Q1. Ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms. (b) (i) State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy.
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1 Q1. Ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms. (a) Complete the electron configuration of the Mg + ion. 1s 2... (b) (i) State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy. (2) (ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs when the second ionisation energy of magnesium is measured. (iii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than the first ionisation energy of magnesium. (iv) Use your understanding of electron arrangement to complete the table by suggesting a value for the third ionisation energy of magnesium. First Second Third Fourth Fifth Ionisation energies of magnesium / kj mol Page 2
2 (c) State and explain the general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements sodium to chlorine. Trend... Explanation (d) State how the element sulfur deviates from the general trend in first ionisation energies across Period 3. Explain your answer. How sulfur deviates from the trend Explanation (e) A general trend exists in the first ionisation energies of the Period 2 elements lithium to fluorine. Identify one element which deviates from this general trend.... (Total 13 marks) Q2. (a) State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy of an atom Page 3
3 (2) (b) Complete the electron arrangement for the Mg 2+ ion. 1s 2... (c) Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which magnesium belongs.... (d) Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second ionisation energy of magnesium is measured.... (e) The Ne atom and the Mg 2+ ion have the same number of electrons. Give two reasons why the first ionisation energy of neon is lower than the third ionisation energy of magnesium. Reason 1... Reason 2... (2) (f) There is a general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements, Na Ar (i) State and explain this general trend. Trend... Explanation... Page 4
4 (ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is lower than would be predicted from the general trend. (5) (Total 12 marks) Q3.Which one of the following statements is not correct? A B C The first ionisation energy of iron is greater than its second ionisation energy. The magnitude of the lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide is greater than that of barium oxide. The oxidation state of iron in [Fe(CN) 6] 3 is greater than the oxidation state of copper in [CuCl 2] D The boiling point of C 3H 8 is lower than that of CH 3CH 2OH (Total 1 mark) Q4. (a) When aluminium is added to an aqueous solution of copper(ii) chloride, CuCl 2, copper metal and aluminium chloride, AlCl 3, are formed. Write an equation to represent this reaction.... (b) (i) State the general trend in the first ionisation energy of the Period 3 elements from Na to Ar. Page 5
5 (ii) State how, and explain why, the first ionisation energy of aluminium does not follow this general trend. (4) (c) Give the equation, including state symbols, for the process which represents the second ionisation energy of aluminium.... (d) State and explain the trend in the melting points of the Period 3 metals Na, Mg and Al. Trend... Explanation (Total 9 marks) Q5.Photochromic glass contains silver ions and copper ions. A simplified version of a redox equilibrium is shown below. In bright sunlight the high energy u.v. light causes silver atoms to form and the glass darkens. When the intensity of the light is reduced the reaction is reversed and the glass lightens. Cu + (s) + Ag + (s) clear glass Cu 2+ (s) + Ag(s) dark glass Which one of the following is a correct electron arrangement? Page 6
6 A Cu + is [Ar]3d 9 4s 1 B Cu is [Ar]3d 10 4s 2 C Cu 2+ is [Ar]3d 8 4s 1 D Cu + is [Ar]3d 10 (Total 1 mark) Q6. (a) Complete the electronic configuration for the sodium ion, Na + ls 2... (b) (i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which the energy change is the second ionisation energy of sodium. (2) (ii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of sodium is greater than the second ionisation energy of magnesium. (iii) An element X in Period 3 of the Periodic Table has the following successive ionisation energies. First Second Third Fourth Ionisation energies / kj mol Deduce the identity of element X. Page 7
7 (c) State and explain the trend in atomic radius of the Period 3 elements from sodium to chlorine. Trend... Explanation (d) Explain why sodium has a lower melting point than magnesium (e) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH 2 which contains the NH 2 ion. Draw the shape of the NH 2 ion, including any lone pairs of electrons. Name the shape made by the three atoms in the NH ion. 2 Shape of NH 2 Name of shape... (2) (f) In terms of its electronic configuration, give one reason why neon does not form compounds with sodium.... Page 8
8 (Total 16 marks) Page 9
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liquid heating The density of the liquid changes as its temperature increases. This causes energy to be transferred throughout the liquid.
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