Unit 9 Objectives. Unit 9 Objectives
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1 Unit S130-EP Unit 9 Objectives 1. Describe three methods for breaking the fire triangle. 2. Describe three methods of attack on a fire. 3. List three suppression techniques and describe their uses. 4. Describe the blackline concept. 5. Describe four kinds of fire control line S130-EP Unit 9 Objectives 6. Name four threats/hazards to an existing control line when fire is burning inside the line. 7. Describe the proper follow-up procedures for a dozer or tractor plow fireline. 8. Describe two kinds of coordinated crew techniques used for fireline construction and with at least four additional personnel, construct a fireline using these techniques S130-EP 1
2 Unit 9 Objectives 9. Describe safety procedures to follow when in an area where retardant/water drops are being made. 10. Describe five safety procedures to follow when working around engines, tractor plows, and dozers. 11. Demonstrate the proper use of appropriate hand tools during fire suppression activities. 12. Demonstrate the construction of a cup trench on a steep slope S130-EP TERMS Control Line Constructed and natural fire barriers and treated fire edges used to control the fire Fireline Any cleared strip or portion of a control line from which flammable material has been removed by scraping or digging down to mineral soil S130-EP The Fire Triangle OXYGEN FIRE FUEL HEAT 09-6-S130-EP 2
3 The Fire Triangle Fuel + Oxygen + Heat = FIRE Remove one or more of these elements and the fire is extinguished by cutting a line removing the fuel by spraying water or throwing dirt by hot spotting cooling with water or dirt = NO FIRE 09-7-S130-EP Fireline Construction Standards Influencing Factors Fuel type Fuel moisture Continuity and arrangement of fuel Temperatures Wind 09-8-S130-EP Methods of Attack Direct Attack Construct Fireline on the fire perimeter. 1 Foot in the Black Indirect Attack Construct fireline some distance away. Burn Out fuels. Flanking/Parallel Attack construct fireline along the flanks. How close depends on fire intensity. Away from book 09-9-S130-EP 3
4 DIRECT ATTACK Used When: 1 a. Fire Is small b. in light fuels c. ground fires in peat or duff d. on the flanks and rear of larger fires e. when heat, flames and smoke will allow S130-EP Standards of Line Construction Line is constructed on fire edge. Width will vary: wide enough to stop fire topography including slope/aspect fuels weather conditions part of fire being attacked size and intensity S130-EP Standards of Line Construction cont.. Resources available to fight fire local tactics may control the characteristics of good fireline Constructed to mineral soil. Throw all unburned materials outside the fireline S130-EP 4
5 Pro s of Direct Attack Limits chance for fire to gain size or momentum Eliminates uncertain elements of backfiring Reduces danger of crown fires Firefighters can have one foot in the black for a safety zone S130-EP Con s of Direct Attack Firefighters work in heat and smoke There may be a need for more patrols and mop-up Increase chance of spot fires Control lines can be long and irregular Limits ability to use barriers S130-EP Do s of Direct Attack Take advantage of wind lulls Time attack to coincide with fire burning into lighter fuels Conserve water; cool edge so firefighters can get in close Scatter remaining heavy fuels inside the burn Fell snags adjacent to fireline HAVE A PLAN, WORK AS A TEAM! S130-EP 5
6 Don ts of Direct Attack Attack the head of a fast moving or erratic fires Waste water Place crew or equipment at risk S130-EP Indirect Attack Fireline constructed at certain distances away from the fires edge S130-EP INDIRECT ATTACK Used when: Burning conditions are intense high heat intensity high rates of spread terrain or fire conditions are unsafe for firefighters Not enough firefighters Good barriers available S130-EP 6
7 Used when : Extreme or erratic fire behavior, rapid R.O.S. Fireline needs to be straightened across pockets S130-EP Standards of Line Construction To mineral soil. Width will vary: a. wide enough to stop fire b. topography including slope/aspect c. fuels d. weather conditions e. part of fire being attacked f. size and intensity S130-EP Standards of Line Construction cont.. Resources available to fight fire Local tactics may control the characteristics of good fireline ALWAYS START AT AN ANCHOR POINT Some point where the fire cannot circle around you Road, rocks, streams S130-EP 7
8 Pro s of Indirect Firefighters away from heat/smoke Take advantage of change in fuel types Permits taking advantage of topographic features & barriers S130-EP Con s of Indirect Sacrifice acreage May be outflanked by fire Backfire may go out of control Fire may change direction suddenly You must commit to the incident until the fire is out S130-EP Do s of Indirect Establish firelines in lighter fuel Make lines a straight as possible Keep heavy fuel concentrations outside of lines Use natural barriers Lines to mineral soil S130-EP 8
