Modeling water-mist based suppression of 34 GJ car-deck fires using FDS

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Modeling water-mist based suppression of 34 GJ car-deck fires using FDS"

Transcription

1 Modeling water-mist based suppression of 34 GJ car-deck fires using FDS S. Li, R. Acharya, M. Colket, V. Sankaran, G. Poncia United Technologies Research Center L. Torpo Marioff Corporation March 1 st, 2013 Suppression, Detection and Signaling Research and Applications Symposium - SUPDET 2013, Orlando, Florida Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security 2013

2 OUTLINE Motivation Modeling needs and Challenges Simulations tools & models Model Enhancements Results & Discussion Summary Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

3 MOTIVATION Business Drivers Fire suppression performance verified by full scale tests High cost of tests (facility / materials / safety) Standardized tests do not cover all designs / applications Full scale fire tests not possible for all applications (long tunnels) Large variability in results Stochastic / random factors Identification of worse case scenarios Scientific Drivers Limited fundamental understanding of processes involved Detailed 3D - experimental characterization difficult / expensive Tightly coupled multi-physics phenomena Turbulence / heterogeneous chemical reaction / multi-phase / radiation Better understanding increased probability of developing better fire protection systems Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

4 MODELING NEEDS - CHALLENGES UTRC/UMd Experiments SP Institute, Sweden VTT, Finland External Length Scales Room Scale 1 m 100 m Fuel/burning object 10 cm 1 m Liquid injection nozzle 1mm Internal Length Scales Droplet Scales 10 µm 250 µm Turbulence / mixing 10 mm 1 m Combustion 1mm 10mm Velocity / Time Scales Jet / spray velocity 1-50 m/sec Gas velocity 1 cm/sec 10 m/sec Fire burning time 1 min 60 min Scales associated with material properties of solid, liquid and gas phase Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

5 MODELING NEEDS - CHALLENGES High variability and complexity of fire propagation and suppression Computational burden of full scale modeling Reasonable approximations to the models describing the fundamental physics Accuracy of large-scale simulation based on the approximated models and coarse grids Robustness of the simulation Scarce availability of validation data sets Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

6 OUTLINE Motivation Modeling needs and Challenges Simulations tools & models Model Enhancements Results & Discussion Summary Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

7 SIMULATIONS TOOLS & MODELS Fire Dynamics Solver (FDS*) is a 3-D, unsteady, LES solver from NIST (SVN 10095) Physical Models Hydrodynamic model: Low-Mach number, Smagorinsky (dynamic) Combustion: LES - Lumped species transport with EDC model DNS - Finite rate Arrhenius kinetics Radiation model Finite Volume Method for discrete ordinates Spray models Lagrangian transport of mass, motion, momentum, energy Pyrolysis 1D wall normal models solid phase reactions or specified HRR Empirical models for sprinkler activation, heat & smoke detectors Numerical Models 2 nd order accurate in space & time - R-K Predictor-Corrector scheme Poisson equation for pressure - Non-iterative, fast, direct solver Structured, non-conformal mesh, parallel (MPI), Fortran 90 * Well documented, continuously updated and maintained by NIST Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

8 OUTLINE Motivation Modeling needs and Challenges Simulations tools & models Model Enhancements Results & Discussion Summary Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

9 MODEL ENHANCEMENTS Objective: Simulation of water-mist based fire suppression of wood-based burning objects Primary Fire Suppression Mechanisms 1) Wetting/cooling of fuel surface 2) Cooling flame & hot products 3) O2 dilution/displacement by water vapor 4) Radiation Attenuation Models explored (updated and fully coupled) 1) Solid-phase burning Pyrolysis models 2) Gas phase flame-extinction models 3) Droplet-radiation scattering/absorption models 4) Droplet transport / injection models Software architecture/models present in standard FDS Burning object under Water-Mist Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

10 MODEL ENHANCEMENTS Physics based enhancements slight modifications to FDS Gas Phase Extinction Model Suppressants alter local/flame φ & HRR 1. Dilution: Reduces T flame and impacts chain-branching rxns Spray Injection Model: Map two-phase mixture at location of measurement 2. Thermal: Evaporative cooling 3. Turbulence: residence time effects Model: Balance between energy produced and energy needed to keep the gas mixture at critical flame temperature A local model for gas-phase extinction in fires that accounts for all 3 effects A decoupled model for finite-rate effects of fluid-dynamics & chemical kinetics Collect droplet data Droplets (lumped Lagrangian particles) size, velocity and orientation are represented close to the actual case Both droplets and relevant entrained gas motion are added at the mapping location More detailed and accurate data account for the spray profile Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

11 SPRAY MODELS HI-FOG NOZZLE Experiment FDS Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

12 OTHER MODEL ENHANCEMENTS Wood Pyrolysis Model Two step kinetics for pyrolysis and Charoxidation reactions Consistency conditions to limit reaction rates due to un-modeled physics oxygen diffusion, char blocking porous flow through char Schematic: wood pyrolysis Mass flux correction for satisfying conservation property during solid phase to gas phase conversion Schematic: radiation scattering Droplet-radiation scattering corrections Extensions to water mist I Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

13 OUTLINE Motivation Modeling needs and Challenges Simulations tools & models Model Enhancements Results & Discussion Summary Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

14 DEMONSTRATION: BURNING WOOD CRIBS Limited validation in large scale fires Schematic of wood crib Time evolution of crib burning Experimental snap-shot Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

15 SIMULATION OF 35 GJ FIRES Freight truck fire scenario (car-deck) Courtesy: Google 16 stacks, 7 pallets each Courtesy of pictures: Marioff and VTT Reports Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

16 SIMULATION OF 35 GJ FIRES Freight truck fire scenario (car-deck) Ignitor on Pallet catches fire Ignitor off Pallets on fire Cooling mist turned on Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

