Early Warning Fire Detection Engineering

Transcription

1 Early Warning Fire Detection Engineering Conference Presentation Author: Adrian Haenni Senior Project Manager EARL WARNING Objective Nature of an Early Warning System Structured method for a successful implementation 1

2 Purpose Early warning is a major element of disaster risk reduction. It prevents loss of life and reduces the economic and material impact of disasters. [Wikipedia] 3 The UN / ISDR Methodology Collect data and undertake risk assessments Develop hazard monitoring and early warning services Communicate risk information and early warnings Build national and community response capabilities Are the hazards & vulnerabilities known? What are the patterns and trends in these factors? Are risk maps and data widely available? Are the right parameters being monitored? Is there a sound scientific basis for making forecasts? Can accurate and timely warnings be generated? Do warnings reach all of those at risk? Are the risks and warnings understood? Is the warning information clear and usable? Are response plans up-todate and tested? Are local capacities and knowledge made use of it? Are people prepared and ready to react to warnings? Source: UN / ISDR (International Strategy for Disaster Reduction) 4 2

3 Fire Detection: Same Modules 5 Risk Assessment Establish a risk map listing & rating all hazards and vulnerabilities Identify Trouble Spots Rate the Potential Damage Estimate the Probability 6 3

4 Risk Assessment Risk Assessment Establish a risk map listing & rating all Hazards and Vulnerabilities Identify the Trouble Spots Rate the Potential Damage Estimate the Probability Lobby & Security Control Room Offices CRAC EQUIPMENT ROOM RAISED FLOOR / SUSP. CEILING POWER DISTRIBUTION POWER CONVERSION POWER GENERATOR BATTERY UPS ROOM Hazard #1 Cardboard Garbage Vulnerability #1 Corrosion of Electronics Hazard #2 Power Distribution: Overheated Wire 7 Monitoring & Warning Establish a risk map listing & rating all hazards and vulnerabilities Trouble Spots Potential Damage Probability Choose the right parameters and technologies for early or very early warnings Smoke, Heat, CO, IR, Location Response Criteria 8 4

5 Communication Establish a risk map listing & rating all hazards and vulnerabilities Identify the Trouble Spots Rate the Potential Damage Estimate the Probability Choose the right parameters and technologies for early or very early warnings Smoke, Heat, CO, IR, Location Response Time Identify the communications required for effective dissemination of the warnings Text, Sound, Light Path Redundancy Escape Routes 9 Response Risk Assessment Monitoring & Warning Communication Response Establish a risk map listing & rating all hazards and vulnerabilities Trouble Spots Potential Damage Probability Choose the right parameters and technologies for early or very early warnings Smoke, Heat, CO, IR, Location Response Time Identify the communications required for effective dissemination of the warnings Text, Sound, Light Redundancy Escape Routes Establish a response plan involving stages of progression Verification / Correction Relocation / Evacuation Extinguishing Recovery 10 5

6 Aspirating Smoke Detection Typical Questions & Answers Q: What is the response time required for fire detection? A: 60s Q: What code is stipulating 60s? A: NFPA Q: NFPA 72? A: No, of course the one for data centers, NFPA 75 Q: Are these 60s for Early Warning or Very Early Warning? A: I think for Very Early Warning Q: What about the sensitivity at the sampling point for Very Early warning? A: I don t know 11 Alternative Truth? ASD designs are governed by the EN54 part 20 standard. This standard stipulates the transport time, namely the time it takes smoke to reach the detection chamber from the farthest sampling point on the conduit network, as well as the sensitivity of each sampling point throughout the conduit network. Publicly made statement found in a fire security solutions magazine [February 2018] 6

7 EN54-20 / Test Fire 2 / Class A Smoke Density 0.05 db / m EoT db = log scale 0.01 db / m Tolerance Time T t EN54-20 / Requirements The aspirating smoke detector shall generate an alarm signal, in each test fire, before a time T t after the specified End of Test condition is reached where the tolerance time T t is the transport time for the sampling point(s) in the fire test room up to a maximum of 60s 480s 960s 1440s (24Min.) 60s t EN54-20 / Test Fire 2 Smoke Density 1.14%obs/m EoT % obscuration = linear scale EN54-20 / Requirements The aspirating smoke detector shall generate an alarm signal, in each test fire, before a time T t after the specified End of Test condition is reached where the tolerance time T t is the transport time for the sampling point(s) in the fire test room up to a maximum of 60s 0.7% obs/m 0.23%obs/m 960s Meaning: at which point Tolerance Time T t +60s 60s 120s allows for longer tubes! t 7

