ISO/TR TECHNICAL REPORT. Non-destructive testing Guidelines for NDT training syllabuses

Transcription

1 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR First edition Non-destructive testing Guidelines for NDT training syllabuses Essais non destructifs Lignes directrices pour les programmes de formation en END Reference number ISO/TR 25107:2006(E) ISO 2006

2 PDF disclaimer Tis PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance wit Adobe's licensing policy, tis file may be printed or viewed but sall not be edited unless te typefaces wic are embedded are licensed to and installed on te computer performing te editing. In downloading tis file, parties accept terein te responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. Te ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in tis area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of te software products used to create tis PDF file can be found in te General Info relative to te file; te PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care as been taken to ensure tat te file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In te unlikely event tat a problem relating to it is found, please inform te Central Secretariat at te address given below. ISO 2006 All rigts reserved. Unless oterwise specified, no part of tis publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mecanical, including potocopying and microfilm, witout permission in writing from eiter ISO at te address below or ISO's member body in te country of te requester. ISO copyrigt office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel Fax copyrigt@iso.org Web Publised in Switzerland ii ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

3 Contents Page Foreword... iv Introduction... v 1 Scope Normative references Terms and definitions Introduction to NDT Role Task of NDT personnel History of NDT Terminology of NDT General environmental and safety considerations Radiograpic testing Levels 1, 2 and Ultrasonic testing Levels 1, 2 and Eddy current testing Levels 1, 2 and Penetrant testing Levels 1, 2 and Magnetic particle testing Levels 1, 2 and Leak testing Levels 1, 2 and Acoustic emissions testing Levels 1, 2 and Visual testing Levels 1, 2 and Bibliograpy ISO 2006 All rigts reserved iii

4 Foreword ISO (te International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). Te work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out troug ISO tecnical committees. Eac member body interested in a subject for wic a tecnical committee as been establised as te rigt to be represented on tat committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison wit ISO, also take part in te work. ISO collaborates closely wit te International Electrotecnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotecnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance wit te rules given in te ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. Te main task of tecnical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by te tecnical committees are circulated to te member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of te member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, wen a tecnical committee as collected data of a different kind from tat wic is normally publised as an International Standard ("state of te art", for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publis a Tecnical Report. A Tecnical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not ave to be reviewed until te data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to te possibility tat some of te elements of tis document may be te subject of patent rigts. ISO sall not be eld responsible for identifying any or all suc patent rigts. ISO/TR was prepared by te European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Tecnical Committee CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, in collaboration wit Tecnical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, in accordance wit te Agreement on tecnical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement). iv ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

5 Introduction Wit tis Tecnical Report, ISO/TC135 and CEN/TC138 present to te worldwide non-destructive testing (NDT) community teir recommendations for te minimum tecnical knowledge to be required of NDT personnel. Tese recommendations provide means for evaluating and documenting te competence of personnel wose duties demand te appropriate teoretical and practical knowledge. As part of te efforts to streamline and armonize te training and certification of NDT personnel, ISO/TC 135 and CEN/TC 138 ave been actively involved in developing guidelines for training syllabuses (tis Tecnical Report) and for NDT training organizations (ISO/TR 27108). Tese documents are intended to serve tose involved in training and to be useful in acieving a uniform level of training material and consequently in te competence of personnel. Tis document, togeter wit ISO/TR 27108, represents two years of effort for working groups of te two tecnical committees in te promotion of armonization and mutual recognition of minimum requirements taken from te different existing certification scemes. Te content of tis first edition as been based on te experience of te experts as well as on comments from te end-user industries, as well as te most recent edition of te International Committee for Non-destructive testing (ICNDT) recommended guidelines. Te time allotment for te different topics takes into account te latest developments in eac metod and, as a consequence, te total duration can be sometimes greater tan te minimum duration required by ISO 9712 and EN 473. Tis Tecnical Report is to be revised in te coming years in order to maintain a workable document in line wit te development of NDT metods and tecniques. ISO/TC 135 and CEN/TC 138 wis to express teir appreciation to all tose wo contributed to te production of tis publication. ISO 2006 All rigts reserved v

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7 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 25107:2006(E) Non-destructive testing Guidelines for NDT training syllabuses 1 Scope Tis Tecnical Report gives guidelines for non-destructive testing (NDT) training syllabuses, wit te intention of armonizing and maintaining te general standard of training of NDT personnel for industrial needs. It also establises te minimum requirements for effective structured training of NDT personnel to ensure eligibility for qualification examinations leading to tird-party certification according to recognized standards. In addition to non-destructive testing in general, its guidelines for syllabuses cover acoustic emission, eddy current, leak, magnetic particle, penetrant, radiograpic, ultrasonic and visual testing. NOTE ISO/TR gives associated guidelines for NDT training organizations intended for te general part of training courses. 2 Normative references Te following referenced documents are indispensable for te application of tis document. For dated references, only te edition cited applies. For undated references, te latest edition of te referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1330 (all parts), Non-destructive testing Terminology 3 Terms and definitions For te purposes of tis document, te terms and definitions given in EN 1330 apply. 4 Introduction to NDT 4.1 Role Non-destructive testing makes an important contribution to te safety, and economic and ecological welfare, of our society. NDT is te only coice for te testing of an object wic may not be destroyed, modified or degraded by te testing process. Tis is generally required for objects wic are to be used after testing, for example, safety parts, pipelines, power plants, and also constructions under in-service inspection, but even for unique parts in arcaeology and culture. NDT is based on pysical effects at te surface or te inner structure of te object under test. Often, te outcome of te test needs to be interpreted to give a useful result; sometimes different NDT metods must be combined, or verified by oter test metods. ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 1

