HELKAMA. Optical Fibre Cables

Transcription

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2 Contents Optical fibres and their characteristics Cable constructions Cable tests Installation, jointing and terminating Manufacturing (pictures) 2

3 Multimode Fibre (GK) Attenuation and Bandwidth Fibre cross section Refractive index profile Transmitted light pulse Propagation of light in fibre Received light pulse Core Parabolic index profile Diameter 62.5 µm ± 3 µm Non-circularity 6 % Concentricity error 3 µm Cladding Diameter 125 µm ± 2 µm Non-circularity 2 % 3 Attenuation Wavelength 850 nm: 3.5 db/km Wavelength 1310 nm: 1.0 db/km Bandwidth Wavelength 850 nm: 200 MHz km Wavelength 1310 nm: 500 MHz km

4 Single-mode Fibre (SM) Attenuation and Dispersion Fibre cross section Refractive index profile Transmitted light pulse Propagation of light in fibre Received light pulse Core Mode field diameter (1310 nm): 9.3 ± 0.5 µm Concentricity error 1.0 µm Cladding Diameter 125 µm ± 2 µm Non-circularity 2 % Attenuation Wavelength 1310 nm: 0.40 db/km Wavelength 1550 nm: 0.25 db/km Chromatic dispersion Wavelength 1310 nm: 3.5 ps/(nm km) Wavelength 1550 nm: 18 ps/(nm km) 4

5 Attenuation Attenuation, db/km Water-peak 850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm Wavelength, µm 5 Attenuation curve (principle)

6 Typical Characteristics of Multimode Fibres 62,5/125 µm (GK / OM1) 50/125 µm (GI / OM2) 50/125 µm (OM3) Attenuation 850 nm 3,5 db/km 2,7 db/km 2,7 db/km 1310 nm 1,0 db/km 0,8 db/km 0,8 db/km Bandwidth 850 nm 200 MHz km 500 MHz km 1500 MHz km (LED) 1310 nm 500 MHz km 800 MHz km 500 MHz km (LED) 850 nm 2000 MHz km (Laser) Numerical aperture 0,28 0,20 0,20 6

7 Typical Characteristics of Single-mode Fibres Conventional (ITU-T G.652) NZDSF (ITU-T G.655) Attenuation 1310 nm 0,40 db/km nm 0,25 db/km 0,25 db/km Chromatic dispersion 1310 nm 3,5 ps/(nm km) nm 18 ps/(nm km) 0,1...6 ps/(nm km) Cut-off wavelength 1260 nm 7

8 Fibre Spools 8

9 Contents Optical fibres and their characteristics Cable constructions Protection of fibres Core structures Cables for different applications Cable tests Installation, jointing and terminating Manufacturing (pictures) 9

10 Fibre Coatings Loose tube Filling compound Primary coating Tight secondary coating Fibre 2-3 mm 900 µm 250 µm SML/GKL SMT/GKT 10

11 Core Structures Stranded loose tube Slotted core Single tube FZ... FX... FY... 11

12 Fibre Ribbon Primary coating Fibre Ribbon coating 0.4 mm 1.1 mm 12

13 Fibre Ribbons in Slotted Core Structure The most common ribbon cable structure High fibre packing density Easy fibre identification Quick and easy splicing E.g 96 fibre cable with diameter of only 14 mm 13

14 Indoor and Outdoor Cables; Basic Differences Fire properties defined No jelly filling Non-metallic UV-resistant sheath Longitudinally water tight Wide temperature range (-45 C +70 C) Mechanically strong construction 14

15 Indoor / Outdoor Cable Indoor and outdoor applications, Campus and building backbone cabling Non-metallic, no jelly filling, Longitudinally water tight Halogen free, UV-protected sheath SML- and GKL-type fibres Tensile strength N Crush strength 4000 N / 100 mm plate Crush strength N / 25 mm mandrel Impact strength 30 J Standard types 6, 12, 18, 24, 48 SML and 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 GKL 4 SML + 8 GKL, 8 SML + 8 GKL 6 SML + 12 GKL, 12 SML + 12 GKL FXMSU 15