8 Tolerance Time The Engineering Challenge 1.14% obs. / m EoT Only a Code of Practice can tell you the sensitivity required at the sampling point? +? 60s t EN is NOT a Code of Practice! Early Warning 15 Where s the Code? Early Warning 16 8

9 Data Center Design Only US American Codes are clearly specifying - sensitivity - response time - area coverage for Early Warning and Very Early Warning Systems! 17 United States Assembled minimum requirements according to NFPA 72/75/76 or FM Parameter Very Early Warning Early Warning Standard Sensitivity Fire 1 (Alert) Fire 2 (Alarm) 0.65%obs./m (0.20%obs./ft) 3.20%obs./m (1.00%obs./ft) N/A 5%obs./m (1.5%obs./ft) N/A 8.3%obs./m (2.5%obs./ft) Transport Time 60 sec. 90 sec. 120 sec. Area Coverage per Port 18.6m 2 (200ft 2 ) 37.2m 2 (400ft 2 ) Transport Time refers to a test when smoke is applied directly to the most distant sampling point Parameter Europe Minimum requirements according to the FIA Code Of Practice for ASD (2006). Class A (Very Early Warning) Class B (Early Warning) Sensitivity Pre-Alarm (Alert) Any reasonable level better than Alarm 1 Class C (Standard) Alarm 1 (Fire 1) 0.8 %obs./m %obs./m 2-5%obs./m Alarm 2 (Fire 2) Any reasonable level above Alarm 1 Response Time (not transport time) Transport Time 120 sec. 60 sec. 120 sec. 120 sec. Response Time refers to a real fire test when smoke is generated at a specific spot in the airstream for a specified time using specified materials and applying a specified amount of heat (see FIA code of practice). Code Comparison NFPA : Maximum air sample transport time from the farthest sampling point shall not exceed 120 seconds. FM : For air sampling VEWFD, do not exceed a transport time of 60 seconds from the most remote port of the detection unit. NFPA Maximum transport time from the most remote port to the det. unit shall not exceed 60s. With release 2012 this port sensitivity specification was removed from the FIA Code of Practice! BS 6266: normal sensitivity point detectors can still be impaired by high dilution In such cases, the second input to a coincident detection system may be provided by a ceiling mounted ASD system configured with a sensitivity less than normal (e.g. 2 x Class C threshold) A.2.1 risk assessment will identify a need in terms of sensitivity or spacing 18 9

10 Response Time ASD: Transport Time Transport Time Aerosol Can Measurement Cycle The stronger the aspirator, the shorter the transport time Industrial Systems offer a transport time of 80s for 120m tube length (1.5m/s transport speed) Low performance units offer a tube length of max. 50m and 60s transport time (0.8m/s) May 3, 2018 Sales Presentation 19 ASD: Response Time Response Time = Transport Time + Smoke Dev. Time Measurement Cycle Conclusion: A response time of 120s is much more demanding than a transport time of 60s! May 3, 2018 Sales Presentation 20 10