8 4.2 Task of NDT personnel NDT personnel ave a great responsibility, not only wit respect to teir employers or contractors but also under te rules of good workmansip. Te NDT personnel must be independent and free from economic influences wit regard to is test results, oterwise te results are compromised. Te NDT personnel sould be aware of te importance of is signature and te consequences of incorrect test results for safety, ealt and environment. Under legal aspects, te falsification of certificates is an offence and judged according to te national legal regulations. A tester may find imself in a conflicting situation about is findings wit is employer, te responsible autorities or legal requirements. Finally, te NDT personnel is responsible for all interpretations of test results carrying is signature. NDT personnel sould never sign test reports beyond teir certification. 4.3 History of NDT Te principle of NDT started to be put into practice wit visual cecks in preistoric times. In medieval later centuries, test metods suc as simple leakage tests and ardness cecks were introduced. Te breaktroug for NDT came wit industrialization in te 19t and 20t centuries: X-ray and ultrasonic testing for inner defects, penetrant and magnetic particle testing for surface cracks. During te last few decades, sopisticated, mostly electronically linked metods, suc as eddy current testing, RADAR, computer tomograpy and termograpy ave been developed. NDT metods ave found application in a wide range of industries from civil engineering and industrial plants to space and defence tecnology. Te istory of NDT is linked to many famous researcers and inventors, including Röntgen, Becquerel, Curie, Oerstedt, Faraday and even Leonardo da Vinci. Tey discovered te pysical principles and demonstrated early applications. Altogeter approximately scientists worldwide made contributions to te present state of NDT. NDT is a global tecnology. Since NDT tasks and related tecnical problems are similar in all developed countries, improved solutions and new equipment are spread around te world witin a few monts. Many international conferences and standards committees contribute to a steady and consensual development of NDT for te benefit of safety, economy and te environment. 4.4 Terminology of NDT Correct and standardized terminology is a necessity for a particular tecnology applied worldwide. It is needed for communication between contracting parties, NDT personnel and certifying bodies. Terms like indication, imperfection, flaw and defect require a precise and unequivocal definition if confusion and misinterpretation of results is to be avoided. See Clause General environmental and safety considerations Non-destructive testing is often applied in conditions were te safety of te operator could be in danger owing to local conditions, or were te application of te particular NDT metod or tecniques could in itself compromise te safety of te operator and oters in te vicinity. An essential element of any course training for NDT personnel must terefore be safety. Te duration of te training for tis subject sould be adequate and be provided in addition to te tecnical training associated wit a particular NDT metod General safety considerations include, but are not necessarily limited to, te following: environmental conditions (eat, cold, umidity); toxicity (NDT materials, tested products, atmospere); radiation safety (NDT materials, products, local regulations); 2 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

9 electrical safety (NDT equipment, letal voltages, EMC); potential for injury to personnel (working at eigt or in oter dangerous environments); personal protection equipment (cloting, radiation dosimeters). 5 Radiograpic testing Levels 1, 2 and 3 Te letters E and P followed by a value indicate te educational training time and practical training time respectively, in ours. NOTE level 2. As specified in EN 473, direct access to te level 3 examination requires te total ours sown for level 1 and ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 3

10 5.1 Introduction to, terminology and istory of, NDT 5.2 Pysical principles of te metod and associated knowledge History Purpose Terminology: electromagnetic radiation energy dose dose rate Properties of X- and gamma radiation Relevant standards: EN 444: General principles E 0,5 History Purpose Terminology: wave-lengt dose dose rate intensity dose rate constant E 0,5 P 0,5 Properties of X- and gamma radiation E 1,0 History Purpose Terminology Relevant standards: EN Poton X-radiograpy E 1,0 E 1,0 Properties of radiation E 1,0 Process of ionization: Gamma radiograpy Straigt line propagation potocemical effects; Neutron radiograpy Effects of radiation biological effects; Electron radiograpy Capability of penetration fluorescent effects. Energy Process of ionization: potocemical effects; biological effects; fluorescent effects. Generation of X-radiation E 1,0 Generation of X-radiation E 1,5 Generation of X-radiation E 2,0 Function of X-ray tubes P 0,5 Function of X-ray tubes Function of X-ray tubes Tube current I Spectrum: Spectrum: Hig voltage U: intensity; intensity; effects on dose rate and energy max. energy; max. energy; of radiation. effective energy; effective energy; cange of spectrum by tube current and tube voltage. Inerent filtering Inerent filtering ardening effect cange of spectrum by tube current and tube voltage. Caracteristic radiation 4 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