17 SIMULATION OF 35 GJ FIRES Freight truck fire scenario (No suppression) Fire propagation from ignitor to pallet stack captured qualitatively well Multi-block arrangement and grid scale 72 blocks; ~ 2 million cells Pyrolysis models Prescribed heat release rate model - zoomed Animation Export Controlled - ECCN: EAR99 Animation Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

18 SIMULATION OF 35 GJ FIRES Freight truck fire scenario Comparison (no suppression) Left T4 Schematic of Car Deck Cooling mist turned on Center T5 Right T6 Fire spread and burn rate captured well until cooling mist turned on Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

19 SIMULATION OF 35 GJ FIRES Car-deck WM suppression simulations Schematic of Car Deck Coupled phenomena of fire suppression represented using models Expensive simulations: Using 72 cores takes nearly 4 weeks Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

20 SIMULATION OF 35 GJ FIRES Car-deck WM suppression simulations Schematic of Car Deck Early times simulated well Model over predicts heat release at long times 1200 Temperature (oc) model experiment Time (min) Temperature (oc) Temperature (oc) T6 T5 T Time (min) Time (min) Water mist starts Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

21 OUTLINE Motivation Modeling needs and Challenges Simulations tools & models Model Enhancements Results & Discussion Summary Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

22 SUMMARY NIST s FDS code provides good infrastructure and basic models to enable coupled calculations Fully coupled simulations of fire growth and fire suppression with water mist can be obtained Using coupled solutions: pyrolysis, spray, radiation and flame quenching Eliminated dependence on prescribed heat release rate assumption Solutions appear physically realistic and similar to data (early times) Computations are somewhat expensive Additional work required for quantitative simulations at long times Copyright UTC Climate, Controls, & Security

23 BACK-UP 23

Water Mist-Based Fire Suppression Modelling of an Office Space Scenario

Water Mist-Based Fire Suppression Modelling of an Office Space Scenario Water Mist-Based Fire Suppression Modelling of an Office Space Scenario Hai Jiang, Vaidya Sankaran, Med Colket, May Corn United Technologies Research Center Kati Laakkonen Marioff Corporation 14th International

More information

Using FDS Modelling to Establish Performance Criteria for Water Mist Systems on Very Large Fires in Tunnels

Using FDS Modelling to Establish Performance Criteria for Water Mist Systems on Very Large Fires in Tunnels Using FDS Modelling to Establish Performance Criteria for Water Mist Systems on Very Large Fires in Tunnels Jack R. Mawhinney, P. Eng., FSFPE Javier J. Trelles, Ph.D. Authors & acknowledgement J. R. Mawhinney

More information

Shalaby Institute of Fire Protection Heyrothsberge, Germany.

Shalaby Institute of Fire Protection Heyrothsberge, Germany. International Water Mist Conference November 3-4, 2010, Prague, Czech Republic The Influence of Droplet Size of Water Mist on Extinguishment Fire Plume Dr.Hemdan Shalaby Institute of Fire Protection Heyrothsberge,

More information

Recent Advances in Fire Suppression Modeling Issues & Perspectives of Fire Safety Engineering Applications

Recent Advances in Fire Suppression Modeling Issues & Perspectives of Fire Safety Engineering Applications Recent Advances in Fire Suppression Modeling Issues & Perspectives of Fire Safety Engineering Applications Pianet Grégoire Studies and modelling section manager Fire and Environmental Department, CNPP

More information

A Numerical study of the Fire-extinguishing Performance of Water Mist in an Opening Machinery Space

A Numerical study of the Fire-extinguishing Performance of Water Mist in an Opening Machinery Space Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) 734 738 International Conference on Advances in Computational Modeling and Simulation A Numerical study of the Fire-extinguishing

More information

Sprinklers Modeling for Tunnel Road Fire Fighting

Sprinklers Modeling for Tunnel Road Fire Fighting Sprinklers Modeling for Tunnel Road Fire Fighting P. Ciambelli, M.G. Meo, P. Russo, S. Vaccaro Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, University of Salerno - ITALY 1. INTRODUCTION Loss of lives and

More information

CFD Model of a Specific Fire Scenario

CFD Model of a Specific Fire Scenario 16 th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference Crown Plaza, Gold Coast, Australia 2-7 December 27 CFD Model of a Specific Fire Scenario D. Mackay, T. Barber and E. Leonardi School of Mechanical and Manufacturing

More information

THE COMBINATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISH SYSTEM AND LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEM IN FUME HOOD

THE COMBINATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISH SYSTEM AND LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEM IN FUME HOOD THE COMBINATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISH SYSTEM AND LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEM IN FUME HOOD S.K. Lee 1, S.Y. Lin 1, T.C. Ko 1, and M.C. Teng 1 Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National

More information

CFD Simulation of the Water Mist Effect on Fire

CFD Simulation of the Water Mist Effect on Fire CFD Simulation of the Water Mist Effect on Fire Dan Xu, Frank Roland Center of Maritime Technologies e.v. Contents Introduction to CMT, FIREPROOF project Simulation work initial results Model improvements

More information

and Sprinkler System in Resalat Tunnel of Tehran

and Sprinkler System in Resalat Tunnel of Tehran CFD Simulation of Water Mist and Sprinkler System in Resalat Tunnel of Tehran Motivation Resalat tunnel is the first road tunnel in Tehran one of most crowded tunnels of Tehran my every day route, home

More information

Computer Models For Fire and Smoke

Computer Models For Fire and Smoke Computer Models For Fire and Smoke Model Name: JASMINE Version: 3.1 Classification: Very Short Description: CFD or Field A CFD or field model for predicting consequences of fire to evaluate design issues

