TECHNICAL NOTE. Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR OPERATION BASICS
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1 TECHNICAL NOTE s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR OPERATION BASICS The DataFID and MicroFID II are portable flame ionization detectors designed to monitor volatile organic compounds (VOC). Establishing a response factor for a compound over a wide concentration range is necessary to accurately determine the unknown concentration at the sampling point. Since DataFID and MicroFID II are built with the same flame ionization detection technology, response factors for both instruments are identical. For the sake of simplicity, only DataFID will be referenced in the following content. The DataFID uses a flame ionization detector (FID) for the measurement of combustible organic compounds in air at parts-per million (PPM) levels. The permanent air gases (argon, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, etc.) are not ionized by the FID, and thus are not measured. When the DataFID is flamed on, the internal pump draws air in through the DataFID inlet. This sample air provides the oxygen necessary for combustion in the hydrogen fed flame. Combustion Chamber Figure 1 Flame Ionization Detector Collector Electrode Repeller Electrode (Jet +75 Volts) Thermocouple Sample In Exhaust Out Flame Arrestor Glow Plug Flame Arrestor Microprocessor Electrometer When the proper ratio of hydrogen to air is present in the combustion chamber, the flame is ignited automatically with a glow plug. A thermocouple is used to monitor the status of the flame. When the sample passes through the flame, the combustible organic compounds in the sample will be ionized. After the compounds have been ionized by the flame, the ionized particles are subjected to a continuous electric field between the repeller electrode at the jet (+75 V) and the collector electrode. The ions move in the electric field, generating a current, which is proportional to the concentration of the ionized molecules in the ionization chamber. An electrometer circuit converts the current to a voltage which is then fed to the microprocessor. After the sample passes through the flame and has become ionized, it is vented from the detector through a flame arrestor, also known as the exhaust frit. The flame arrestor prevents the flame from igniting any flammable gases present in the sampling location. Detector Response The DataFID is strictly an organic compound detector. It does not respond to inorganic compounds. The DataFID s sensitivity is highly dependent on chemical structure and bonding characteristics. The combustion efficiency of a compound determines its sensitivity. Simple saturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, etc.) possess high combustion efficiencies and are among the compounds that produce the highest DataFID response. Organic fuels (acetylene, refined petroleum products), burn easily and are also extremely well detected. The presence of substituted functional groups (amino, hydroxyl, halogens) on a simple hydrocarbon, such as methanol and chloromethane, reduces its combustion 1 of 43
2 efficiency and thus DataFID s sensitivity to the compounds. A greater number of carbon atoms can offset this loss of sensitivity due to substitution. For example, the DataFID is more sensitive to n-butanol than it is to methanol. Introduction to The DataFID is factory calibrated with methane, and the DataFID response factors in this document were determined using methane gas as the reference. Methane has a response factor of 1.0. The following formula is used to calculate the response factors: A response factor less than 1.0 indicates a compound response higher than methane. A response factor greater than 1.0 indicates a lower response than that of methane. Examples ppm of a compound reads 80 ppm on the DataFID, the would be: ppm of a compound reads 125 ppm on the DataFID, the would be; Application Examples 1 Actual Concentration in PPM Formula = Actual Concentration DataFID Response 100 ppm (Actual Concentration in PPM) = = ppm (DataFID Response in PPM) 100 ppm (Actual Concentration in PPM) = = ppm (DataFID Response in PPM) 2 DataFID Response in PPM Formula Actual Concentration in PPM = DataFID Example 100 (Actual Concentration in PPM) = 0.80 (DataFID ) 1.25 () Each compound has its own unique set of response factors. Also, response factors can change as the concentration of a certain compound varies, so the response factor at 1,000 ppm will most likely be different from that of 500 ppm. Please refer to the specific compounds in this document and choose the response factor that best fits the nearest concentration value. The DataFID provides user capability to enter a response factor so the display concentration can be automatically adjusted. Refer to the DataFID Operating Manual (IPN: P1) for a detailed procedure to enter information into the instrument. for MicroFID II Similarly for MicroFID II, refer to the MicroFID II Operating Manual (IPN: P1) for a detailed procedure to enter information. NOTE: This document provides response factors for a specific list of compounds. It is intended to cover the compounds most often encountered, and may be updated as needed. DataFID Response in PPM Example = Actual Concentration in PPM (DataFID Response in PPM) = 100 (Actual Concentration in PPM) s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 2 of 43