11 Origin of γ-radiation Origin of γ-radiation E 1,5 Origin of γ-radiation E 2,0 Radio isotope Ir 192, Co 60, Se 75 E 1,0 P 0,5 Radio nuclide Natural and artificial decay decay series Isotope Ir 192, Co 60, Se 75, Yb 169 Radio nuclides for NDT Activity: Isotope Ir 192, Co 60, Se 75, Yb 169 alf life; Activity A Activity A caracteristics of γ-sources; Caracteristics of γ-sources: Caracteristics of γ-sources: life time; alf life; alf life; energy; decay curves maximum activity; decay curves maximum activity; activity; source size. source size. source size. Caracteristic of Gamma ray Caracteristic of Gamma ray Dose rate constant Dose rate constant Spectrum and effective energy Spectrum and effective energy Interaction of radiation wit matter E 1,0 Interaction of radiation wit matter Attenuation: Attenuation: E 3,0 P 0,5 Interaction of radiation wit matter Attenuation vs. energy: absorption; poto effect; poto effect; E 6,0 primary radiation; coerent scattering; coerent scattering; scattered radiation; Compton scattering; Compton scattering; influence of penetrated tickness. pair production. pair production. Type of material Attenuation coefficient Attenuation coefficient Energy Scatter radiation Scatter radiation Specific contrast Specific contrast Radiation contrast Radiation contrast Half value layer Effects of filtering Effects of filtering Tent value layer Beam ardening Beam ardening Klein-Nisina law ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 5

12 Properties of film systems and screens E 1,0 P 1,0 Properties of film systems and screens E 2,0 P 0,5 Construction: Construction base, emulsion, silver bromide; grain size and distribution. Latent image information origin Poto process Processing Properties of films: Properties of film systems: sensitivity; caracteristic curve; granularity; film gradient, film contrast, contrast; speed; optical density; influence of film processing; film system class. sensitivity; granularity; detail perceptibility. Classification of film systems according to EN Film screens: Film screens: type of film screens; type of screens; intensifying effect; film screen contact; filtering effect; inerent unsarpness; film to screen contact. intensifying; effect of filtering; screens for Co 60 and Linac. Properties of film systems, screens and digital detection systems Additional to level 2 New detectors: storage pospor imaging plates; flat panels; X-ray intensifier; line detector. E 2,0 Classification of detector system application 6 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

13 Geometry for radiograpic exposures E 1,0 P 0,5 Geometric unsarpness: object to film distance; focus size d; source to object distance. Source film distance 5.3 Product knowledge and capabilities of te metod and its derivate tecniques Typical weld discontinuities E 1,0 P 3,0 Types of discontinuity according to EN ISO 6520 Geometry for radiograpic exposures E 3,0 P 1,0 Geometric unsarpness: object to film distance; focus size d; source to object distance. Source film distance Determination of te focal spot: size of Gamma sources. Typical weld discontinuities E 3,0 P 1,0 Types of weld seam and weld seam preparation Welding process origin Type of discontinuity according to EN ISO 6520 Geometry for radiograpic exposures E 2,0 P 2,0 Additional to level 2 Metod of focal spot measurement according to EN 12543, EN Requirements for optimization by Geometric unsarpness, total Unsarpness Focus size, current, voltage Source size, activity Typical weld discontinuities E 3,0 Additional to level 2 Introduction to fracture mecanics working load Materials properties Origin of defects Furter NDT metods ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 7

14 Typical defects in castings E 1,0 Defects in castings E 3,0 Defects in castings Types of defect P 1,0 Casting process P 1,0 Casting process E 2,0 P 2,0 Types of cast imperfections and teir origin Types of cast imperfections and teir origin Structural indications Structural indications Beam direction to detectability Working load Materials properties Influence on detectability: E 1,0 Influence on detectability: E 2,0 P 0,5 P 1,0 Production caused defects Influence on detectability: E 2,0 type of defect; beam direction; beam direction; size; geometric distortion; geometric distortion; orientation. increase in wall tickness. increase in wall tickness. Imaged tickness range Imaged tickness range Imaged tickness range Number of exposures Tickness ranges for X- and γ-rays Tickness ranges for X- and γ-rays Number of exposures Number of exposures vs. distortion angle 5.4 Equipment Design and operation of X-ray macines E 1,5 P 1,5 Design and operation of X-ray macines E 2,0 P 1,0 Design and operation of X-ray macines Stationary systems, mobile unit Additional to level 1: Additional to level 2: Tubes: inerent filtering; beam opening caracteristics; glass- and metal-ceramic tube pre-filtering. X-ray flas devices; Design of tubes: Devices for special applications: rod anode devices; standard tube; micro-focus tubes; micro-focus devices; rod anode tube; enlargement tecnique; ig-voltage devices. sort anode tube. radioscopy. Line focus tubes Cooling: gas, water, oil Linac Rotary anode tubes E 2,0 8 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

15 Focal spot Construction Hig voltage, max. current Field of application Exposure time Typical dates Diapragm Safety circuit Operating instructions Design and operation of Gamma ray devices: container, sielding; class P/M; type A/B (transportation); source older and source capsule. Enclosed radioactive material: manipulation device; connections accessory; remote control; collimation; fittings. Operating instructions Reference to national requirements and safety regulations E 1,5 P 1,0 Design and operation of Gamma ray devices E 2,0 Design and operation of Gamma ray devices Additional to level 1: Same as level 2 crawler for pipelines; special device for testing of eat excanger tubes. E 2,0 Accessories for radiograpic testing Equipment: lead tape measure; olding magnets; E 0,5 P 0,5 lead screens sielding; ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 9

