CONSIDERATII PRIVIND INTRODUCEREA UNUI SISTEM DE STINGERE A INCENDIULUI IN STATIILE ELECTRICE DE TRANSFORMARE

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1 CONSIDERATII PRIVIND INTRODUCEREA UNUI SISTEM DE STINGERE A INCENDIULUI IN STATIILE ELECTRICE DE TRANSFORMARE CONSIDERATION ON FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM IN SUBSTATIONS Vasile TABACARU Cezar CRISTIAN SC FDFEE ELECTRICA MUNTENIA NORD SA SDFEE Galati 35 A, N. Balcescu Street, Galati Tel , tehnic@electricitate.galati.ro Rezumat: In staţiile electrice de transforrmare din sistemul de distribuţie nu există instalaţii individuale sau sisteme integrate cu rol de detectare automată, semnalizare/alarmare şi stingere a incendiilor, ci doar materiale tehnice şi produse iniţiale (conform PE 009). Incidente minore, produse în staţii fără personal, conduc la avarii cu pierderi materiale incomparabile cu valoarea unui sistem de detectare şi stingere a incendiului. Dată fiind valoarea mare a investiţiilor în cazul staţiilor noi sau a celor modernizate, în special prin echipamentul de comutaţie şi protecţie de ultimă generaţie utilizat, subliniem că trebuie (re)considerată dotarea unei săli de conexiuni din cadrul unei staţii electrice de transformare în privinţa protecţiei la incendiu. Promovăm ideea introducerii unuia din cele mai simple sisteme de detectare automată şi stingere a incendiului: pe bază de detectoare de fum prin aspiraţie şi amestec de gaz ecologic inhibitor FM Merită cu adevărat instalarea unui sistem de securitate? La o analiză atentă a rolului pe care îl are sistemul de securitate, se poate concluziona că acesta este unul ingrat: pe de o parte, apreciat pentru starea de veghe permanentă în vederea declanşării unei alarme în cazul pericolelor potenţiale (incendiu, efracţii, sabotaj etc.) şi, pe de altă parte, este neapreciat pentru beneficiile prevenirii sau limitării distrugerilor. Un simplu incident sau o explozie însoţită de incendiu nu produce doar distrugeri directe (asupra instalaţiei, resurselor etc.) ci şi mari pierderi indirecte (întreruperea funcţionării instalaţiei, penalizări contractuale). În plus, nu toate riscurile sunt asigurabile sau, dacă sunt, primele de asigurare sunt prohibitive. Analizând toate aceste motive, rezultă că o companie ar trebui să facă eforturi în a găsi soluţii pentru protecţia instalaţiilor, a producţiei şi, nu în ultimul rând, a angajaţilor. La ora actuală, practic nici o afacere nu-şi poate permite, în perspectiva dezvoltării ei, să ignore latura managerială a riscului. Ca o consecinţă, pe piaţa mondială sunt multe firme profesioniste care oferă proiecte în acest domeniu, bazate pe experienţă şi know-how şi care, la cerinţele clientului, indentifică coordonatele profilului hazardului, determină obiectivele de protejat şi proiectează un concept efectiv de securitate. Dacă riscurile principale sunt prevenite şi reduse utilizând măsuri structurale, tehnice şi organizatorice, riscurile reziduale sunt asigurate şi asumate de companie. Astfel, costurile directe şi indirecte ale oricăror evenimente însoţite de pierderi pot să fie puse în evidenţă şi încorporate în planificarea financiară pe termen lung. Un sistem de securitate poate avea ca obiectiv: detecţia/ protecţia la incendiu, alarmă în caz de spargeri, controlul accesului, monitorizare video, protecţia persoanei. In cele ce Abstrat: In the electric transformer stations of the power distribution system, there are no individual or integrated systems for automatic fire detection, signalling/alarm and extinguishing. There are only technical materials and initial products (according to PE 009). Minor incidents that occur in unmanned stations cause material losses far higher than the cost of a fire detection and extinguishing system. Because of the high investments involved in new or modernized stations, in particular last generation switching and protection equipment, we emphasize the necessity of fire protection within a connection room of the transformer station. We recommend the use of one of the simplest automatic fire detection and extinguishing systems: based on aspiration and FM 200 inhibitive ecologic gas smoke detectors. 1. Is the installation of a security system really worth? At a closer look, it can be concluded that the role of the security system is quite unrewarded: on one hand it is appreciated because they are constantly on the lookout for potential dangers (fire, intrusion, sabotage etc), and on the other they are disregarded for the benefits of damage prevention or limitation. A simple incident or an explosion followed by a fire not only cause direct damage (to the plant, premises and operatin resources) but also high indirect losses (interruption of operations, contract penalities etc). Further not all risks are insurable or, if they are, the premiums are prohibitive. For all these reasons a company has to find other solutions to safeguard the systems, production and not last, the employees lives. Nowadays no bussiness can afford to ignore forwardlooking risk management. Therefore there are many professional companies that offer projects based on their experience and know-how and together with the client, map out a hazard profile, determine the security objectives and draw up an effective security concept. While high risks are prevented and reduced using structural, technical and organisational measures, residual risks are insured or borne by the company. Thus, the direct and indirect costs of any loss events are clearly emphasized and can be incorporated in the long term financial planning. The objective of a security system can be: fire detection/ protection, burglary and hold-up alarm, access control, video monitoring, person protection. In this paper we try to emphasize and promote the necessity of a security system

