, soil and road warming installations Discharge lighting Low voltage discharge lighting High voltage discharge lighting Underground and overhead wiring Overhead wiring types Maximum span lengths and minimum heights Underground wiring 218

7 Contents ix 9.6 Outdoor installations and garden buildings Temporary garden buildings Garden installations Installation of machines and transformers Rotating machines Transformers Reduced voltage systems Types of reduced voltage Separated extra-low voltage (SELV) Protective extra-low voltage (PELV) Functional extra-low voltage (FELV) Reduced low voltage Small-scale Embedded Generators (SSEG) Introduction Installation requirements Alarm systems Introduction Fire Alarm Systems Domestic smoke alarms Detection devices Control panels Fire alarm sounders Types of fire alarm systems Power supplies and cables Record keeping False alarms Servicing Certification Intruder Alarm Systems Detection devices Control panels Alarm sounders Wiring intruder alarm systems Servicing and certification Emergency Lighting Introduction Escape routes and exits Safety signs Escape luminaire siting Installation of emergency lighting Maintenance of emergency lighting Duration of emergency luminaire output Part P of the Building Regulations The Building Regulations The Electrical Regulations To which installations does Part P apply? Self-certification Non-certified electricians The penalties DIY work Publicity What must be notified? Non-notifiable works 251

8 x Contents Work in the UK excluding England Building regulations approved document A - Structure Building regulations approved document B Fire safety Building regulations approved document E Resistance to passage of sound Building regulations approved document F Ventilation Building regulations approved document L1 Conservation of fuel & power Building regulations approved document M Access to and use of buildings Building regulations approved document P Electrical safety Dwellings subject to flooding 254 List of abbreviations 255 Cross-reference index 257 Index 259

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