More information

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE NEW SOUTH WALES FIRE BRIGADE COMPARTMENT FIRE BEHAVIOUR TRAINING TEST CELL

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE NEW SOUTH WALES FIRE BRIGADE COMPARTMENT FIRE BEHAVIOUR TRAINING TEST CELL , Volume 9, Number 4, p.154-162, 7 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE NEW SOUTH WALES FIRE BRIGADE COMPARTMENT FIRE BEHAVIOUR TRAINING TEST CELL D. Mackay and T. Barber School of Mechanical and Manufacturing

More information

FDS MODELLING OF HOT SMOKE TESTING, CINEMA AND AIRPORT CONCOURSE

FDS MODELLING OF HOT SMOKE TESTING, CINEMA AND AIRPORT CONCOURSE FDS MODELLING OF HOT SMOKE TESTING, CINEMA AND AIRPORT CONCOURSE Submitted as a Thesis to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Master

More information

Computational Study of Effects of Drop Size Distribution in Fire Suppression Systems

Computational Study of Effects of Drop Size Distribution in Fire Suppression Systems ILASS-Americas 22nd Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Cincinnati, OH, May 2010 Computational Study of Effects of Drop Size Distribution in Fire Suppression Systems G. Tanner *,

More information

Fire protection for buildings

Fire protection for buildings Fire protection for buildings HI-FOG high-pressure water mist Ghelamco Group Protecting people, property and business continuity A fire in a building can lead to serious consequences. Even a harmless fire

More information

OPTIMIZATION OF FIRE SUPPRESSION USING FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR

OPTIMIZATION OF FIRE SUPPRESSION USING FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR OPTIMIZATION OF FIRE SUPPRESSION USING FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR Venkatesh PL 1, Harish D 2, Mohamed Nihal H 3 1Venkatesh PL, BE Mechanical Engineering, RMK Engineering College, Chennai 2 Harish D, BE Mechanical

More information

WATER MIST FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL CABLE TUNNELS AND TURBINE HALLS

WATER MIST FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL CABLE TUNNELS AND TURBINE HALLS WATER MIST FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL CABLE TUNNELS AND TURBINE HALLS Jukka Vaari 1, Amit Lior 2 1 2 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland Marioff Corporation Oy, Vantaa,

More information

Tunnel Fire Dynamics

Tunnel Fire Dynamics Tunnel Fire Dynamics Haukur Ingason Ying Zhen Li Anders Lönnermark Tunnel Fire Dynamics 1 3 Haukur Ingason Fire Research SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Borås Sweden Anders Lönnermark Fire Research

More information

Engineering Simulation in Built Environment and Civil Engineering Projects

Engineering Simulation in Built Environment and Civil Engineering Projects Engineering Simulation in Built Environment and Civil Engineering Projects Fluid Dynamics Simulation Mark Owens ANSYS UK Ltd 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Fires and Smoke

More information

5B-3 6th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology 17-20, March, 2004, Daegu, Korea

5B-3 6th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology 17-20, March, 2004, Daegu, Korea 5B-3 6th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology 17-20, March, 2004, Daegu, Korea PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF FIRE MODELING IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS By James M. Dewey, Advisor Risk Management

More information

POSITION PAPER ON WATER MIST FOR FIRE FIGHTING APPLICATIONS

POSITION PAPER ON WATER MIST FOR FIRE FIGHTING APPLICATIONS FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS SECTION POSITION PAPER ON WATER MIST FOR FIRE FIGHTING APPLICATIONS Version 1 29-09-04 0 Eurofeu position paper on water mist for fire fighting applications 1 Scope The

More information

Smoldering Propagation Characteristics of Flexible Polyurethane Foam under Different Air Flow Rates

Smoldering Propagation Characteristics of Flexible Polyurethane Foam under Different Air Flow Rates Smoldering Propagation Characteristics of Flexible Polyurethane Foam under Different Air Flow Rates Zhou Y., Fei Y.*, Hu S. Q. Nanjing Tech University, College of Fire Safety Science and Engineering &

More information

Computational simulation of road tunnel fire protection by sprinklers

Computational simulation of road tunnel fire protection by sprinklers European Journal of Environmental and Safety Sciences 2014 2(2): 48-52 ISSN 1339-472X European Science and Research Institute (Original Research Paper) Computational simulation of road tunnel fire protection

More information

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fire Modelling

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fire Modelling Advantages and Disadvantages of Fire Modelling Dr Guillermo Rein School of Engineering University of Edinburgh & Imperial College London Dr Guillermo Rein 9 May 2012 Chief Fire Officers Association Annual

More information

PREDICTING SMOKE DETECTOR ACTIVATION USING THE FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR

PREDICTING SMOKE DETECTOR ACTIVATION USING THE FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR PREDICTING SMOKE DETECTOR ACTIVATION USING THE FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR VIJAY T. D SOUZA, JASON A. SUTULA, STEPHEN M. OLENICK*, WEI ZHANG and RICHARD J. ROBY Combustion Science & Engineering, Inc. Columbia,

More information

An experimental study of the impact of tunnel suppression on tunnel ventilation

An experimental study of the impact of tunnel suppression on tunnel ventilation An experimental study of the impact of tunnel suppression on tunnel ventilation Yoon J. Ko and George Hadjisophocleous Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa,

More information

A study for a fire spread mechanism of residential buildings with numerical modeling

A study for a fire spread mechanism of residential buildings with numerical modeling Safety and Security Engineering IV 185 A study for a fire spread mechanism of residential buildings with numerical modeling C.-S. Ahn & J.-Y. Kim Fire Safety Research Division, Korea Institute of Construction

More information

Characterization of a Heat Sink with Embedded Heat Pipe with Variable Heat Dissipating Source Placement for Power Electronics Applications