16 Non-metallic Duct Cable Outdoor, duct cable Campus backbone cabling Non-metallic, jelly filled SML- and GKL-type fibres Tensile strength 1750 N Crush strength 7000 N / 100 mm plate Crush strength 1000 N / 25 mm mandrel Impact strength 30 J Standard types 6, 12, 18, 24, 48 SML and 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 GKL 4 SML + 8 GKL, 8 SML + 8 GKL 6 SML + 12 GKL, 12 SML + 12 GKL FXOMU 16

17 Duct Cable Outdoor, duct cable Jelly filled Aluminium laminated sheath SML- and GKL-type fibres Tensile strength 1750 N Crush strength 7000 N / 100 mm plate Crush strength 1000 N / 25 mm mandrel Impact strength 30 J Standard types 6, 12, 18, 24, 48 SML and 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 GKL 4 SML + 8 GKL, 8 SML + 8 GKL 6 SML + 12 GKL, 12 SML + 12 GKL FXOHBMU 17

18 Direct Burial and Duct Cable Duct and directly buried applications Jelly filled Corrugated steel tape (grounding) SML- and GKL-type fibres Tensile strength 2500 N Crush strength 7000 N / 100 mm plate Crush strength 1500 N / 25 mm mandrel Impact strength 50 J Standard types 6, 12, 18, 24, 48 SML and 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 GKL 4 SML + 8 GKL, 8 SML + 8 GKL 6 SML + 12 GKL, 12 SML + 12 GKL FXOVDMU 18

19 Aerial Cable Maximum 80 m span length (25 N/m ice load) Jelly filled Figure-8 construction Suspension strand 7 x 1,57 mm SML- and GKL-type fibres Standard types 6, 12, 18, 24, 48 SML 4 SML + 8 GKL FXOHBMUK 19

20 Underwater Cable Water depth max. 75 m Double armoured Good durability Follows easily the bottom profile Maximum delivery length 7000 m Jelly filled Tensile strength N Standard types 6, 12, 24, 48 SML FXOHBMPPMW 20

21 Installation Cable For protected cable conduits and patch cords in horizontal cabling Halogen free (HF) 900 µm SMT- and GKT-type fibres SM (yellow), GK (green) 1- and 2-fibre constructions 2,0 or 2,9 mm outer diameter Standard types 1 and 2 SMT 1 and 2 GKT FMS 21

22 Installation Cable For cable tray installation and preterminated cables in horizontal cabling Halogen free (HF) 900 µm SMT and GKT-type fibres SM (blue), GK (green) Connectors can be mounted directly to the fibres Tensile strength 1000 N Standard types 2, 4, 6, 8 SMT 2, 4, 6, 8 GKT FXMMS 22

23 Distribution Cable For distribution and workstation cabling Halogen free (HF) 900 µm GKT-type fibres Connectors can be mounted directly to the fibres Tensile strength 700 N Standard types 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 GKT FTMS 23

24 Cable Type Designation (Finnish Standard SFS 5648) Cable type F optical fibre cable Core structure T tight stranded X slotted core Y single tube Z loose stranded Cable elements O jelly filling M plastic sheath P armouring H metal tape B laminated V steel tape D corrugated K suspension strand 24 Application S indoor U outdoor W water Fibre types SM single-mode GK multimode 62,5/125 µm GI multimode 50/125 µm GN multimode 100/140 µm Fibre coating L 250 µm T 900 µm R Ribbon FXOVDMU 1x6 SML + 3x4 GKL

25 Fibre Identification BLUE THREAD SML: BLUE, WHITE, YELLOW, GREEN, GREY, RED RED THREAD GKL: BLUE, WHITE, YELLOW, RED GKL: BLUE, WHITE, YELLOW, RED GKL: BLUE, WHITE, YELLOW, RED RIP CORD 25

26 Contents Optical fibres and their characteristics Cable constructions Cable tests Optical characteristics Mechanical characteristics Water tightness Fire performance Installation, jointing and terminating Manufacturing (pictures) 26

27 Testing Principle The manufacturer carries out all the tests during manufacturing process and before cable delivery as described in the test program Measurements for all cables Attenuation MM-fibres at 850 nm and 1300 nm SM-fibres at 1310 nm and 1550 nm Cable length 27

28 Tensile Strength EN method E1 Cable length under test ( L 50 m ) Pulling machine F = 1 2 W W = weight of 1 km cable length R = 1 m Cable drum Attenuation measurement 28

