HKIE CPD Training Course (II) 23, 25 June and 7, 9 July 2009

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1 (II) 23, 25 June and 7, 9 July 2009 Organization by Co-organized by the Association of Registered Fire Service Installation contractors of Hong Kong Ltd (FSICA)

2 Gas and Foam Suppression Systems Peter Bressington Arup Fire 9 July 2009

3 Gas Suppression Systems Halon - Ozone depleting gas - No longer manufactured - Total ban 2003 Inert gases -Inergen - Argon - Nitrogen - Argonite Chemical or halocarbon gas - CEA FM FE13 - NAF S III Carbon Dioxide - CO 2

4 Gas Suppression Systems Choice of system discharge damage to equipment hazard to occupants fire fighting effectiveness effect on other building systems installation space requirements ongoing system maintenance environmental acceptability cost design standards BS ISO 14520,NFPA2001

5 Gas Suppression Systems Use and features Electrical/Electronic hazards Telecommunications facilities Flammable & combustible liquids & gases High valve assets (Bank Vaults, Art Storage etc) Acceptable to the relevant Authority Total Flooding Automatic in operation Fitting with a means of system isolation Fitted with audible & visual alarms Complete with warning signs Fitted with a means of ventilation after discharge Effectively earthed.

6 Gas Suppression Systems Inert Gas Reduces oxygen contents in enclosure to a level where combustion cannot be sustained or ignition prevention (Nitrogen rich) Large quantity of gas required 50% by volume Venting required High enclosure build specification Environmentally friendly

7 Gas Suppression Systems Inert Gas extinguish fire by reducing the oxygen content initial over-pressurisation of 500 pascals classified as 'clean agents' on the EPA SNAP list good extinguishant as a total flooding agent storage containers can be housed remote from the risk area

8 Gas Suppression Systems Halocarbons Removes heat to the point that the combustion reaction is not sustainable Lower design concentrations required 18% - FE13 to 8.6% FM200 Venting required High build spec Global warming potential

9 Gas Suppression Systems Halocarbons extinguish fire mainly by removing heat from the fire gas is stored and initially discharged as a liquid liquid changes to a gas expansion occurs room venting usually 10 minute period for extinguishment greenhouse gases and each produce toxic by-products large space requirement for cylinders high build specification for the enclosure required

10 Gas Suppression Systems Oxygen Reduction Reduces oxygen content from 21% to 14% and maintains these level. By Air Exchange Experimental Suppression System No Regulatory Guidelines

11 Gas Suppression Systems Design check list Agreed with the Client/Architect/FSD/Building Department The use of a Gaseous Fire Extinguishing System for the Risk The Type of Extinguishant (i.e. Inert or Halocarbon) Design Standard Method of Application Method of Activation Method of Detection Method of Manual Release Type of Visual Alarm Type of Audible Alarms Control Panel Location Personnel Safety Means of Exit from Enclosure 2. Agreed with the Client/Project Manager Selection of Specialist by Name -or- Selection of Specialist by Pre-tender -or- Selection of Specialist by Competitive Quotation 3. Agreed with the Architect Location of Cylinders Enclosure Pressure Rating where applicable Location of Discharge Nozzles where applicable Type/Style of Detector to be used where applicable

12 Gas Suppression Systems Design check list Agreed with Structural Engineer Enclosure Strength Enclosure Integrity Agreed with other Disciplines Principles of Routing & Space Allocation Shut Down of Air Conditioning Systems Ambient Temperature Range Electrical Interfaces Shut Down of Electrical Systems Post Discharge Extraction System Enclosure Venting Arrangements Agreed with FS Contractor Discharge Nozzle Characteristics Clearances between Equipment and Unenclosed & Uninsulated Live Electrical Components Pipe Support & Restraint Method System Flow Calculations System Design & Performance Validation Enclosure Integrity Test Method

13 Foam Suppression Systems What is foam? an aggregate of air-filled bubbles formed from aqueous solutions which is lower in density than flammable liquids. It is used principally to form a cohesive floating blanket on flammable and combustible liquids, and prevents or extinguishes fire by excluding air and cooling the fuel. It also prevents re-ignition by suppressing formation of flammable vapors. It has the property of adhering to surfaces, which provides a degree of exposure protection from adjacent fires (NFPA 11)