2 472 urmează, încercăm să promovăm ideea necesităţii realizării unui sistem de securitate care să aibă ca obiectiv detectarea automată şi stingerea incendiului în sala de conexiuni din staţiile electrice de transformare din sistemul de distribuţie. 2. Situaţie existentă în staţiile de distribuţie In staţiile electrice din sistemul de distribuţie nu există instalaţii individuale de detectare automată, semnalizare, alarmare şi stingere a incendiilor, nicidecum sisteme integrate care să îndeplinească toate aceste funcţii, ci doar materiale tehnice şi produse iniţiale. Notă: In sensul unui sistem integrat de detectare automată şi stingere a incendiului, trebuie subliniat singurul pas care s-a făcut în staţiile exterioare pentru protecţia celui mai important şi mai scump echipament, transformatorul de putere. Conform unei decizii RENEL (65/ ), prin care s-a modificat şi completat normativul PE 009, articolul 8.22b referitor la stingerea cu apă pulverizată a transformatoarelor de putere s-a abrogat, iar articolul 8.63 s-a modificat în sensul precizării că transformatoarele şi bobinele cu ulei (cu puteri până la 100 MVA, în staţii exterioare) să fie prevăzute cu instalaţii de azot pentru prevenirea exploziei şi stingerea incendiului. Trebuie precizat însă că acest sistem funcţionează doar în cazul unui defect intern în transformator! In domeniul reţelelor electrice de distribuţie, conform normativului PE 009/ 93 [1]- cap. 8.B, se prevăd instalaţii de semnalizare automată a incendiului prin detectoare de temperatură doar pentru transformatoarele de putere (pct.8.7a) şi detectoare combinate de fum şi temperatură în gospodării de cablu şi în staţii de conexiuni şi transformare din reţele electrice care au construcţii închise speciale de cabluri de energie electrică (pct. 8.7c). Evident, se prevăd instalaţii de semnalizare manuală (pct.8.7e) şi sisteme de alarmare în caz de incendiu (în fapt, legături telefonice). Conform aceluiaşi normativ, în instalaţiile electrice sunt utilizate materiale tehnice şi produse iniţiale pentru combaterea incendiilor incipiente, iar în Anexa 1 din vol. II sunt detaliate aceste materiale tehnice şi produse pentru tuneluri de cablu, poduri şi subsoluri de cablu, săli de conexiuni, şi ele constau în stingătoare portative şi carosabile (cu spumă chimică, praf şi CO 2 ) şi lăzi cu nisip. In privinţa transformatoarelor şi bobinelor cu ulei, a se vedea nota de mai sus. La ora actuală, în staţiile electrice de transformare din reţeaua SDFEE Galaţi nu există instalaţii de detectare automată şi semnalizare a incendiilor, instalaţii de semnalizare manuală sau instalaţii de stingere a incendiului, ci doar materiale tehnice şi produse iniţiale. Sursa de caldură care poate duce la declanşarea unui incendiu într-o celulă electrică este arcul electric, ca rezultat al unui defect de izolaţie, al funcţionării defectuoase a aparatajului de comutaţie (întreruptoare cu ulei) sau a dispozitivelor de protecţie (siguranţe fuzibile, descărcătoare cu rezistenţă variabilă cu spaţii de amorsare), al depăşirii capabilităţilor lor de întrerupere a circuitului sau al executării unei manevre greşite; această sursă de căldură intensă dispare ca rezultat al acţionării protecţiilor electrice aferente celulei sau/şi sistemului de bare de MT al staţiei. In cazul în care incendiul s-a declanşat, acesta poate fi detectat doar de personalul de exploatare (permanent sau din tura de deranjamente) şi, ca urmare, nu se poate vorbi de detectarea focului din fază incipientă ci, din contra, în fază dezvoltată de flacără deschisă. The 5 th International Power Systems Conference for automatic fire detection and supression in the connection room of the distribution substations. 2. Present status of the distribution substations In the electric transformer stations of the power distribution system, there are no individual or integrated systems for automatic fire detection, signalling/alarm and extinguishing, but only technical materials and initial products. Note: Regarding an integrated automatic fire detection and extinguishing system, the only applied measure in the outside substations was related to the protection of the most important and expensive component, i.e. the power transformer. According to a RENEL Decision (no. 65/ ) that modified and completed PE 009 regulation, para. 8.22b regarding the sprayed water fire extinguishing for power transformers was canceled and para was modified requiring that nitrogen system should be provided for oil transformers and coils (up to 100 MVA, in outside substations) in order to prevent explosions and assist in extinguishing the fire. We have to mention however that this system works only for an inside transformer fault. For the distribution networks, according to PE 009/93[1] section 8 B, automatic fire signalling systems with temperature detectors are provided only for the power transformers (para 8.7c) and combined smoketemperature detectors have to be installed in cable rooms and connection and