16 rubber bands etc.; 5.5 Information prior to testing 5.6 Testing radiation protection equipment. Written procedures given E 0,5 Information about te test object E 2,0 Information about te test object and national requirements Information on te test object Identification or designation Additional to level 2: Object dimensions Selection of standards for specific testing applications Test class of standard European standards: application standards; Equipment to be used overview; purpose; Exposure arrangement tecnical contents and systematic. Extent of testing (20 % inspection) marking Material, dimensions, isometrics: number of parts; field of application; kind of manufacture; catalogue of defects. Test conditions: accessibility; infrastructure; particular test conditions. Product specific standards for special industrial sectors: for welding; Applicable standards for casting; Overview for pipes; Standards assigned to te test pressurized equipment object directive. Preparation of written instructions ISO standards American standards: overview ASME Code overview ASTM standards Developing process E 3,0 Darkroom: design; developer; water bat; fixing bat; E 1,5 P 1,0 Developing process Additional to Level 1: Processing equipment, adjustment: cecking; storage of unexposed films; darkroom ligt test; E 3,5 P 1,0 Developing process Principles Processing equipment, adjustment: cecking; storage of unexposed films; darkroom ligt test; E 4,0 10 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

17 final water bat; fog test; fog test; drying. clearing time; clearing time; Preparation and regeneration of bats Use of filmstrips according to EN 584-2: film processing faults tally seet. tally seet. Process-controlling according to EN Use of filmstrips according to EN Examination of welded joints according to EN 1435 E 10,5 P 10,0 Examination of welded joints according to EN 1435 E 8,0 P 4,0 Explanation and discussion of EN 1435 E 4,0 P 8,0 Scope Scope Scope Test classes: Test classes: basic and improved tecniques basic and improved tecniques. basic and improved tecniques Test arrangements: Test arrangements: Test arrangements: number of exposures (EN 1435:1997, Annex A) number of exposures (EN 1435:1997, Annex A) number of exposures (EN 1435:1997, Annex A) Coice of energy: Coice of energy: Coice of energy: max. X-ray voltage; penetrated tickness range for gamma rays; max. X-ray voltage; penetrated tickness range for gamma rays; max. X-ray voltage; penetrated tickness range for gamma rays; special options. special options. special options. Film and screen coice: Film and screen coice: Film and screen coice: film system classes, type and tickness of screens film system classes, type and tickness of screens film system classes, type and tickness of screens Minimum optical density Minimum optical density Minimum optical density Minimum source-to-object distance Minimum source-to-object distance Minimum source-to-object distance ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 11

18 Examination of castings according to EN E 6,0 P 4,0 Examination of castings according to EN E 6,0 P 3,0 Explanation and discussion of EN E 4,0 P 6,0 Scope Scope for complex saped objects Scope for complex saped objects Test classes: basic and improved tecniques Test arrangements: Test arrangements: Test arrangements: number of exposures number of exposures; number of exposures; Coice of energy: special geometries. special geometries. average wall tickness; Coice of energy: Coice of energy: max. X-ray voltage; average wall tickness; average wall tickness; penetrated tickness range for gamma ray; special options. max. X-ray voltage; penetrated tickness range for gamma ray; max. X-ray voltage; penetrated tickness range for gamma ray; Film and screen coice: special options. special options. film system classes, type and tickness of screens. Minimum optical density Minimum source-to-object distance film Use of enlargement: double film tecnique; wall tickness compensation use of iger energy, ardening. Film and screen coice: Increase of covered tickness range: double film tecnique; wall tickness equalization use of iger energy, ardening. Film and screen coice: film system classes, type and tickness of screens. film system classes, type and tickness of screens Minimum optical density Minimum optical density Minimum source-to-object distance film Minimum source-to-object distance film 12 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

19 Working wit exposure carts E 2,0 P 2,0 Definition of exposure value exposure time Special tecniques E 6,0 Direct radiograpy and radioscopy according to EN Stereo tecnique Round about tecnique Image detectors: fluoroscope; E 2,0 P 2,0 Correction of exposure time for different: Testing of corrosion damage Enlargement wit micro-focus flat panels; X-ray intensifier; film-focalspot-distance FFD; Real-time tecnique: camera and TV-systems. optical density; fluorescent screens; Applications: relative film exposure factor. radioscopy; serial production testing; computed radiograpy; dynamical testing; documentation, picture arcive. special materials. Limits of te metod: resolution; dynamic; signal-to-noise-ratio; modulation transfer function. Basic image processing: monitoring; documentation. Special tecniques E 3,0 Stereo tecinique Round about tecinique Testing of corrosion damage Enlargement wit micro focus Special aspects for radiograpy of materials wit ig and low density Low voltage radiograpy ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 13

20 Radiograpy of art objects: ligt alloys; plastics; pre-filtering. Hig-voltage radiograpy: concrete testing. Film-screen-systems pre-filtering: intermediate filtering; eavy walled casting; special radiation protection, contamination. Image quality indicators according to EN 462-1, EN 462-2, EN Definition of Image quality number design of IQI: IQI position of different exposures; image quality classes; image quality number. E 1,0 Image quality indicators according to EN 462-1, EN 462-2, EN P 0,5 Additional to Level 1: image quality number for oter materials according EN 462-4; detection of unsarpness wit duplex-indicator according EN E 2,0 Image quality indicators according to EN 462-1, EN 462-2, EN 462-3, EN 462-4, EN Same as Level 2: relevance of image quality indicators; international image quality indicators. E 1,0 14 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