14 Application Foam Suppression Systems High-expansion foams are used when an enclosed space, such as a basement or hangar Low-expansion foams are used on burning spills Foam is not effective on Class C electrical fires or pressurised gases Effective at suppressing vapors & extinguishing Class B fires Many types of systems

15 Foam Suppression Systems Systems Foam deluge sprinkler Oscillating monitor Conventional sprinkler

16 Foam Suppression Systems Systems Foam pourer Foam Generator Grate nozzle

17 Foam Suppression Systems Foam Types Class A and Class B Protein Fluroprotein AFFF FFFP AR-AFFF

18 Foam Suppression Systems Codes

19 Foam Suppression Systems Environmental issues biodegradation acute and chronic toxicity persistence (especially of fluorosurfactants) bio-accumulation potential accurate information of individual ingredients not generic accurate percentage proportions rather than wide bands 5-20% Issues of time periods quoted Containment Buscot Lock The Thames UK

20 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study

21 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study 100 acre site RAF 40,000 sq m maintenance 40,000 sq m support facilities 48 bay fast jet maintenance Also 737 and VC 10

22 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Objectives Fire suppression effectiveness (accidental fire) Uncomplicated Flexibility Maintainability Operation and high resistance to spurious discharge Good practice and industry codes and standards

23 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Nature of the hazard conventional combustible materials, and aviation fuel very high value contents consequences of large fire will have high impact on operational continuity

24 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Nature of the hazard Close control over ignition sources Characteristics of aviation fuel: NFPA classification Grade 2 must be heated to achieve flashpoint. Can be extinguished with water only as fuel temperature lowered. For a fire to occur all of the following conditions are required: Spillage - Fuel heating Ignition On-site fire service 24 hours seven days per. week

25 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Codes and Standards NFPA 409 NFPA 13 BS 5306 Part 2 Interflam paper `96 Notarianni (NIST) and Gott (US Department of the Navy) MoD Fire Safety Standards

26 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Options considered Low expansion foam deluge through overhead/monitors Retain present fire tender attendance procedure Use of high expansion foam generators Self-contained foam trolley units Mobile foam skid units Foam/water hosereels Fast response high hazard water sprinkler systems UV/IR detectors for aviation fuel hazard

27 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Options discounted Low expansion foam deluge through overhead/monitors: 409 criteria is based upon automatic operation with a defined area of fire zone. Foam system on this project specified to be manual. Using 409 criteria this system is impractical due to massive water/foam quantities, plant and pipe sizing. Also flexibility of aircraft type and positioning works against a fixed zoned foam deluge system. To retain present fire tender attendance procedure

28 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Options discounted Use of high expansion foam generators This is an option given in NFPA 409 as an automatic system. This system is appropriate for smaller hangars as the foam is discharged up to a height of 1m from the floor and should not cause damage if there is a spurious discharge. However, for a large hangar, as now being considered, to meet the design criteria generators would have to be suspended from the roof to give overall coverage within the specified time period in 409. Not practical due to functionality and size.

29 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Options implemented Fast response high hazard water sprinkler systems Does not rely upon manual operation. Very resistant to accidental discharge. Clean-up easier than foam. Number of sprinklers discharging water is governed by fire size. Water will cool fuel to below flashpoint, and cool planes and structure. Complies with insurance requirements, code compliant. Will not adversely effect any foam blanket.

30 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Options implemented UV/IR detectors for aviation fuel When the hangar is occupied it is likely that a fire event will be alerted via hangar personnel. However, when the hangar is unoccupied, or if no one is in the vicinity, the detectors will provide an early warning of a flaming fire. This will be approximately 30 seconds from the start of the fire.

31 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Options implemented Mobile foam skid units It is intended that these units will be available to the on-site fire fighters as an alternative to a fire tender and to provide cover, if required, for larger plane wing areas. These units have an integral foam concentrate tank, directional monitor and connection for water from the fire system.

32 Foam Suppression Systems - A Case Study Indicative timings UV/IR detectors 30 seconds On-site fire fighter attendance 2 minutes Sprinkler operation 7 minutes

33 HKIE CPD TRAINING COURSE Question and Answer

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