Characterization of a Heat Sink with Embedded Heat Pipe with Variable Heat Dissipating Source Placement for Power Electronics Applications Characterization of a Heat Sink with Embedded Heat Pipe with Variable Heat Dissipating Source Placement for Power Electronics Applications Neda Mansouri, Cliff Weasner and Ahmed Zaghlol Mersen Canada Toronto

More information

VIRTUAL FIRES via COMPUTERS

VIRTUAL FIRES via COMPUTERS VIRTUAL FIRES via COMPUTERS Robert N. Meroney Wind Engineering Software Wind Engineering and Fluids Laboratory Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Paper prepared

More information

Full-Scale Measurement and Numerical Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Water Heaters with Ventilation Factors in Balcony

Full-Scale Measurement and Numerical Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Water Heaters with Ventilation Factors in Balcony Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 9 (215) 1341-1353 doi: 1.17265/1934-7359/215.11.9 D DAVID PUBLISHING Full-Scale Measurement and Numerical Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Water Heaters

More information

Simulation of Engine Room Fire and Water Mist. Einar Kolstad and Bjarne P. Husted Stord/Haugesund University college

Simulation of Engine Room Fire and Water Mist. Einar Kolstad and Bjarne P. Husted Stord/Haugesund University college Simulation of Engine Room Fire and Water Mist Einar Kolstad and Bjarne P. Husted Stord/Haugesund University college Fire on MS Nordlys 15th September 2011 a fire started in the engine room of the cruise

More information

A STUDY ON THERMAL ENERGY AT FIRE RESISTANCE TEST FOR REESS

A STUDY ON THERMAL ENERGY AT FIRE RESISTANCE TEST FOR REESS A STUDY ON THERMAL ENERGY AT FIRE RESISTANCE TEST FOR REESS Hyuk JUNG Bohyun MOON Seulki LEE Joongho BAE Korea Automobile Testing & Research Institute (KATRI) Republic of Korea Paper Number 17-0348 ABSTRACT

More information

Modeling a real backdraft incident fire

Modeling a real backdraft incident fire Advanced Computational Methods in Heat Transfer IX 279 Modeling a real backdraft incident fire A. Tinaburri 1 & M. Mazzaro 2 1 Central Direction for Prevention and Technical Safety, Firefighters, Public

More information

OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE IN SPRAY OPERATIONS

OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE IN SPRAY OPERATIONS OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE IN SPRAY OPERATIONS CONFIRM THAT YOU ARE USING THE BEST NOZZLES AVAILABLE FOR YOUR OPERATION The nozzle is the heart of your spray operation. They are precision-engineered components

More information

Jonathan Redding Area Sales Manager FOGTEC Fire Protection Cologne, Germany

Jonathan Redding Area Sales Manager FOGTEC Fire Protection Cologne, Germany Making rail systems more efficient by using on-board Fire Protection Systems Jonathan Redding Area Sales Manager FOGTEC Fire Protection Cologne, Germany Key Presentation Take-Aways Holistic approach to

More information

Fike set out to develop a better understanding of the power density trends in data centers around the world.

Fike set out to develop a better understanding of the power density trends in data centers around the world. Fike set out to develop a better understanding of the power density trends in data centers around the world. We wanted to learn how increasing power density translates into energy augmented combustion.

More information

Firefighter Safety in Battery Energy Storage System Fires

Firefighter Safety in Battery Energy Storage System Fires Firefighter Safety in Battery Energy Storage System Fires Erik Archibald, P.E. Kevin Marr, PhD, P.E. NFPA SUPDET November 30, 2018 Core Team O.A. (DK) Ezekoye The University of Texas at Austin UTFRG Casey

More information

CFD Analysis of a 24 Hour Operating Solar Refrigeration Absorption Technology

CFD Analysis of a 24 Hour Operating Solar Refrigeration Absorption Technology IJIRST International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology Volume 1 Issue 11 April 2015 ISSN (online): 2349-6010 CFD Analysis of a 24 Hour Operating Solar Refrigeration Absorption Technology

More information

MINISTERIO DE FOMENTO

MINISTERIO DE FOMENTO Dirección General de Servicios de Alta Velocidad - Larga Distancia Real Scale Fire Tests in High-Speed Trains Convocatoria de Concesión de Ayudas a Agrupaciones o Consorcios de Investigación para la realización

More information

The Experimental Study and Simplified Model of. Water Mist Absorbing Heat Radiation

The Experimental Study and Simplified Model of. Water Mist Absorbing Heat Radiation Advanced Materials Research Submitted: 2014-06-15 ISSN: 1662-8985, Vols. 1008-1009, pp 886-891 Accepted: 2014-06-16 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.886 Online: 2014-08-13 2014 Trans Tech Publications,

More information

HI-FOG for buildings. Technical introduction. Protecting people, property and business continuity. Jussi Tiainen

HI-FOG for buildings. Technical introduction. Protecting people, property and business continuity. Jussi Tiainen HI-FOG for buildings Technical introduction Jussi Tiainen Protecting people, property and business continuity Contents Introduction to HI-FOG...3 How HI-FOG fights fire...4 Principles of HI-FOG system

More information

Virtual Household Refrigerators at Steady-State and Transient Conditions. Numerical Model and Experimental Validation.

Virtual Household Refrigerators at Steady-State and Transient Conditions. Numerical Model and Experimental Validation. Virtual Household Refrigerators at Steady-State and Transient Conditions. Numerical Model and Experimental Validation. Nicolás ABLANQUE, Carles OLIET, Joaquim RIGOLA, Carlos-David PEREZ-SEGARRA Universitat

More information

REVIEW ON WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

REVIEW ON WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM , Volume 5, Number 4, p.170-175, 2003 REVIEW ON WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM N. Zhu Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China ABSTRACT Water

More information

Fire Investigation in Italian Waste Treatment Plant: lessons learned and future development

Fire Investigation in Italian Waste Treatment Plant: lessons learned and future development Fire and Evacuation Modeling Technical Conference (FEMTC) 2018 Gaithersburg, Maryland, October 1-3, 2018 Fire Investigation in Italian Waste Treatment Plant: lessons learned and future development Ing.