21 System of marking Object to film assignment: permanent marking of te object; E 1,0 P 0,5 zero point, incremental count direction; marker tape; position of markings on te object Drafting an NDT instruction for te testing of welding and castings E 6,0 Drafting an NDT instruction for te testing of welding and castings E 23,0 Organization of simple test procedures Test objects: ambient conditions; reference documents, specifications, standards; coice of radiation source; coice of adequate direction of radiation; film location plan; identification of test piece and radiograps; number of exposures; performance of te test and reporting of test results; viewing of te films; classification of defects; assessment of te results according to applicable codes and standards; Complete organization of test procedures in combination wit oter NDT metods Integration of internal priorities Coice of testing metod: time of testing; radiation protection equipment. Personnel qualification Cost estimation: manpower costs; for equipment; for consumable; for auxiliary attacment second exposures after repair. Selection of specifications for application and evaluation Example of written practice for weld inspection according to ASTM list of required accessories. ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 15

22 5.7 Evaluation and reporting Basics of evaluation Viewing conditions: room condition; viewing time; lapsed time after dazzling; film illuminator, luminance; density measurement. E 1,5 P 1,0 Basics of evaluation Additional to Level 1: Mac effect. Film illuminator according to EN 25580: min. luminance; omogeneity factor. Pysiological factors: eyesigt; adaptation prior to viewing. E 2,0 Basic of evaluation E 1,0 Film illuminator according to EN 25580: min. luminance; omogeneity factor. Pysiological factors: eyesigt; adaptation prior to viewing. Evaluation of radiograps E 2,0 Evaluation of radiograps E 3,5 Evaluation of radiograps E 2,0 Verification te image quality P 1,0 Verification of image quality Verification of image quality P 2,0 Report of simple welding and casting imperfections Report of imperfections Report of imperfections Test report: E 1,0 Ceck of test report E 4,0 Feasibility of test report E 3,0 welding according to EN 1435; castings according to EN P 2,0 Does it comply wit te examination standard? Confirmation of te radiograpic image quality vs. test report P 2,0 Conformed to te test quality Acieved test class Acieved image quality class 5.8 Assessment Acieved diagnostic coverage of test object Classification of imperfections Type, size, localization, frequency E 12,5 P 6,0 Welding: Welding: Classification of imperfections Type, size, localization, frequency E 8,0 P 7,0 according to EN ISO 5817; according to EN ISO 5817; according to EN or ISO 17635; according to EN or ISO ; according EN 12517; according to EN 12517; 16 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

23 according to standard on inspection of pressure vessels (EN ); according to standard on inspection of pressure vessels (EN ); casting; casting; according to ASTM. according to ASTM. Evaluation catalogue to EN ISO 5817 Evaluation catalogue to EN ISO 5817 ASTM catalogue ASTM catalogue Oter national training catalogues Oter national training catalogues Influence of manufacture and material Influence of manufacture and material 5.9 Quality aspects Personnel qualification (according to EN 473 and ISO 9712) E 1,0 Personnel qualification (according to EN 473 and ISO 9712) E 2,0 Personnel qualification (according to EN 473 and ISO 9712) E 2,0 Equipment verification Equipment verification Equipment verification Written instructions Format of working procedures Traceability of documents Traceability of documents Oter NDT qualification and certification sceme A review of applicable NDT application and product standards A review of applicable NDT application and product standards 5.10 Developments Alternative detectors to film Flat panel detectors E 0,5 Innovative radiological tecniques 3-dimensional radiology testing: stereo tecnique; multi angle tecnique; computed laminograpy; computed tomograpy: principle; applications; E 4,5 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 17

24 digital image processing; film digitization; image enancement. Total duration E 40,5 E 83 E 91,5 P 32,5 P 20 P ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

25 6 Ultrasonic testing Levels 1, 2 and 3 Te letters E and P followed by a value indicate te educational training time and practical training time respectively, in ours. NOTE As specified in EN 473, direct access to te level 3 examination requires te total ours sown for level 1 and level Introduction to, terminology and istory of, NDT Task of non-destructive testing Personnel History of NDT Terminology of NDT (EN and EN ) E 1,0 Review of level 1 knowledge Terminology and definitions of UT E 1,0 Terminology and definitions of UT Overview of standards: ISO, CEN and national (general, and products) E 1,5 History of UT 6.2 Pysical principles of te metod and associated knowledge Terminology of UT (EN ) Relevant standards: EN to EN EN Review of matematical basics Pysical definitions and typical parameters Sinusoidal movement, amplitude, period, frequency, wavelengt, propagation velocity Pysical definitions and typical parameters E 10,0 E 16,0 Same as level 2 plus: Same as level 1 plus: acoustic impedance, factors of reflection and transmission (normal beam only); beam propagation. Isotropic and anisotropic materials Penomena of guided propagation Velocity measurement and dispersion Relation between velocity and elastic properties of material E 16,0 Various types of wave modes Various types of wave modes Longitudinal waves Same as level 1 plus: Transverse waves Concepts of surface waves or Rayleig waves and of plate waves or Lamb waves extended knowledge of surface waves or Rayleig waves and of plate waves or Lamb waves; creeping waves. ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 19