transformer substations that have closed cable facilities (para 8.7 c). Obviously, manual signalling (para 8.7 e) and fire alarm systems (in fact phone lines) are specified. According to the same regulation, technical materials and initial products are used for incipient fire suppression : vol II Annex 1 presents details of these technical materials and products for Electric systems galleries, cable bridges and underground chambers, connection rooms ; they comprise portable and road extinguishers (with chemical foam, CO 2 powder and CO 2 ) and sand boxes. Regarding the oil transformers and coils, see the above note. Nowadays the transformer substations of Galatz Power Distribution Subsidiary have no automatic fire detection and signalling, manual signalling or fire extinguishing systems but only technical materials and initial products. The source of heat that causes a fire is the electric arc caused by an insulation fault, the inadequate operation of the switchgear (oil circuit breaker circuits) and switchgear, measurement and protection equipment can emit enough noxa to prevent the staff from entering for fire limitation; visible separation of the bay from the voltage supply and fire extinguishing with the existent means are more difficult. Further, by opening the protection devices (fuses, variable resistance surge arresters with striking distance), exceeding their circuit breaking capacities or incorrect handling; this intense source of heat is removed when the electric protections of the bay and/or m.v busbar are tripped. After the outbreak, the fire can be detected only by the operational staff (permanent or fault removal shift) so that the fire cannot be detected in its incipient stage but in the open flame stage.

3 , Timişoara, Romania 473 In lipsa unor mijloace individuale de protecţie contra acestor noxe, încercarea de a stinge focul cu mijloacele din dotare comportă riscuri pentru sănătatea şi chiar viaţa personalului. Nu este de neglijat aici nici factorul psihologic, prin inducerea unei stări de şoc asupra personalului. In cazul fericit al localizării şi stingerii incendiului fără afectarea personalului, consecinţele asupra instalaţiei sunt întotdeauna grave şi concretizate prin deteriorarea echipamentelor şi a cablajului, ceea ce se reflectă atât în cheltuielile (neplanificate) cu lucrări ulterioare de înlocuire echipamente, reparaţii etc. cât şi în energie electrică nelivrată. Din păcate, SDFEE Galaţi poate exemplifica un asemenea scenariu, ca urmare a unui incendiu produs în sala de conexiuni de 6 kv a unei staţii electrice de transformare supusă unor ample lucrări de modernizare şi dotată cu celule de comutaţie de generaţie nouă. Filmul evenimentului, pe scurt: - ca urmare a unei simple puneri la pământ (prin defect de izolaţie LES) a barei de 6 kv, supravoltarea celorlalte faze a condus (inexplicabil!) la străpungerea izolaţiei reductoarelor de tensiune din celula de masură, cu manifestare explozivă; - fisurarea izolaţiei de răşină a fost însoţită de apariţia arcului electric, arc care a fost eliminat prin funcţionarea corectă a protecţiilor (PMT ~ 2,4 s); - arcul electric a condus la aprinderea răşinii de turnare (din motive neexplicate de furnizor), incendiul declanşat dezvoltându-se şi după dispariţia arcului; - căldura puternică degajată de foc a topit paravenele de policarbonat din celulă şi placa de bază a celulei (sub reductoare), ceea ce a permis crearea unui canal de tiraj natural pe traseul canal cabluri - compartiment aparate de comutaţie - compartiment joasă tensiune şi care a întreţinut şi amplificat incendiul; - din momentul acţionării protecţiei şi până la pătrunderea personalului de tură în sala de conexiuni s-au scurs cca. 12 min., iar până la stingerea definitivă a incendiului s-au scurs cca. 120 min; - pagubele materiale sunt imense, nu intrăm în detalierea acestora în acest context; - staţia este fără personal permanent şi, prin funcţionarea sistemului de telealarmare, a fost necesară deplasarea turei de deranjamente 110 kv către staţie; - încercarea de pătrundere a personalului în camera de conexiuni a fost impiedicată de atmosfera densă de noxe; - dupa deschiderea uşilor de acces în camera de conexiuni şi eliminarea unei părţi din noxe, s-a acţionat cu mijloacele tehnice din dotare pentru stingerea focului (barele staţiei erau demult fără tensiune!), în mai multe reprize datorită reizbucnirii flăcării, şi cu riscul inhalării de noxe. Ar fi interesant de făcut un calcul economic comparativ: echipament deteriorat vs. sistem automat de detectare şi stingere incendiu, dar suntem convinşi că un astfel de sistem şi-ar fi dovedit din plin eficienţa, prin detectarea din fază incipientă a incendiului şi limitarea în proporţie covârşitoare a pagubelor, fără periclitarea a personalului de exploatare. 