11 Data Centre in Reykjavik, Island Early Warning 21 Matrix reloaded BS 6266:2011 (SANS 246:2015) BS 6266:2011 (SANS 246:2015) BS 6266:2011 (SANS 246:2015) BS 6266:2011 (SANS 246:2015) 4.1 Prior to establishing the specification an appropriate risk assessment should be undertaken The criticality of electronic equipment areas can be categorized, based on the following factors: Equipment redundancy and replacement availability Business continuity plans Tolerance to system downtime Environmental operational requirements The categories are Low Medium High Critical Storage of combustible materials Storage facilities for combustible materials not required for immediate use, and for waste material, should be provided outside the electronic equipment room Storage of recorded data 6.8 Furniture and furnishings Fire Detection strategy The application of fire detection systems should be based on the risk category High A smoke detection system High sensitivity smoke detection (e.g. Class A ASD) to monitor air flows returning to the air conditioning Critical A smoke detection system High sensitivity smoke detection (e.g. Class A ASD) to monitor air flows returning to the air conditioning Positioning of detectors Early warning is achieved by positionning high sensitivity (Class A) detection at the air return vents to the air-conditioning system and using normal sensitivity point detectors or ASD sampling holes at the ceiling. Early warning can be achieved by siting detectors or sampling points to protect individual equipment cabinets in addition to the general room area Heat detectors Point type heat detectors should not be used Combustion gas detectors Detectors that rely on Carbon monoxide should not be used in electronic equip. area Annex A Spacing and location of aspirating sampling holes, point smoke detectors and optical beam detectors Alarms The fire alarm system should operate alarms within the electronic equipment area and in other areas where action is to be taken. Where a staged alarm is adopted, audible or visual warnings are provided to indicate the stage that the alarm has reached. Warning should be given inside the electronic equipment area. of fire from outside the electronic equipment area.. If alarms are monitored at a continuously manned location, summoning of the fire service by personnel is sufficient. If not, a method of automatically transmitting alarms to the fire service should be used Indicators regarding the location of a fire should be provided for those responding to a fire signal. BS (Voice Alarm Systems) BS (Emergency Voice Communication Systems) 8.1 General a structured response to any alarm or warning signal is essential. very early and effective action to detect and suppress a fire Special training should be provided to acquaint security personnel of the abilities of these systems 11.5 Action in the event of fire within the electronic equipment area A clearly defined procedure should be established Such a procedure should include: a) notification/signaling and action to be taken by staff in response to an early warning alarm; b) Raising the alarm and calling the fire and rescue service c) Evacuating the area d) Operation of the fire suppression system e) Use of portable fire extinguishers f) Notifying the key personnel g) Shutdown and isolation of equipment h) Operation of air-conditioning i) Ability of emergency team to gain access to all parts of the electronic equipment area 12 Protection of information: Contingency and recovery measures 22 11

12 Matrix reloaded FIA CoP for ASD FIA CoP for ASD FIA CoP for ASD FIA CoP for ASD Duct Sampling In areas that are less than100m2 (e.g. detention cells) duct sampling may be at a similar smoke sensitivity to replace point detectors i.e ~4%obscuration/m. 8.1 General Under normal circumstances a single aspirating detector should cover an area not exceeding a maximum area of a detection zone (nominally 2 000m2 BS ) Spacing for vertical sampling sampling points are located at m Networking: any fault on the ASD comms network should not impair the communication from more than one ASD det. redundant reporting should be provided 8.5 Fault Monitoring: The ASD should provide fault monitoring for airflow, detector removal / isolation, power supply fault, battery disconnection fault 10.2 Detection is required at ceiling level, floor void and return air grilles. In applications smaller than 150m2 it may be possible to use a single Class A detector to cover the areas identified above number of cabinets monitored by a single ASD system: Class C max 5 cabinets Class B max 8 cabinets Calss A max 15 cabinets A clearly identified Fire signal should be transmitted and clearly indicated at the ASD system itself as a red indicator latched until reset warnings distinguishable draw attention to the need to investigate give a distinctive sound, which is different to the sound given to indicate a Fire condition. 6.4 Action in the Event of an Alarm To a large extent the design of the fire alarm system will depend on the actions required after the alarm has been given. An ASD system with multiple alarm levels may be required to provide a different action at each level. Therefore, essential these actions are pre-planned and the subject of early discussions. 8.1 General Special training should be provided to acquaint security personnel of the abilities of these systems Three stages of alarm could be: First stage: Raising a local signal for personnel working in an area to investigate Second stage: raising a pre-alarm which alerts security personnel to investigate Third stage: FIRE alarm raising a fire condition to initiate evacuation procedures a fourth stage automatic extinguishing 23 Agreeing on a Solution AHJ Engineering Design Guide BoM Risk Coverage Code Coverage Engineering Approach prescriptive vs performance based Procedures: Engineering Change Design Review Test, Commissioning, Maintenance You Proposal Management Management Summary Commercial Proposal Compliance Statement TCO Calculation Emergency Planning Investor Risk Assessment Business Continuity Service Level Agreements Competitor Analysis Reputation Investment ROI Calculation 24 12

13 We deliver top notch VERY detectors up to 5 levels of warnings Early Warning 25 Your System Partner Securiton AG Alpenstrasse Zollikofen Switzerland 13