26 Reflection and refraction Reflection and refraction Normal incidence, transmission, and Same as level 1 plus acoustic reflection pressure Incidence oblique Snell s law Critical angles, mode conversion Transmission and reception of ultrasonic waves Piezo-electric effect Ferro-electricity or electrostriction Magnetostriction Transmission and reception of ultrasonic waves Same as level 1 Ferro-electricity or electrostriction Magnetostriction Transducer caracteristics Transducer caracteristics Material, dimensions, piezo-electric Same as level 1 (deeper knowledge) constants Caracteristics of te beam of a circular transducer Influence of transducer frequency and diameter Caracteristics of te beam of a circular transducer Same as level 1 plus: caracteristics of te beam of a rectangular transducer; Near field (Fresnel zone) beam profiling. Far field (Fraunofer zone) Beam divergence Beam divergence factor 20 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

27 6.3 Product knowledge and related capability of te metod and derived tecniques 6.4 Equipment Various defects related to te manufacturing processes and service-induced defects related to te defined sectors Implementation of te testing tecniques according to products and to expected discontinuities Influence of geometry and structure (spurious ecoes, sound attenuation) Various probes (normal, angle, dual): instruments (analogical and digital); pulse generation; reception and amplification (percentage and db); range setting; A- scan presentation; B- and C-scan presentation. E 4,0 Same as level 1 plus: E 8,0 Same as level 2 plus: E 8,0 tandem (zones); selection of transducers for required resolution and reduction of noise (type, frequency, size); immersion; TOFD; pased arrays. Influence of te main parameters coice of tecniques (contact, immersion, transmission, resonance, etc.); EMAT; multiple probe arrays. A compreensive understanding and knowledge of te manufacturing processes and associated metallurgy and flaw types etc. A compreensive understanding and knowledge of te cause and formation of in-service defects including associated metallurgy and flaw types, etc. E 8,0 Same as level 1 plus: E 8,0 Same as level 2 plus: E 8,0 P 4,0 P 4,0 P 4,0 detailed knowledge of te different functions of UT test equipment; automatic and semi-automatic systems; B- and C-scan presentation (deeper knowledge); couplant (deeper knowledge); calibration reference and transfer blocks. systems (manual/semiautomatic, automatic,): speed, incrementation, repeatability, etc.; analog flaw detectors (different circuits); digital flaw detectors (comparison wit analog flaw detectors, sampling-rate); special equipment including tickness measurement. Probes: dynamic range; probes for immersion: focused, sperical, cylindrical, Fermat surface; ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 21

28 Additional functions: couplant. 6.5 Information prior to testing Written instructions (prepared by a level 2 or 3): objectives; requirements. E 2,0 6.6 Testing Verification of combined equipment (according to EN ) E 8,0 P 16,0 Standardized calibration blocks ref: EN and EN Contact tecnique (straigt and angle beam) Reflection measurement of pulse lengt practical mesurement of te near field; soe (delay, curvature, etc.); connecting cables (sealing, insulation and flexibility; blocks representativity. Same as level 1 (deeper knowledge) plus E 2,0 P 8,0 Same as level 2 plus Selection of tecnical parameters: E 2,0 P 8,0 contents and requirements of instructions, procedures and standards. products geometry, surface quality, accessibility, environment, etc.; UT indication/discontinuity /defect: type, origin, sape,dimension, orientation, tilt/skew, etc.; properties of te equipment. Preparation of written instructions Preparation of written specifications Same as level 1 (deeper knowledge) plus: reference reflectors (laws of distance and size); E 12,0 Same as level 2 plus: P 16,0 control and assessment of procedures and instructions for teir efficiency. E 8,0 P 8,0 DGS-metod; DAC-curves; distance/amplitude-correction; transfer correction (surface and attenuation); 22 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

29 6.7 Evaluation and reporting Transmission sizing tecniques, principles and limitations; Immersion tecniques (straigt and angle beam) Reflection Transmission Setting of range and sensitivity Reference reflectors Transfer correction Ultrasonic tickness measurement Equipment Tecniques Detecting, locating (trigonometrical rules) and sizing tecniques Recording and evaluation level Acceptance levels Test reports System of coordinates Measurement (probe, reflector) Calculated values E 4,0 P 4,0 scanning. Same as level 1 (deeper knowledge) plus: caracterization (planar/non-planar according to EN 1713 for welds); interpretation and evaluation of indications. E 4,0 P 8,0 Use of complementary NDT metods: E 4,0 P 4,0 interpretation of relevant standards and codes; evaluation (conventional approac, validated metod); distinction defect/artefact; acceptance criteria; level of significant variation; storage and recording process. ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 23

30 6.8 Assessment (Not applicable) Evaluation and confirmation of test reports Application of te acceptance: criteria according to standards, codes and procedures E 4,0 Detailed knowledge of ow to classify and assess observations, analyse te results and compare tem to codes, standards and design specifications, etc. E 4,0 How to develop codes, standards and design specifications, etc., into clear acceptance criteria to be written into procedures and instructions. 6.9 Quality aspects Personnel qualification (according to EN 473 and ISO 9712) E 1,0 Personnel qualification (according to EN 473 and ISO 9712) E 1,0 P 2,0 Also ow to find information/assistance to investigate observations not covered by codes and standards and develop acceptance criteria. Te training of levels 1 and 2 for tese acceptance criteria. Personnel qualification and responsibility (according to EN 473 and ISO 9712) Equipment verification Equipment verification Equipment verification Written instructions Format of working procedures Traceability of documents Traceability of documents E 2,0 P 4,0 Oter NDT qualification and certification systems A review of applicable NDT applications and product standards 6.10 Developments (Not applicable) General information E 1,0 Newest developments for industrial and scientific applications of UT: e.g. tomograpy olograpy, acoustic microscopy. Total duration E 38 P 24 E 57 P 38 E 1,0 E 54.5 P ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