More information

Refining and Petrochemical Heater trouble shooting

Refining and Petrochemical Heater trouble shooting Refining and Petrochemical Heater trouble shooting 16 Oil&Gas Special Report TEXT 260417.indd 16 Heater trouble shooting Refining and Petrochemical It s Getting Hot in Here! Zeeco solves the mystery of

More information

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES CONCERNING WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION IN VENTILATED CLOSED SPACES

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES CONCERNING WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION IN VENTILATED CLOSED SPACES U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series D, Vol. 75, Iss. 4, 013 ISSN 1454-358 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES CONCERNING WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION IN VENTILATED CLOSED SPACES Cătălin NETCU 1, Constantin POPA, Valeriu PANAITESCU

More information

Developing a fire model for offshore QRA

Developing a fire model for offshore QRA Developing a fire model for offshore QRA Yongfu Xu & David Worthington DNV Software Palace House 3 Cathedral Street London SE1 9DE yongfu.xu@dnv.com david.worthington@dnv.com Prepared for Presentation

More information

CFD Analysis of Fire Characteristics on Subway Junction Station

CFD Analysis of Fire Characteristics on Subway Junction Station ISGSR27 First International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety & Risk Oct. 18~19, 27 Shanghai Tongji University, China CFD Analysis of Fire Characteristics on Subway Junction Station G. H. Wu, X. Han, Q.Q.

More information

Aalborg Universitet. Diffuse Ceiling Inlet Systems and the Room Air Distribution Nielsen, Peter Vilhelm; Jensen, Rasmus Lund; Rong, Li

Aalborg Universitet. Diffuse Ceiling Inlet Systems and the Room Air Distribution Nielsen, Peter Vilhelm; Jensen, Rasmus Lund; Rong, Li Aalborg Universitet Diffuse Ceiling Inlet Systems and the Room Air Distribution Nielsen, Peter Vilhelm; Jensen, Rasmus Lund; Rong, Li Published in: Clima 2010 : 10th Rehva World Congress Publication date:

More information

Fire Research and Education at the University of Maryland

Fire Research and Education at the University of Maryland Fire Research and Education at the University of Maryland J. G. Quintiere Department of Fire Protection Engineering March 7,8 2005 2nd Int. Symp. 21st Century Center of Excellence Program History of FPE

More information

Modeling and Simulation of Axial Fan Using CFD Hemant Kumawat

Modeling and Simulation of Axial Fan Using CFD Hemant Kumawat Modeling and Simulation of Axial Fan Using CFD Hemant Kumawat Abstract Axial flow fans, while incapable of developing high pressures, they are well suitable for handling large volumes of air at relatively

More information

The possible use of evacuation modelling tools for the rolling stock

The possible use of evacuation modelling tools for the rolling stock The possible use of evacuation modelling tools for the rolling stock Guillaume CRAVEUR Serge METRAL Thierry DUPRE SNCF Centre d Ingénierie du Matériel Guillaume CRAVEUR Fire Protection in Rolling Stock

More information

Recent BRANZFIRE enhancements and validation

Recent BRANZFIRE enhancements and validation Recent BRANZFIRE enhancements and validation Michael Spearpoint University of Canterbury Summary BRANZFIRE is a multi-compartment fire zone model that has been under development since 1996 predominately

More information

TIL Suite simulates Thermal Systems. Software containing models for thermophysical properties, thermal components and systems

TIL Suite simulates Thermal Systems. Software containing models for thermophysical properties, thermal components and systems TIL Suite simulates Thermal Systems Software containing models for thermophysical properties, thermal components and systems TIL Model library for thermal components & systems Continually developed and

More information

OPTIMIZATION OF VENTILATION MODE OF SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING FIRE

OPTIMIZATION OF VENTILATION MODE OF SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING FIRE OPTIMIZATION OF VENTILATION MODE OF SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING FIRE 1 RU ZHOU, 2 WEI ZHANG 1 School of Urban Construction and Safety Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing

More information

Fire Suppression Tests Using a Handheld Water Mist Extinguisher Designed for Spacecraft Applications

Fire Suppression Tests Using a Handheld Water Mist Extinguisher Designed for Spacecraft Applications National Aeronautics and Space Administration Fire Suppression Tests Using a Handheld Water Mist Extinguisher Designed for Spacecraft Applications SUPDET 2012 Phoenix, AZ Thierry Carriere (thierryc@adatech.com),

More information

Tunnel Fire Dynamics and Evacuation Simulations

Tunnel Fire Dynamics and Evacuation Simulations Tunnel Fire Dynamics and Evacuation Simulations James Priest, PhD & James Niehoff DGS-SEE Seminar on Fire Protection for Physics Research Facilities 7 & 8 October 2015 Introduction (Background) Presentation

More information

Case Study 1 Underground Car Park

Case Study 1 Underground Car Park Case Study 1 Underground Car Park Dorota Brzezińska 1, Janusz Paliszek 2, Piotr Smardz 2, Renata Ollesz 1, Karol Kaczor 2 1 Lodz University of Technology, GRID - Lodz, 2 INBEPO Wroclaw, Poland Building

More information

Ensuring safe passage HI-FOG for underground stations

Ensuring safe passage HI-FOG for underground stations Ensuring safe passage HI-FOG for underground stations Why HI-FOG? The answer is in the mist HI-FOG attacks fire with high-velocity plumes of water mist. The mist instantly penetrates to the seat of the