3. Sistem automat de detectare şi stingere a incendiului prin utilizare de detector de fum prin aspiraţie şi amestec de gaz ecologic inhibitor Aşa cum precizam la început, pe piaţa mondială sunt multe firme profesioniste care oferă proiecte şi produse în If individual noxa protections are missing, the attempt to extinguish the fire with the existent means is highly health risky and even life-threatening. The psychological factor should not be neglected having in view the shock of the staff. If the fire was limited and extinguished without injuries to the staff, the consequences on the system are always very serious due to the damages of the equipment and cables. Both unexpected costs related to equipment replacements and repairs as well as unsupplied power occur. Unfortunately Galati Power Distribution Subsidiary was faced with such a situation following a fire in a 6 kv connection room within a 110/6 kv transformer substation (which has undergone extensive repairs and modernizations being endowned with last generation bays SF 6 circuit breakers, digital protections. The steps of this event are briefly described below: - due to a simple earth fault (fault of the underground power line insulation) of the 6 kv busbar, the overvoltage on the other phases lead (unaccountably) to the breakdown of the voltage transformer insulation in the measurement bay, with explosive behaviour; - the cracking of the resin insulation was accompagned by the electric arc, which was further removed by the correct operation of the protections (PMT 2.4 s); - the electric arc caused the ignition of the cast resin (the reasons were unaccountable by the manufacturer), the fire continuing even after the arc was removed; - the strong heat of the fire melted the polycarbonate covers of the bay and the base plate (under the transformers) so that a natural air draft occurred between the cable trough switchgear room low voltage room, maintaining and enhancing the fire; - about 12 min passed from the tripping of the protection until the shift staff entered in the connection room and about 120 min were necessary for the complete fire extinguishing; - the material losses were huge but we will not detail this issue now; - the substation is un-manned and by the operation of the remote alarm system, the 110 kv emergency shift was sent to the substation; - the attempt of the staff to enter the connection room was prevented by the high noxa level; - after the access doors of the connection room were opened and some of the noxa were removed, the existent means were used several times to extinguish the fire (the busbars had no voltage for a long time) because of the flames reignition and noxa breathing danger. It would be interesting to make a comparative calculation: damaged equipment versus automatic fire detection and extinguishing system but we are sure that such a system would have proven its efficiency by the early fire detection and limitation of the most damages without putting in danger the operational staff. 3. Automatic fire detection and extinguishing system with aspiration smoke detector and ecologic inhibiting agent As we mentioned at the beginning, there are many worldwide professional companies that offer projects and

4 474 acest domeniu, bazate pe experienţă şi know-how şi care, la cerinţele clientului, indentifică coordonatele profilului hazardului, determină obiectivele de protejat şi proiectează un concept efectiv de securitate, în cazul nostru referitor la incendii. Un sistem integrat modular de stingere incediu este format, în principiu, din trei (sub)sisteme şi accesorii: - sistem de detectare automată a focului (kit de detectoare, tubulatură etc.); - unitatea centrală (centrala); - sistem de stingere a incendiului (containere cu gaz, tubulatură, duze etc.); - accesorii pentru: alarme, controlul ventilaţie, închidere uşi etc. Din materialele bibliografice pe care le-am putut consulta [2], noi am ajuns la concluzia că un sistem cu raport avantajos eficienţă/cost destinat detectării automate, semnalizării şi stingerii incendiului în sala de conexiuni a unei staţii electrice de transformare este sistemul bazat pe detector de fum cu aspiraţie şi amestec de gaz ecologic inhibitor Detectarea focului. Sistem de alarmă la foc Sunt trei principii esenţiale de detectare implicate în detectarea focului [2]: a) detectarea fumului: prin determinarea numărului de particule de fum din aer, cu detectoare fotoelectrice. b) detectarea flăcării: prin măsurarea creşterii radiaţiei luminoase de la foc (în infraroşu, vizibil, ultraviolet). c) detectarea căldurii: prin măsurarea creşterii de temperatură pe un interval de timp dat şi a temperaturilor maxime; acest grup include detectoare de rată de creştere a temperaturii şi detectoare de temperatură fixată (limită). Când se aleg detectoarele de foc, trebuie să se ia în considerare următoarele probleme pentru a se asigura cea mai fiabilă soluţie de detecţie: la ce tip de foc te aştepţi sau care este cel mai probabil, cum se manifestă fenomenul focului în faza de naştere, care sunt factorii înşelători posibili, înălţimea camerei, care sunt condiţiile ambientale (hârtie, plastic, cherestea, vopsele şi lacuri, combustibili, echipament electric, sisteme informatice). Un sistem automat de detectare şi alarmă la foc este un sistem fiabil în condiţiile în care detectează focul încă din faza sa incipientă, fără a fi necesară detectarea sa de către om; el nu supune riscului nici o persoană şi mobilizează forţele de stingere a focului. Sistemul ar consta din: detectoare de foc, panou de control pentru alarmă în caz de foc, sursă de alimentare, unitate de alarmă şi linii de conectare. Sistemul trebuie să dispună de două surse independente de alimentare cu energie electrică, una din surse este întotdeauna sursa principală iar cealaltă fiind o baterie ca sursă de rezervă. Iată o configuraţie posibilă de sistem integrat: - detectoare de fum prin aspiraţie; - unitate principală (centrala) de detectare şi