9 Do s of Indirect cont.. Maintain patrols of established lines Set backfires only when needed Establish periodic rest periods for personnel S130-EP Don ts of Indirect: Don t over extend yourself light only as much as you can hold Don t set unwatched burnout! Don t construct line next to tall fuels Don t take any chances with personnel and equipment!!!! S130-EP FLANKING/PARALLEL ATTACK Construct fireline along the flanks. How close depends on fire intensity S130-EP 9
10 Hotspotting (Back to Book P9.3) S130-EP Cold Trailing S130-EP Scratch Line S130-EP 10
11 Fireproofing Fuel Outside Control Line Rocks and dirt Rotting stump Control line S130-EP Burning Out S130-EP Burnout Main fire Burnout Burnout Wind Control line S130-EP 11
12 Black Line S130-EP Types of control lines S130-EP Constructed Fireline S130-EP 12
13 Cup Trench S130-EP Cup Trench S130-EP Machine Line S130-EP 13
14 Wet Line S130-EP Retardant Line S130-EP Detonation cord S130-EP 14
15 Black-Line S130-EP Natural Control Line Cold fire edge Fuel break Previously constructed barriers S130-EP Natural Barriers S130-EP 15
16 Cold Fire Edge S130-EP Fuel Break S130-EP Previously Constructed barrier S130-EP 16
17 Threats to Existing Control Line Spotting Rolling Debris Creeping Radiant Heat S130-EP Dozer or Tractor Plow Follow Up Clean up Break up machine piles and berms Fireproof needed areas Prepare and burn out control line Secure the control line Mop up the interior Patrol the control line S130-EP Coordinated Crew Techniques One-lick - Few Strokes Move Forward (progressive) Bump-up/Specified Length Each Member Certain Length Usually Used in Mop-Up leap frog S130-EP 17
18 09-52-S130-EP ENGINE TACTICS (Away from the book) COVER: Water Use Direct Attack Indirect Attack Engine Protection S130-EP Using Water Wisely Aim stream at the base of the flame Conserve water- on/off technique Straight stream for distance Fog for cooling and penetration Utilize foam S130-EP 18
19 Remember High heat use straight stream for knock down, fog for cooling Apply fog parallel to edge Be certain the fire is knocked down before moving on - watch for flare ups behind you S130-EP Remember. Again, straight stream for knock down Wet line may not hold, patrols and handline may be needed Accuracy counts. Use on/off to check effectiveness of water High pressure from hose may spread fire Use handtools w/backpack pumps S130-EP Indirect Attack with Engines Build wetline in light grass- lite fuels To reinforce existing firelines, dozerlines or roads To support backfire operations S130-EP 19
20 Direct Attack is most effective in fuels? S130-EP Direct Attack is most effective in Light fuels? S130-EP Factors to consider Terrain Point of attack Escape routes & crew safety Fuel types Rate of spread & intensity Capability of personnel & equipment S130-EP 20
21 Mobile Attack S130-EP Stationary Attack S130-EP Inside-Out Attack S130-EP 21
22 Tandem Attack Two or more engines Mobile Attack S130-EP S130-EP S336-EP Hose lays would normally be used in S130-EP 22
23 Hose lays would normally be used in Stationary S130-EP A primary concern to engine operators S130-EP A primary concern to engine operators Eng Prot S130-EP 23
24 Engine Protection Always have a charged line available for engine PROTECTION. LCES S130-EP Engine Protection S130-EP Fire is the most critical factor in deciding Method of Attack S130-EP 24
25 Fire BEHAVIOR is the most critical factor in deciding Method of Attack S130-EP Retardant/Water Drop Safety Procedures Back to Book P 9.6 FLHB Page S130-EP Retardant/Water Drop Safety Procedures Up root vegetation Break large trees Move rocks Throw firefighters a considerable distance S130-EP 25
26 Retardant/Water Drop Safety Procedures S130-EP Retardant/Water Drop Safety Procedures S130-EP Retardant/Water Drop Safety Procedures S130-EP 26
27 Retardant/Water Drop Safety Procedures S130-EP Fireline Equipment Safety Procedures Engine - FLHB P60 Tractor Plow and Dozer FLHB P S130-EP Unit 9 Objectives 1. Describe three methods for breaking the fire triangle. 2. Describe three methods of attack on a fire. 3. List three suppression techniques and describe their uses. 4. Describe the blackline concept. 5. Describe four kinds of fire control line S130-EP 27
28 Unit 9 Objectives 6. Name four threats/hazards to an existing control line when fire is burning inside the line. 7. Describe the proper follow-up procedures for a dozer or tractor plow fireline. 8. Describe two kinds of coordinated crew techniques used for fireline construction and with at least four additional personnel, construct a fireline using these techniques S130-EP Unit 9 Objectives 9. Describe safety procedures to follow when in an area where retardant/water drops are being made. 10. Describe five safety procedures to follow when working around engines, tractor plows, and dozers. 11. Demonstrate the proper use of appropriate hand tools during fire suppression activities. 12. Demonstrate the construction of a cup trench on a steep slope S130-EP 28
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