29 Crush Strength EN method E3 Plate 100 mm + 2 x 5 mm Mandrel 25 mm F F R = 5 mm Cable Cable Base Base 29

30 Impact Strength EN method E4 m Weight Energy W = mgh h Drop 3 times in different places Impact anvil Surface radius = 300 mm m Base Cable Base Cable 30

31 Water Penetration EN method F5 Test duration 24 h 1 m Water Sealing Requirement: No leakage from open end Cable under test 3 m 31

32 Repeated Bending EN method E6 35 times, period 2 s R R = 10d 20d...40 d Cable Pulling load, F = N 32

33 Fire Characteristics Characteristics of cables under fire conditions Amount of acid gases Smoke density Fire safety of installations 33

34 Flame Retardant (Test on Single Vertical Cable) IEC Support Requirement: unburned >50 mm above the upper support after a defined time 475 mm 550 mm 600 mm Least stringent fire performance requirement of the cables Burner 45 Support 34

35 Flame Retardant (Test on Bunched Cables) IEC Cable bunch Categories based on the amount of non-metallic material: A (7 l/m) B (3,5 l/m) C (1,5 l/m) Number of samples in the bunch depend on the category Requirement: Not burned on the length longer than 2,5 m above the burner Burner 0,5 m 75 mm 3, 5 m 35

36 Amount of Halogen Acid Gases IEC and IEC Halogen free means that halogen content is less than 5 mg/g (0,5 %) Halogen free (HF) cable = Halogen content of each cable element is less than 5 mg/g When burned in presence of humidity PVC forms hydrochloric acid (HCl)! HCl 36

37 Smoke Density IEC and IEC Smoke density has a vital implication on rescue and fire extinguish activities Testing is based on light transmission Requirement: e.g. 60 % pass through 37

38 Fire Resistant IEC The cable shall operate for a specified time under fire conditions 75 mm Requirement: Attenuation change (optical fibre cables) 600 mm 38

39 Fire Safety of Installations Application of fire safe indoor cables Outdoor cable is jointed to: fire safe indoor cable immediately when entering the building fire safe indoor/outdoor cable before entering the building Areas where fire risk is high should be avoided Fire barriers in wall openings Sufficient isolation time Important to apply already during installation 39

40 Fire Safe Installation Patch panel HF-riser cable Fire barrier ODF HF-indoor/outdoor cable Outdoor cable 40

41 Contents Optical fibres and their characteristics Cable constructions Cable tests Installation, jointing and terminating Branching from SZ-stranded slotted core Accessories Manufacturing (pictures) 41

42 Fibre Bending Excessive bending Causes additional loss May cause crack growth and fibre break The defined minimum bending radius shall be followed. 42

43 Branching of SZ-slotted Core Cable Strip and turn, Easy and quick operation 1 m Applications Branching joints Cable repair Route changes Alternate stranding direction Fibre is loosened by opening the stranding 43

44 Pulling Head for Optical Fibre Cable Applies the pulling force to the central strength member Pulling to be done using pulling grid Maximum pulling force 2500 N 40 mm 16 mm 13,5 mm 3,4 mm FXVP Detent screw (4 pcs.) 44

45 Cable Blowing Pressurised air Combined air blowing and pushing Large installation distances Low pulling forces in cable High speed / low cost Cable duct 45

46 Fusion Splicer 46

47 Joint Closures 47

48 Patch Panel 48

49 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) Power (dbm) a e P 1 P 2 b c d 1 2 Time (µs) or distance (m) a Near end reflection b Fibre loss c Splice loss d Reflective splice (connector) e Far end reflection Based on optical backscattering and reflections Loss distribution within fibres, splice locations, fibre length, fibre break localisation, etc 49

50 Contents Optical fibres and their characteristics Cable constructions Cable tests Installation, jointing and terminating Manufacturing (pictures) Manufacturing of slotted core Fibre laying Sheathing Testing 50

51 Fibre Stranding 51

52 Sheathing 52

53 Testing 53

54 Selection Criteria of Fibre type, number of fibres Transmission needs Future needs Cable construction Laying and installation method Environment Properly planned and constructed optical fibre cable route may satisfy your needs for decades! 54

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56 Fibre Optics Flash Cord 2002 book for Telecommunications and Datanetworks, 128 pages Order by : 56