stingere; - gospodărie de gaz (în butelii controlate de presostat); - sistem de control şi eliberare a amestecului de gaz; - tubulatura de aspiraţie a fumului în detector, cu duze de captare; - tubulatura de evacuare a amestecului de gaz, cu duzele de dispersie. Funcţia componentelor individuale este următoarea: - în zona monitorizată, detectoarele automate de foc detectează permanent fenomenul de foc respectiv şi-l convertesc într-un semnal electric; The 5 th International Power Systems Conference products based on their experience and know-how. On the client request, they map out a hazard profile, determine the security objectives and draw up an effective security concept in our situation, for the fire hazard. An integrated fire suppression system is mainly made of three subsystems and accessories: - automatic fire detection system (detector kit, piping) - central unit (station); - fire extinguishing system (gas bottles, piping, nozzles etc); - accessories for: alarms, ventilation control, door closing etc; According to the bibliography [2], we concluded that the system with aspiration smoke detector and ecologic inhibiting agent represents an automatic fire detection and extinguishing system with a good efficiency/cost ratio, for the connection room of a transformer substation Fire detection. Fire alarm system There are three main detection principles for the fire detection [2]: a) smoke detection: the number of smoke particles in the air is determined by photoelectric detectors; b) flame detection: measurement of the luminescent radiation increase; c) heat detection: measurement of the heat increase within a period of time and the maximum temperatures; this category includes rate-of-rise temperature detectors and fixed (limit) temperature heat detectors; When chosing fire detectors, following problems have to be taken into consideration in order to provide the most reliable detection: what kind of fire is expected or most likely, what is the fire behaviour in the outbreak stage, what are the possible deceptive factors, room height, ambient conditions (paper, plastic, timber, paints and varnishes, fuels, electrical equipment, computer installations etc. An automatic fire detection and alarm system is reliable if it detects the outbreak of the fire, with no need for human detection; it warns any persons at risk and mobilises the fire-fighting forces. The system consists of: fire detectors, fire alarm control panel, power supply and the connecting lines. The system should have two independent power supply sources, one of them being always the mains while the other a backup battery. A possible configuration of an integrated system is described below: - aspiration smoke detectors; - main detection and extinguishing unit (station); - gas bottles (controlled by pressostat); - gas control and release system; - smoke aspiration piping, with nozzles; - gas mixture release piping, with release nozzles; The function of the individual components is the following: - Within the monitored area, automatic fire detectors permanently detect the respective fire phenomena and convert them into an electrical signal. - The signal from the detectors is recorded by the fire alarm control panel and, where appropiate, displayed both visually and accoustically as a fire alarm; the fire

5 , Timişoara, Romania semnalul detectoarelor este înregistrat prin panoul de control al alarmei la foc, evaluat şi afişat atât vizual cât şi acustic ca alarmă de foc; panoul de control al alarmei la foc este conceput astfel încât să permită declanşarea diverselor sisteme de control automat al focului: sisteme de stingere staţionare, sisteme de ventilaţie şi condiţionare a aerului, uşi de foc, instalaţii de ridicare; - puncte de apel de urgenţă (butoane de avarie) sunt utilizate pentru declanşarea alarmelor manuale care permit o avertizare timpurie a persoanelor; - sistemul de control şi eliberare a amestecului de gaz (sistem staţionar) declanşează procesul de stingere prin eliberarea agentului de stingere; - utilizând o unitate de transmitere, alarma la foc este transmisă la distanţă către un centru de monitorizare şi măsurile de stins incendiu sunt atunci iniţiate prin centrul de control (brigada de pompieri); - sistemul de control şi eliberare a amestecului de gaz (sistem staţionar) declanşează procesul de stingere prin eliberarea agentului de stingere; - utilizând o unitate de transmitere, alarma la foc este transmisă la distanţă către un centru de monitorizare; măsurile de stins incendiu sunt atunci iniţiate prin centrul de control (brigada de pompieri). In continuare, prezentăm pe scurt principalele caracteristici ale elementului de detectare a fumului, respectiv ale sistemului staţionar de stingere a incendiului Detector de fum prin aspiraţie O aplicaţie speciala pentru medii dificile, detectorul de fum prin aspiraţie de înaltă sensibilitate (aspiration smoke detector [2]) este utilizat oriunde este necesar să se detecteze chiar şi cantitatea minimă, abia perceptibilă de aerosoli de fum. Detectorul combină ideal avantajele sistemului liniar cu cele ale sistemului punctual de detectare a fumului şi reprezintă soluţia ideală în cazurile când se impune o intervenţie rapidă în caz de incendiu, chiar înainte de anunţarea departamentului de pompieri. Este utilizat pentru monitorizarea clădirilor şi obiectelor, precum: centre de calculatoare şi IT, instalaţii de