More information

SOLIT PROJECT: WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS AS PART OF THE TUNNEL SAFETY SYSTEM

SOLIT PROJECT: WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS AS PART OF THE TUNNEL SAFETY SYSTEM - 157 - SOLIT PROJECT: WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS AS PART OF THE TUNNEL SAFETY SYSTEM Kratzmeir S. FOGTEC Fire Protection, Research & Development, Germany Keywords: Fire Protection, Fire suppression,

More information

ZONE MODEL VERIFICATION BY ELECTRIC HEATER

ZONE MODEL VERIFICATION BY ELECTRIC HEATER , Volume 6, Number 4, p.284-290, 2004 ZONE MODEL VERIFICATION BY ELECTRIC HEATER Y.T. Chan Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China ABSTRACT Selecting

More information

SPE SPE The code including the submodels has been extensively tested and validated.

SPE SPE The code including the submodels has been extensively tested and validated. SPE SPE61451 Kameleon FireEx in Safety Applications Magnussen B.F, NTNU/Sintef Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Dynamics, Evanger T., Vembe B.E., Lilleheie N.I, and Grimsmo B., ComputIT, Velde B., and

More information

ICONE DRAFT Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering ICONE16 May 11-15, 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA

ICONE DRAFT Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering ICONE16 May 11-15, 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA DRAFT Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering ICONE16 May 11-15, 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA ICONE16-48187 THERMAL CYCLE EVALUATION FOR FEEDWATER HEATER OUT OF SERVICE CONDITION

More information

A comparison between emergency ventilation systems semi-transvers ventilation and natural ventilation in Road Tunnel A

A comparison between emergency ventilation systems semi-transvers ventilation and natural ventilation in Road Tunnel A A comparison between emergency ventilation systems semi-transvers ventilation and natural ventilation in Road Tunnel A Ludwig Jerräng Carlstedt Fire Protection Engineer, bachelor's level 2017 Luleå University

More information

The Role of Computational Fluid Dynamic and Aeroacoustic Simulations in Reducing the Noise of a Forward-Curved Blade Radial Fan

The Role of Computational Fluid Dynamic and Aeroacoustic Simulations in Reducing the Noise of a Forward-Curved Blade Radial Fan The Role of Computational Fluid Dynamic and Aeroacoustic Simulations in Reducing the Noise of a Forward-Curved Blade Radial Fan Manoochehr Darvish Bastian Tietjen Stefan Frank darvish@htw-berlin.de tietjen@htw-berlin.de

More information

FIRE DYNAMICS IN FAÇADE FIRE TESTS: Measurement, modeling and repeatability

FIRE DYNAMICS IN FAÇADE FIRE TESTS: Measurement, modeling and repeatability Proceedings of the International Conference in Dubrovnik, 15-16 October 2015 FIRE DYNAMICS IN FAÇADE FIRE TESTS: Measurement, modeling and repeatability Johan Anderson a, Lars Boström a, Robert Jansson

More information

WATER MIST CONVENTION AND EXHIBITION

WATER MIST CONVENTION AND EXHIBITION INTERNATIONAL WATER MIST ASSOCIATION IWMA SEMINARS S ON WATER MIST TECHNOLOGY DUBAI INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION AND EXHIBITION CENTRE Water mist fire protection: The most innovative fire fighting technology

More information

FIRESEAT

FIRESEAT FIRE SUPPRESSION PHYSICS FOR SPRINKLER PROTECTION Yibing Xin, Jaap de Vries, Karl Meredith, Xiangyang Zhou, Sai Thumuluru, Hong-Zeng Yu FM Global, Norwood MA 02062 USA ABSTRACT Fire protection using sprinklers

More information

Factors Affecting Efficiency of Water Mist Suppression of Solid Combustible Fires in Open Environment

Factors Affecting Efficiency of Water Mist Suppression of Solid Combustible Fires in Open Environment Factors Affecting Efficiency of Water Mist Suppression of Solid Combustible Fires in Open Environment Hong-Zeng (Bert) Yu FM Global 16 th International Water Mist Conference September 21-22, 2016 Vienna,

More information

Adrian Milford Sereca - a Jensen Hughes Company, Project Engineer Vancouver, BC, Canada

Adrian Milford Sereca - a Jensen Hughes Company, Project Engineer Vancouver, BC, Canada Transit Vehicle Design Standards and Risk Analysis on Fire Development in Rapid Transit Vehicles Adrian Milford Sereca - a Jensen Hughes Company, Project Engineer Vancouver, BC, Canada Motivation Design

More information

Fire Suppression Performance of Manually Applied CAF and Other Water Based System

Fire Suppression Performance of Manually Applied CAF and Other Water Based System Fire Suppression Performance of Manually Applied CAF and Other Water Based System Andrew Kim and George Crampton Fire Suppression Research and Applications A Technical Working Conference (SUPDET2012) Outline

More information

Analysis of Constant Pressure and Constant Area Mixing Ejector Expansion Refrigeration System using R-1270 as Refrigerant

Analysis of Constant Pressure and Constant Area Mixing Ejector Expansion Refrigeration System using R-1270 as Refrigerant Analysis of Constant Pressure and Constant Area Mixing Ejector Expansion Refrigeration System using R-1270 as Refrigerant Ravi Verma 1, Sharad Chaudhary 2 1, 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, IET

More information

INFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION AND VENTILATION CONDITIONS ON HEAT BALANCE AND THERMAL COMFORT CONDITIONS IN LIVING-ROOMS

INFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION AND VENTILATION CONDITIONS ON HEAT BALANCE AND THERMAL COMFORT CONDITIONS IN LIVING-ROOMS INFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION AND VENTILATION CONDITIONS ON HEAT BALANCE AND THERMAL COMFORT CONDITIONS IN LIVING-ROOMS Staņislavs GENDELIS, Andris JAKOVIČS Laboratory for mathematical modelling of environmental

More information

RESEARCH TECHNICAL REPORT. Numerical Simulations of Sprinkler Activations and Spray Transport under Obstructed, Sloped Ceilings

RESEARCH TECHNICAL REPORT. Numerical Simulations of Sprinkler Activations and Spray Transport under Obstructed, Sloped Ceilings RESEARCH TECHNICAL REPORT Numerical Simulations of Sprinkler Activations and Spray Transport under Obstructed, Sloped Ceilings Numerical Simulations of Sprinkler Activations and Spray Transport under

More information

COMPARISON OF CFD MODELLING WITH FIRE TESTS Comparison of CFD Modelling with Results of Full Scale Compartment Fire Tests in a Residential Unit

COMPARISON OF CFD MODELLING WITH FIRE TESTS Comparison of CFD Modelling with Results of Full Scale Compartment Fire Tests in a Residential Unit Application of Structural Fire Engineering, 19-20 April 2013, Prague, Czech Republic COMPARISON OF CFD MODELLING WITH FIRE TESTS Comparison of CFD Modelling with Results of Full Scale Compartment Fire

More information

Validation of a Smoke Detection Performance Prediction Methodology. Volume 4. Evaluation of FDS Smoke Detection Prediction Methodology

Validation of a Smoke Detection Performance Prediction Methodology. Volume 4. Evaluation of FDS Smoke Detection Prediction Methodology Validation of a Smoke Detection Performance Prediction Methodology Volume 4. Evaluation of FDS Smoke Detection Prediction Methodology Prepared by: Frederick W. Mowrer and James A. Milke University of Maryland

More information

Max Fire Box Users Guide

Max Fire Box Users Guide Max Fire Box Users Guide 1 Mission Statement Providing a cost effective fire and smoke behavior training aid that allows current and future firefighters the ability to recognize rapid fire events in a

More information

Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow through a Door

Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow through a Door Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow through a Door 2018 Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow through a Door In this tutorial you will simulate a growing fire in the corner of a 5m x 5m room. The room has a 1m

More information

Dynamic Simulation of a CFB Boiler System

Dynamic Simulation of a CFB Boiler System 71th IEA-FBC Technical Meeting Dynamic Simulation of a CFB Boiler System 2015. 11. 05, Seoul, Korea Sang Min CHOI Thermal Engineering Lab Thermal Engineering Laboratory KAIST Introduction Dynamic Performance

More information

Modeling of Ceiling Fan Based on Velocity Measurement for CFD Simulation of Airflow in Large Room

Modeling of Ceiling Fan Based on Velocity Measurement for CFD Simulation of Airflow in Large Room Modeling of Ceiling Fan Based on Velocity Measurement for CFD Simulation of Airflow in Large Room Y. Momoi 1, K. Sagara 1, T. Yamanaka 1 and H. Kotani 1 1 Osaka University, Graduate School of Eng., Dept.

More information

APPLICATION OF MINI HEAT PIPES FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF OPTO-ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS

APPLICATION OF MINI HEAT PIPES FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF OPTO-ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS 16th International Heat Pipe Conference (16th IHPC) Lyon, France, May 20-24, 2012 APPLICATION OF MINI HEAT PIPES FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF OPTO-ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS Sandeep Kumar Singh, Sameer Khandekar

More information

[Eswaran, 3(3): March, 2014] ISSN: Impact Factor: 1.852

[Eswaran, 3(3): March, 2014] ISSN: Impact Factor: 1.852 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY Numerical Study on Solar Water Heater using CFD Analysis S.Eswaran *1,M.Chandru 2,M.Vairavel 3, R.Girimurugan 4 *1 Assistant professor,

More information

Considerations in the Design of Smoke Management Systems for Atriums

Considerations in the Design of Smoke Management Systems for Atriums Construction Technology Update No. 48 Considerations in the Design of Smoke Management Systems for Atriums by G.D. Lougheed This Update discusses the use of an engineered approach to the design of smoke

More information

Shuzo Murakami, Shinsuke Kato, and Taeyeon Kim Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan

Shuzo Murakami, Shinsuke Kato, and Taeyeon Kim Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan INDOOR CLIMATE DESIGN BASED ON FEEDBACK CONTROL OF HVAC COUPLED SIMULATION OF CONVECTON, RADIATION, AND HVAC CONTROL FOR ATTAINING GIVEN OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE Shuzo Murakami, Shinsuke Kato, and Taeyeon

More information

Development and Full-Scale Tests of a Water Mist System inside High Speed Trains

Development and Full-Scale Tests of a Water Mist System inside High Speed Trains Development and Full-Scale Tests of a Water Mist System inside High Speed Trains Prof. J. A. Capote ; Dr. D. Alvear; Dr. M. Lázaro and Dr. O. Abreu GIDAI - UNIVERSITY OF CANTABRIA www.gidai.unican.es Objetives

More information

Design And Analysis Of Centrifugal Pump

Design And Analysis Of Centrifugal Pump Design And Analysis Of Centrifugal Pump GUIDED BY: Assistant Professor Jayendra B. Patel PRESENTED BY: Makwana Hardik Modh Hiren Patel Gaurang Patel Dhaval 1 Introduction It Convert the mechanical energy

More information

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FIRE SPREAD IN TERMINAL 2 OF BELGRADE AIRPORT. PO Box 522, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FIRE SPREAD IN TERMINAL 2 OF BELGRADE AIRPORT. PO Box 522, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro Ninth International IBPSA Conference Montréal, Canada August 15-18, 2005 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FIRE SPREAD IN TERMINAL 2 OF BELGRADE AIRPORT Z. Stevanovic 1, T. Valentina 1, N. Kadic 1, Z. Markovic 1,