31 7 Eddy current testing Levels 1, 2 and 3 Te letters E and P followed by a value indicate te educational training time and practical training time respectively, in ours. NOTE As specified in EN 473, direct access to te level 3 examination requires te total ours sown for level 1 and level Generalities on NDT: E 1,0 Generalities on NDT: E 1,0 Generalities on NDT: E 0,5 Introduction to, terminology and istory of, NDT Wat is testing? Wat is te purpose of NDT? At wat stage of te life of a product is NDT performed? How does it add value? Wo may carry out NDT? Main NDT metods. Wat is testing? Wat is te purpose of NDT? At wat stage of te life of a product is NDT performed? How does it add value Wo may carry out NDT? Main NDT metods. Wat is testing? Wat is te purpose of NDT? At wat stage of te life of a product is NDT performed? How does it add value? Wo may carry out NDT? Main NDT metods. Eddy current testing Eddy current testing Eddy current testing Definition: electromagnetic interaction between a sensor and a test object conducting electricity, providing information on pysical caracteristics of te test object. Definition: electromagnetic interaction between a sensor and a test object conducting electricity, providing information on pysical caracteristics of te test object. Definition: electromagnetic interaction between a sensor and a test object conducting electricity, providing information on pysical caracteristics of te test object. History of te metod History of te metod History of te metod Terminology Terminology Terminology EN and EN EN and EN EN and EN EN EN EN ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 25

32 7.2 Pysical principles and associated knowledge Notions necessary for understanding eddy current testing. Te knowledge associated wit te pysical principles (pysics, matematics) may, as well, be te object of a preliminary course of training. Relevant standards: EN 12084: General principles Fundamentals Electricity elements Direct current: current, voltage, resistance, conductance, Om's law, resistivity, conductivity. Units, conductivity values for some metals. E 5,0 P 2,0 Fundamentals Electricity Direct current: current, voltage, resistance, conductance, Om's law, resistivity, conductivity. Units, conductivity values for some metals. E 5,0 P 4,0 Fundamentals Electricity Direct current: current, voltage, resistance, conductance, Om's law, resistivity, conductivity. Units, conductivity values for some metals. E 4,0 Alternating current: sinusoidal current and voltage, amplitude, frequency, period, pase. Alternating current: sinusoidal current and voltage, amplitude, frequency, period, pase. Vector representation. Alternating current: sinusoidal current and voltage, amplitude, frequency, period, pase. Vector representation. Oter periodic currents. Magnetism Magnetism Magnetism Magnetism: magnetic field, lines of force, magnetic field strengt. Permeability, flux density (induction). Flux. Hysteresis loop. Units. Magnetism: magnetic field, lines of force, magnetic field strengt. Permeability, flux density (induction). Flux. Hysteresis loop. Reluctance. Magneto-motive force. Units. Magnetism: magnetic field, lines of force, magnetic field strengt. Permeability, flux density (induction). Flux. Hysteresis loop. Reluctance. Magneto-motive force. Units. Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism. Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism. 26 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

33 7.3 Product knowledge and related capability of te metod and derived tecniques Electromagnetism Electromagnetism Electromagnetism Magnetic field created by a current, (wire, coil). Electromagnetic induction penomenon, inductance, Electromagnetic coupling. Induced currents and secondary field. Lenz s law Eddy current distribution in conducting materials: dept of penetration, amplitude, pase; Magnetic field created by a current, (wire, coil). Electromagnetic induction penomenon, inductance, mutual induction. Electromagnetic coupling. Induced currents and secondary field. Lenz s law Eddy current distribution in conducting materials: planar wave: standard dept of penetration, amplitude, pase; Magnetic field created by a current, (wire, coil). Electromagnetic induction penomenon, inductance, mutual induction. Electromagnetic coupling. Induced currents and secondary field. Lenz s law Eddy current distribution in conducting materials: planar wave: standard dept of penetration, amplitude, pase; caracteristic frequency. Cylindrical conductors: Cylindrical conductors: caracteristic frequency. caracteristic frequency. Impedance. Impedance. Impedance. Complex plane representation. Complex plane representation. Impedance plane diagrams. Impedance plane diagrams. Applications of eddy current testing Metal sorting Measurement of a pysical parameter: conductivity, ferrite content, tickness of coatings, etc. Detection of local discontinuities (flaws). Capabilities: dept of penetration, conductive materials; non-contact, ig-speed, igtemperature, may be mecanized Tecniques: single frequency, multifrequency, multiparameter E 4,0 P 4,0 Manufacturing related discontinuities (typical flaws) Service induced discontinuities (flaws). Material properties influencing eddy current testing: conductivity, permeability. Product caracteristics influencing eddy current testing: condition (surface condition, eat treatment, cold working, temperature, etc.), sape, wall tickness, accessibility. Products being tested: semi-finised products, pipes, eat excanger tubes, mecanical parts (e.g. car, railway and aircraft industry), welds (e.g. offsore) E 3,0 P 3,0 Manufacturing related discontinuities (typical flaws) Service induced discontinuities (flaws). Material properties influencing eddy current testing: conductivity, permeability. Product caracteristics influencing eddy current testing: condition (surface condition, eat treatment, cold working, temperature, etc.), sape, wall tickness, accessibility. E 3,0 P 3,0 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 27