transmitere radio şi TV, centre de telecomunicaţii, centre şi laboratoare de cercetare, centre de distribuţie şi depozitete supraetajate, laboratoare, aeroporturi, muzee, teatre şi cinematografe, celule de distribuţie a energiei electrice de IT şi MT. Un detector de fum constă, în principiu, din două părţi esenţiale: un sistem liniar de ţevi conectabile pentru circulaţia aerului aspirat, şi prevăzute cu mici duze individuale de aspiraţie, şi camera de detecţie. Camera de detecţie conţine unul sau două detectoare sensibile la fum (cu celulă fotoelectrică), un ventilator şi un circuit electronic de evaluare. Ventilatorul de înaltă performanţă, crează depresiunea necesară pentru aspiraţia aerului ambiant din încăperea supravegheată în camera de detecţie a detectorului prin duzele de aspiraţie şi tubulatura liniară şi alimentează detectorii de fum. Supravegherea sofisticată a debitului de aer garantează că întotdeauna va fi aspirată o cantitate suficientă de aer şi că obstrucţiunile sau rupturile tubulaturii sunt rapid semnalizate. Cofretul detectorului este împărţit într-o cameră a detectoarelor şi o cameră de evaluare/comandă, cele două camere posedând propriul lor capac, accesul la partea electronică alarm control panel is designed so that to enable the tripping of various fire automatic control systems: stationary fire extinguishing systems, ventilation and air conditioning systems, fire doors, lifting equipment. - Emergency call points (emergency buttons) used to trigger the manual alarms enabling an early warning to the people present; - The gas control and release system (stationary system) triggers the extinguishing process by agent release; - Using a transmission unit, the fire alarm is remotely sent to a monitoring centre: the fire fighting measures are then initiated by the control centre (fire brigade); Below we briefly present the main characteristics of the smoke detecton component, respectively the stationary fire extinguishing system Aspiration fire detector As a special application for difficult environments, the highly sensitive smoke detector [2] is used whenever it is necessary to detect even minimal, barely perceivable smoke aerosols. The detectors ideally combines the advantages of a linear detection system with those of the punctual smoke detection system and they are the ideal solution for a quick fire intervention even before calling the fire brigade. This detector is used for monitoring buildings and premises such as: IT and computer centres, radio and TV broadcast installations, telecommunication centres, laboratory and research centres, high-bay warehouses and distribution centres, laboratoris, airports, museums, theatres and cinemas, high and medium voltage power distribution bays. A smoke detector mainly consists of two parts: a linear connectable pipe system for the circulation of the aspired air which has small individual aspiration nozzles, and the detection chamber. The chamber contains one or two smoke detectors (with photoelectric cell), a fan and an electronic evaluation circuit. The high performance fan ensures the ambient air aspiration from the monitored spac into the detection chamber of the detector, using the aspiration nozzles and linear piping, and feeds it to the smoke detectors. The sophisticated air flow monitoring ensures that a sufficient air quantity will be always aspired and the cloggings or cracks of the piping will be quickly signalled. The detector casing is divided in a detector chamber and an evaluation/control chamber, the two rooms having their own cover so that the access to the electronics doesn t affect the air admission in the smoke detector room. The control and display panel is located on the cover of the evaluation/control chamber.

6 476 fiind permis fără perturbarea admisiei aerului în camera detectoarelor de fum. Panoul de comandă şi afişaj este dispus pe capacul camerei de evaluare/comandă. Avantaje: Particulele de fum sunt imediat detectate. Dacă este depăşită valoarea maximă, este activată imediat o alarmă la panoul de control al sistemului de detectare. Pentru aplicaţii mai sensibile, detectorul de fum poate fi realizat pe principiul numărătorului de particule cu rază laser. Detectorul de fum nu aşteaptă ca fumul să se înalţe, raspunzand mult mai repede şi este mult mai sensibil la apariţia focului decât orice soluţie convenţională Tubulatura de asipraţie poate fi invizibil montată în mici găuri din podea şi tavane coborâte fără afectarea esteticii zonei Conducta de aspiraţie poate fi realizată, funcţie de aplicaţie, din ţevi de material plastic sau din ţevi metalice, cu condiţia unei secţiuni minime; orificiile de aspiraţie sunt astfel dimensionate încât să permită absorbţia aceleaşi cantităţi de aer. La monitorizarea camerelor, se poate utiliza o reţea de ţevi dispuse simetric cu câte un orificiu de aspiraţie pe punct de aspiraţie. Sunt posibile combinaţii ale detectorului de fum prin aspiraţie cu alte tipuri de detectoare de fum: prin lumină difuză (transparenţă) prin ionizare combinaţie fum şi temperatură. 