3 RESPONSE FACTORS Acetic Acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acrylic Acid Aniline Benzene Benzyl Chloride ,3 Butadiene Butane Butanol Butyl Acetate Butyl Acrylate Chlorobenzene Chloroform Cyclohexane Dimethylformamide Ethanol Ethoxyethanol Ethylbenzene Ethylene Ethyl Acrylate Heptane Hexane Iodomethane Methanol Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Keytone Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Octane Pentanol Propane Propanol Propylene Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene Trichloroethylene Vinyl Acetate Xylene s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 3 of 43
4 Acetic Acid Response Curve Acetic Acid s C 2 H 4 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 4 of 43
5 Acetone Response Curve Acetone s C 3 H 6 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 5 of 43
6 Acetonitrile Response Curve Acetonitrile s Concentration to PPM C 2 H 3 N s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 6 of 43
7 Acrylic Acid Response Curve Acrylic Acid s C 3 H 4 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 7 of 43
8 Aniline Response Curve Aniline s Concentration to PPM C 7 H 7 N s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 8 of 43
9 Benzene Response Curve Benzene s C 6 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 9 of 43
10 Benzyl Chloride Response Curve Benzyl Chloride s C 7 H 7 Cl s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 10 of 43
11 1,3 Butadiene Response Curve 1,3 Butadiene s C 4 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 11 of 43
12 Butane Response Curve Butane s C 4 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 12 of 43
13 Butanol Response Curve Butanol s C 4 H 10 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 13 of 43
14 Butyl Acetate Response Curve Butyl Acetate s Concentration to PPM C 6 H 12 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 14 of 43
15 Butyl Acrylate Response Curve Butyl Acrylate s C 7 H 12 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 15 of 43
16 Chlorobenzene Response Curve Chlorobenzene s C 6 H 5 Cl s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 16 of 43
17 Chloroform Response Curve Chloroform s CHCl s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 17 of 43
18 Cyclohexane Response Curve Cyclohexane s C 6 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 18 of 43
19 Dimethylformamide Response Curve Dimethylformamide s Dimethylformamide Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmhg C 3 H 7 ON s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 19 of 43
20 Ethanol Response Curve Ethanol s Concentration to PPM C 2 H 6 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 20 of 43
21 2-Ethoxyethanol Response Curve 2-Ethoxyethanol s C 2 H 10 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 21 of 43
22 Ethylbenzene Response Curve Ethylbenzene s C 8 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 22 of 43
23 Ethylene Response Curve Ethylene s C 2 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 23 of 43
24 Ethyl Acrylate Response Curve Ethyl Acrylate s C 5 H 8 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 24 of 43
25 Heptane Response Curve Heptane s C 7 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 25 of 43
26 Hexane Response Curve Hexane s Concentration to PPM C 6 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 26 of 43
27 Iodomethane Response Curve Iodomethane s CH 3 I s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 27 of 43
28 Methanol Response Curve Methanol s CH 4 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 28 of 43
29 Methyl Ethyl Ketone Response Curve Methyl Ethyl Keytone s Concentration to PPM C 4 H 8 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 29 of 43
30 Methyl Isobutyl Keytone Response Curve Methyl Isobutyl Keytone s C 6 H 12 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 30 of 43
31 Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Response Curve Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) s C 5 H 12 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 31 of 43
32 Octane Response Curve Octane s C 8 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 32 of 43
33 Pentanol Response Curve Pentanol s Concentration to PPM C 5 H 12 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 33 of 43
34 Propane Response Curve Propane s C 3 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 34 of 43
35 Propanol Response Curve Propanol s Concentration to PPM C 3 H 8 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 35 of 43
36 Propylene Response Curve Propylene s C 3 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 36 of 43
37 Styrene Response Curve Styrene s Concentration to PPM C 8 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 37 of 43
38 Tetrachloroethylene Response Curve Tetrachloroethylene s C 2 Cl s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 38 of 43
39 Tetrahydrofuran Response Curve Tetrahydrofuran s C 4 H 8 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 39 of 43
40 Toluene Response Curve Toluene s C 7 H s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 40 of 43
41 Trichloroethylene Response Curve Trichloroethylene s C 2 HCl s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 41 of 43
42 Vinyl Acetate Response Curve Vinyl Acetate s Concentration to PPM C 4 H 6 O s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 42 of 43
43 s for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 43 of 43 Xylene Response Curve The compound measured is m-xylene. Xylene s C 8 H reachus@inficon.com Due to our continuing program of product improvements, specifications are subject to change without notice. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. diaf56a INFICON
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