34 Applications of eddy current testing: Applications of eddy current testing: metal sorting metal sorting Measurement of a pysical parameter: Measurement of a pysical parameter: conductivity, ferrite content, tickness of coatings, etc. conductivity, tickness of coatings, etc. Detection of local discontinuities (flaws) Detection of local discontinuities (flaws) Capabilities: Capabilities: dept of penetration, conductive materials. dept of penetration, conductive materials. Non-contact, ig-speed, igtemperature, may be mecanized Non-contact, ig-speed, igtemperature, may be mecanized Tecniques: single frequency, multifrequency, multiparameter. Remote field. Tecniques: single frequency, multifrequency, multiparameter. Remote field. Codes and standards Codes and standards 7.4 Eddy current testing system: E 3,0 Eddy current testing system: E 6,0 Eddy current testing system: E 4,0 Equipment instrument, probe, reference blocks. Relevant standards: EN and EN instrument, probe, reference blocks. Relevant standards: EN and EN instrument, probe, reference blocks. Relevant standards: EN and EN General purpose application instrument: essential functions. General purpose application instrument: essential functions. Specific application instruments. Specific application instruments. Probe functions: combined or separate transmit- receive. Probe functions: combined or separate transmit- receive. Probe family: surface, coaxial Probe family: surface, coaxial Probe designs. Probe designs. 28 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved

35 7.5 Information prior to testing 7.6 Testing Measurements: absolute, differential, oters Measurements: absolute, differential, oters. Measurements: absolute, differential, oters. Output and signal display Output and signal display. Output and signal display. Reference blocks: material, design, Reference blocks: material, design, production, storage. production, storage. Information on te product: grade, metallurgical condition, sape. Type of discontinuities anticipated and location, duty of te product. Extent of examination. Information on test conditions: temperature, umidity, access, availability, unwanted interfering signals, electric and/or magnetic disturbances. Reference blocks: design, production, storage. Mecanized equipment. Mecanized equipment. Codes and standards. Codes and standards. E 2,0 Information on te product: grade, metallurgical condition, sape. Type of discontinuities anticipated and location, duty of te product. Extent of examination. E 2,0 P 12,0 E 2,0 Information on te product: grade, metallurgical condition, sape. Type of discontinuities anticipated and location, duty of te product. Extent of examination. Information on test conditions: Information on test conditions: temperature, umidity, access, temperature, umidity, access, availability, unwanted interfering availability, unwanted interfering signals, electric and/or magnetic signals, electric and/or magnetic disturbances. disturbances. Preparation of written instructions Use of oter NDT metods. Reference blocks: design, production, storage. Probe: selection, as a result of te information in 7.5. Operating conditions: Operating conditions as a result of te information in 7.5: E 2,0 P 12,0 Codes, standards, specifications. Reference blocks: design, production, storage. Probe: selection or design, as a result of te information in 7.5. Operating conditions as a result of te information in 7.5: E 2,0 E 3,0 P 3,0 excitation frequency and, if necessary, auxiliary frequencies; excitation frequency and if necessary auxiliary frequencies; excitation frequency and if necessary auxiliary frequencies. probe speed, probe clearance, probe vibration and centring. probe speed, probe clearance, probe vibration and centring. probe speed, probe clearance, probe vibration and centring. Calibration curves Calibration curves. Calibration curves. Settings: data acquisition procedure/instructions. Settings: data acquisition procedure Settings: data acquisition procedure. ISO 2006 All rigts reserved 29

36 7.7 Evaluation And Reporting 7.8 Assessment 7.9 Quality aspects 7.10 Developments (Evaluation not applicable) E 1,0 P 1,0 Evaluation Caracterisation of te indications: single frequency analysis, multifrequency analysis, data analysis procedure. Reporting Reporting Reporting Examination report Reporting level Reporting level E 2,0 P 2,0 Evaluation Caracterization of te indications: single frequency analysis, multifrequency analysis, data analysis procedure. Examination report Examination report (Not applicable) Acceptance criteria E 2,0 Acceptance criteria Codes, standards Significance of discontinuities Personnel qualification (according to EN 473 and ISO 9712) E 1,0 Personnel qualification (according to EN 473 and ISO 9712) E 1,0 P 2,0 Codes, standards Personnel qualification (according to EN 473 and ISO 9712) Equipment verification Equipment verification Equipment verification Written instructions Format of working procedures Traceability of documents Traceability of documents Oter NDT qualification and certification systems A review of applicable NDT application and product standards (Not applicable) General information E 1,0 Array probes Pulsed eddy currents Non inductive tecniques: Magneto- Optical Imaging, SQUID, Giant Total duration E 19,0 P 19,0 E 25,0 P 23,0 magneto-resistance Imaging Modelling E 3,0 P 2,0 E 4,0 E 2,0 P 4,0 E 4,0 P 2,0 E 29,5 P 14,0 30 ISO 2006 All rigts reserved