3.3 Sistem staţionar de stingere In principiu, un (sub)sistem staţionar de stingere a incendiului ar trebui să includă următoarele componente principale: - containere (cilindri de oţel) de stocare a agentului de stingere, cu valva de presiune diferenţială; - agent de stingere; - reţea de tubulatură şi duze de descărcare; - dispozitiv de declanşare acţionat de solenoid (nu dispozitive explozive sau pirotehnice); - dispozitive de alarmă sonoră; - staţii/puncte locale de declanşare manuală, precum şi de anulare a comenzii de declanşare. Se utilizează diverse amestecuri de gaze inerte şi ecologice, ca agenţi de stingere. Agentul de stingere trebuie sa aibă o rată mare de expansiune, facilitând descărcarea şi penetrarea tridimensională rapidă în zona protejată, să răcească atmosfera şi să reducă conţinutul de oxigen din zona protejată sub punctul la care se întreţine combustia. Sub-liniem în mod special o proprietate a amestecului: să permită unei persoane să respire în atmosfera cu oxigen redus. Notă: Atmosfera normală într-o încăpere conţine cca. 21% oxigen, sub 1% dioxid de carbon şi restul azot. Dacă conţinutul de oxigen este redus sub 15%, materialele combustibile cele mai ordinare vor înceta să ardă; datorită abilităţii corpului uman de a absorbi oxigenul, reducerea sub 12%, concomitent cu creşterea conţinutului de dioxid de carbon la cca. 3%, va stimula respiraţia (mai adâncă şi mai rapidă) pentru compensarea conţinutului redus de oxigen dar nu va pune viaţă în pericol. Unul din cele mai utilizate gaze este FM 200 heptafluorupropan, care are următoarele proprietăţi: - inundă rapid inima focului şi flacăra este stinsă imediat; - are punct de fierbere relativ ridicat, ceea ce permite - protejarea echipamentului electronic împotriva şocului The 5 th International Power Systems Conference Advantages: The smoke particles are detected right away. If the maximum value is exceeded, an alarm is activated on the control panel of the detection system; For high sensitive applications, the particle counting principle using a laser beam is used; The smoke detector doesn t wait for the smoke to rise so that the reaction is a lot faster and the detector is more sensitive to the fire start than any conventional solution; The aspiration piping can be invisibly mounted in small hollow floors and dropped ceilings without affecting the aesthetics of the premises; Depending on the application, the aspiration piping can be made of plastic or metal pipes observing a minimum diameter: the aspiration holes are sized so that to allow the aspiration of the same air quantity. For room monitoring, a symmetrical pipe network each with an aspiration hole for each aspiration point, can be used. Combinations of the aspiration smoke detector with other types of smoke detectors are allowed: scattered light smoke detector ionization smoke and temperature combination 3.3. Stationary fire suppression system In principle, a fire suppression (sub)system should include following main components: - containers (steel bottles) for fire extinguishing agent storage, with differential pressure valve; - fire extinguishing agent; - pipe network and release nozzles; - solenoid tripping device (no explosive or pyrotechnical devices); - acoustic alarm devices; - local stations for manual release and release cancelling; Various inert and ecologic gas combinations are used as extinguishing agents. The extinguishing agent should have a higher expansion rate, in order to facilitate the fast three-dimentional release and penetration in the entire protected area below the inflammable temperature. Note: The normal air in a room contains abt 21% oxygen, less than 1% CO 2 and the remaining nitrogen. If the oxygen content is less than 15%, the most common stage and a temperature sensor that detects the fast inflammable materials will cease to burn; due to the human body capacity to suck in oxygen, the decrease below 12% and the increase of CO 2 content to abt. 3% will stimulate the breathing (deeper and quicker) in order to compensate the low oxygen but life will not be put at danger. One of the most used gas is FM 200 heptafluoridepropane, with following characteristics: - fast flooding of the fire core so that the flame is quickly extinguished; - relatively high boiling temperature in order to protect - the electronic equipment from the thermal shock; - electrically non-conductive (dielectric stability about 2.6 higher than the air) and non-corrosive;

7 , Timişoara, Romania 477 termic; - este ne-conductiv electric (rigiditate dielectrică cca. 2,6 ori mai mare faţă de cea a aerului) şi ne-corosiv; - nu pune în pericol viaţa omului, este ecologic - inundarea camerei într-un interval foarte scurt de la iniţierea incendiului, cca. 10 sec., face ca echipamentul suspus incendiului să nu fie afectat de foc, ci doar de arcul electric dar care este eliminat rapid de protecţii. Se poate lesne concluziona că stingerea incendiului cu acest gaz poate fi realizată în staţii de transformare fără întreruperea tensiunii în sala de conexiuni a staţiei. Agentul de stingere este stocat în containere ca un lichid, la parametri prevăzuţi de standarde în domeniu; pentru a ajuta descărcarea şi distribuirea sa rapidă, containerele se suprapresurizeză cu nitrogen uscat. Containerele vor fi prevăzute cu presostate de presiune minimă şi maximă şi indicator de nivel lichid, racordate la panoul de comandă. Descărcarea gazului va fi iniţiată fie electric, prin activarea automată a solenoidului dispozitivului de descărcare de pe container de către un semnal de ieşire direct din panoul de control sau activarea manuală locală, fie prin acţiune mecanică directă. Notă: Un astfel de sistem modern integrat de stingere a incendiului, destinat protecţiei