More information

The Experimental Validation of Numerical Modeling of the Air Distribution in the Indoor Ice Rink Arena

The Experimental Validation of Numerical Modeling of the Air Distribution in the Indoor Ice Rink Arena Proceedings of the World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering (MCM 2015) Barcelona, Spain July 20-21, 2015 Paper No. 276 The Experimental Validation of Numerical Modeling of the Air

More information

FLACS-Fire. Djurre Siccama Gexcon R&D and Software VP Products. FLUG 3 rd - 4 th. November 2015, Shanghai China

FLACS-Fire. Djurre Siccama Gexcon R&D and Software VP Products. FLUG 3 rd - 4 th. November 2015, Shanghai China FLACS-Fire Djurre Siccama Gexcon R&D and Software VP Products Introduction to FLACS-Fire GOAL: Provide FLACS users with an efficient complete toolbox for dispersion, explosion and fire modelling. Calculation

More information

ABSTRACT. Stephen Kerber, Master of Science, Dr. James Milke, Fire Protection Engineering

ABSTRACT. Stephen Kerber, Master of Science, Dr. James Milke, Fire Protection Engineering ABSTRACT Title of Document: EVALUATION OF THE ABILITY OF FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR TO SIMULATE POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION IN THE LABORATORY AND PRACTICAL SCENARIOS Stephen Kerber, Master of Science, 2005

More information

Overview of the PRISME project Technical Description and Main Outcomes

Overview of the PRISME project Technical Description and Main Outcomes OECD PRISME Project on Fire Propagation Final Seminar Overview of the PRISME project Technical Description and Main Outcomes Audouin L., Rigollet L., Pretrel H., Le Saux W. IRSN / ETIC Summary (1) Context

More information

NUMERICAL STUDIES ON SMOKE SPREAD IN THE CAVITY OF A DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE

NUMERICAL STUDIES ON SMOKE SPREAD IN THE CAVITY OF A DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT ISSN 1392-3730 / eissn 1822-3605 2016 Volume 22(4): 470 479 doi:10.3846/13923730.2014.897992 NUMERICAL STUDIES ON SMOKE SPREAD IN THE CAVITY OF A DOUBLE-SKIN

More information

The Prediction of Smoke Detector. Activation Times in a Two-Storey House. Fire through CFD Modelling

The Prediction of Smoke Detector. Activation Times in a Two-Storey House. Fire through CFD Modelling The Prediction of Smoke Detector Activation Times in a Two-Storey House Fire through CFD Modelling Fire Engineering Thesis, 2010 Submitted by Julie Saunders Supervised by Michael Spearpoint, University

More information

The Science Behind Water Mist Protection of Typical Building Hazards

The Science Behind Water Mist Protection of Typical Building Hazards The Science Behind Water Mist Protection of Typical Building Hazards SUPDET 2014 Zachary Magnone, P.E. Zachary.Magnone@tycofp.com Presentation Goals What is water mist? How does it work? How is it tested

More information

Mika Peace. August 2013

Mika Peace. August 2013 Fire Advanced Forecasters Course 2013 Bushfire CRC Bureau of School of Mathematical Sciences, Adelaide University August 2013 Acknowledgements Fire Thanks to: Graham Mills Lachie McCaw Trent Mattner Jeff

More information

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE MINIATRIZED CATALYTIC COMBUSTION TYPE HYDROGEN SENSOR

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE MINIATRIZED CATALYTIC COMBUSTION TYPE HYDROGEN SENSOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE MINIATRIZED CATALYTIC COMBUSTION TYPE HYDROGEN SENSOR Hiroshi Miyazaki 1, Hiromasa Tanjyoh 2, Kengo Suzuki 3, Tomoaki Iwami 4 1 New cosmos electric, co., ltd., Osaka, 543-0036,

More information

Compression of Fins pipe and simple Heat pipe Using CFD

Compression of Fins pipe and simple Heat pipe Using CFD Compression of Fins pipe and simple Heat pipe Using CFD 1. Prof.Bhoodev Mudgal 2. Prof. Gaurav Bhadoriya (e-mail-devmudgal.mudgal@gmail.com) ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to identify the advantages

More information

Investigating the Effects of Sprinkler Sprays on Fire-Induced Doorway Flows: A Two-Part Study. Jeremiah Crocker and Dr. Bin Xiao New Technology Team

Investigating the Effects of Sprinkler Sprays on Fire-Induced Doorway Flows: A Two-Part Study. Jeremiah Crocker and Dr. Bin Xiao New Technology Team Jeremiah Crocker and Dr. Bin Xiao New Technology Team Copyright 2010 Tyco Fire Suppression & Building Products. All rights reserved. The products and specifications published herein are for general evaluation

More information

Test One: The Uncontrolled Compartment Fire

Test One: The Uncontrolled Compartment Fire The University of Edinburgh BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering One Day Symposium on The Dalmarnock Fire Tests: Experiments & Modelling Test One: The Uncontrolled Compartment Fire Cecilia Abecassis

More information

NUMERICAL STUDIES ON BARE CABIN FIRES WITH OPERATION OF SMOKE EXTRACTION SYSTEM

NUMERICAL STUDIES ON BARE CABIN FIRES WITH OPERATION OF SMOKE EXTRACTION SYSTEM , Volume 11, Number 2, p.43-48, 2012 NUMERICAL STUDIES ON BARE CABIN FIRES WITH OPERATION OF SMOKE EXTRACTION SYSTEM Q. Kui Institute of Building Fire Research, China Academy of Building Research, Beijing,

More information