unei săli cu servere, este instalat la SDFEE Galaţi. Sistemul este format din detectoare de fum, unitate centrala automată, sistem staţionar de stingere (butelie cu FM 200, tubulatura şi duze de descărcare), accesorii (alarme sonore şi vizuale, controlul ventilaţiei, închiderea uşilor, deconectarea surselor de energie etc.) 4. Concluzii In staţiile electrice din sistemul de distribuţie nu există instalaţii individuale sau sisteme integrate cu rol de detectare automatţ, semnalizare şi stingere a incendiului, ci doar materiale tehnice şi produse iniţiale (PE 009). Inceputul de incendiu în sala de conexiuni din staţiile de transformare trebuie localizat şi stins din faza cea mai timpurie. Extinderea focului impune, în ultimă instanţă, intervenţia specializată a formaţiilor de pompieri cu tehnică din dotare, acţiune ce presupune aducerea staţiei la tensiune zero şi duce la distrugerea în totalitate a izolaţiei solide prin contracţie termică, compromiterea componentelor de circuite secundare (cablaj, relee), a contactelor electrice, a dispozitivelor de acţionare etc. Incidente minore, produse în staţii fără personal, conduc la avarii cu pierderi materiale incomparabile cu valoarea unui sistem de detectare şi stingere a incendiului. Dată fiind valoarea mare a investiţiilor în cazul staţiilor noi de transformare sau a celor modernizate, în special prin echipamentul de comutaţie şi protecţie de ultimă generaţie, considerăm că ar trebui (re)considerată dotarea unei săli de conexiuni din cadrul unei staţii de transformare în privinţa protecţiei la incendiu. Promovăm ideea introducerii unuia din cele mai simple sisteme de detectare automată şi stingere a incendiului: un sistem modular, bazat pe detectoare de fum prin aspiraţie, unitate centrală şi instalaţie fixă de stingere cu gaz ecologic inhibitor FM not dangerous for human lives, ecologic; - room flooding in a very short time from the fire start - about 10 sec so that the equipment is not affected by the fire but only by the electric arc as generating source; however the arc is quickly removed by the electric protections; It can be easily concluded that the fire within substations can be extinguished using this agent without removing the voltage in the connection room. The extinguishing agent is stored in bottles like a liquid, at standard parameters; in order to facilitate the quick release and distribution, the bottles are overpressurized with dry nitrogen. The bottles have minimum and maximum pressostats and liquid level indicator, connected to the control panel. The gas release will be initiated either electrically by automatic action of the release device valve on the bottle using an output signal dirrectly from the control panel, or locally by direct manual action. Note: Such a modern integrated fire suppression system is used by Galati Power Subsidiary for the protection of the server room. The system is composed of smoke detectors, automatic central unit, stationary extinguishing system (FM 200 bottles, release piping and nozzles), accessories (acoustic and visual alarms, ventilation control, door closing, power disconnecting). 4. Conclusions Nowadays no business can afford to ignore professional forward-looking risk management. Hence any company should try to find the best solutions to protect its systems, the production and not last, the employees. The role of the automatic fire detection and signalling systems became vital for the fire expansion speed and fire extinguishing speed. In the electric transformer substations of the power distribution system, there are no individual or integrated systems for automatic fire detection, signalling/alarm and extinguishing, but only technical materials and initial products (according to PE 009). The fire outbreak in the connection room of the substations has to be located and extinguished as early as possible. The attempt to extinguish the fire after min from the start is very unlikely to suceed with the existent technical means (only portable foam and CO 2 bottles and sand boxes). As a last resort, the fire expansion requires calling the fire brigade. Therefore the voltage should be removed from the substation and the solid insulation will be completely destroyed as a result of the thermal shrinkage. Minor incidents in the unmanned substations lead to costs far higher than the cost of a fire detection and suppression system. Because of the high investments involved in new or modernized stations, in particular last generation switching and protection equipment, we emphasize the necessity of fire protection within a connection room of the transformer substation. We recommend the use of one of the simplest automatic fire detection and extinguishing systems: based on aspiration and FM 200 inhibitive ecologic gas smoke detectors.

8 478 The 5 th International Power Systems Conference References (Bibliografie) 1. PE 009/93: Norme de prevenire, stingere şi dotare împotriva incendiilor pentru producerea, transportul şi distribuţia energiei electrice şi termice (Fire prevention and fighting instructions for thermal and electric power generation, transmission and distribution) vol. II, ICEMENERG, Bucharest, *** - Materiale extrase de pe site-ul Internet al firmelor (specifications from website of the): SECURITON AG, FIKE Corporationa, DU PONT Fire Extinguishants, WORMALD ANSUL

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