oil, rose water, gulkand, gulroghan, rose attar and rose fruits are also used as a source of Vitamin C.

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1 INTRODUCTION Rose is the queen of flowers. No other flower is a better symbol of love, adoration, innocence and other virtues than the rose. Rose is the national flower of England. It occupied the prime position in India and widely grown all over the country. Without rose, gardens are not considered complete. Gardens exclusively for roses have been made in various parts of the world for showing the respect for this flower. Great diversity in plant growth, colour of flowers, flower shape, fragrance, slow opening of flowers and good keeping quality made rose so popular that it is grown commercially to meet the demand of cut blooms. The rose is the honour and beauty of flower, is the care and love of the spring. It s symbolized purity, beauty, peace, love and passion. As a flower has become an integral part of human beings. Rose is the most ancient and popular flower grown the world over. It is a versatile plant adapted to varying climatic conditions. In India it is cultivated commercially for cut flower, both for traditional flower market and contemporary florist shops. It is used for diverse purposes such as offering god, making garlands, bouquets, decorations on auspicious occasions, table decoration and preparation of perfumes. Besides this, growing of rose has prime importance in maintaining the ecological balance and controlling environmental pollution in surroundings. Rose flowers are used for making various products from rose petals such as rose

2 Introduction 2 oil, rose water, gulkand, gulroghan, rose attar and rose fruits are also used as a source of Vitamin C. The native place of rose (Rosa spp.) is considered to be Asia, where it had been evolved about 60 million years ago. The oldest painting of roses was found in Kuosses of ancient crete, which dated back to 1600 B.C. on walls of royal palaces. Roman people are most extravagant with roses and were known to be admiring it greatly. Greeks are the first, to cultivate rose as a flowers in gardens and pots. The Greek poetess Sappho was first to call the rose as Queen of flowers. There are several legends associated with beauty and love. The rose comes from ancient times in India as per record of old Sanskrit literature as Tarunipushpa, Atimanjula and Semantika. Rose growing in India developed with distillation of roses mentioned in Ayurveda by Charaka around 100 A.D. With the advent of Mughal Emperor Babur in 1526 begins the history of Indian rose industry, when the Persian rose or Damask rose (Rosa damascena) was introduced in India from Persia. The Edouard rose (Rosa bourboniana) called baramasi was introduced in India around 1840 A.D. and it soon become very popular from the extraction of rose oil, replacing damask rose which flowers only once a year in April. The roses were variously classified as wild and cultivated. There is controversy regarding the number of Rosa species. According to Rehder, there are about 120 species of roses in

3 Introduction 3 existence. The wild roses are found in the tropical and temperate zones of North America, New Mexico, and the Himalaya and in the mountains of China and Japan. Out of many wild species of roses in existence, only about 8 species are important for development purposes. The first step in development of modern roses started with the crosses made between Chinese and European roses. The first Hybrid-Tea (H.T.) rose named La France was developed in France by Guillot in the year 1867, by crossing Hybrid perpetual with Chinese Tea Rose. Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh are major rose growing states. In Uttar Pradesh, it is grown in different districts like Aligarh, Farrukhabad, Kanpur, Mirzapur, Saharanpur, etc. In recent times, several units have been established under joint ventures around Bangalore, Pune, Nasik, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Gurgaon, Chandigarh and Saharanpur (Uttar Pradesh) for growing roses in green houses for export of flowers to Japan, Netherland, Germany and other European countries. Growing of rose involves skills and specialized technique. Besides cultural practices, multiplication plays an important role in successful cultivation. Rose can be propagated both by seeds and various vegetative methods like cutting, layering, grafting, budding. Ramblers, Polyanthas and miniature roses and rootstocks are successfully multiplied by cutting. Seed propagation is used in breeding new cultivars and in raising rootstocks of certain species.

4 Introduction 4 Grafting process was popular in earlier time, but now-a-days, budding is the most common method adopted for the multiplication of majority of cultivars for obtaining better quality plants. The best and commercial varieties are universally perpetuated by budding, which is the most important mode of propagation of rose that naturally occupies the first place. Budding is the art of inserting a small portion of bark containing an eye of cultivated rose in stem of rootstocks. Rose is commercially propagated by budding, a greater percentage of buds have taken on the 8-12 mm thick rootstock than other size. The Hybrid tea and Floribunda roses are commonly propagated by budding. Buddings are done on different rootstocks or under stocks in India according to the suitability of the place and cultivars. Depending upon the species, roses are commercially propagated by bud grafting on suitable rootstocks or by cutting or from seeds. Flower initiation and development of gardens and greenhouse rose are affected by factors like root to shoot ratio, readiness of lateral buds to sprout, formation of basal shoots, growth rate of lateral shoots and sensitivity of flower buds to absorption of plant nutrients (Zieslin et.al., 1973). Many of these factors are related to genetic properties of rose cultivars and rootstocks. Considerable information on stionic relationship among different rose species and cultivars are available. Vigour of budded scion, earliness of flowering, numbers of flowers and flower qualities

5 Introduction 5 are affected by the rootstocks. Bud take, rooting of cutting, length and width of roots are also affected by the scion cultivars. Combining two different plants into one plant by grafting or budding one part producing the top and other part the root system can produce growth pattern that are different from those that has been occurred if each component part had been grown separately. Some of these effects are of major importance in floriculture while, others are detrimental and should be avoided. These altered characteristics may result from either specific characteristics of the graft partners not found in other, or interaction between the root stock and the scion that alter size, growth, productivity, fruit quality and other attributes or the incompatibility reaction. Rootstocks affect the vigour, precosity, productivity, quality of flowers, longevity of bushes, disease resistance, adoptability to soil and climatic conditions etc. Vigour is a major effect of the scion on the stock, just as it was in the case of rootstock effect on scion cultivar. If a strongly growing scion cultivar is grafted on a weak rootstock, the growth of the rootstock will be stimulated as to become larger than it would be, if left un-grafted. Conversely, if a weakly growing scion cultivar is grafted on to a rigorous rootstock, the growth of rootstock will be lessened from what it might have been if left un-grafted. Rootstock is a backbone of rose propagation; most of the phenotypic characters of rose are dependent upon rootstock. Various types of rootstock are used in rose propagation in India as well as

6 Introduction 6 abroad. In plains of India Edouard rose (Rosa bourboniana) is one of the most popular rootstock. In coastal areas, West Bengal, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and submountainous region of Dehradun and Nainital, Rosa multiflora is often used. Sometimes creeper rose (Rosa wichuriana) is also used as a rootstock. Another rootstock Rosa indica var. Odorata has now become quite popular in northern plains. It is tolerant to powdery mildew and high soil ph. The rootstock used in India is propagated by stem cuttings. These days vegetative propagation of plant through hormone treatment of cutting accelerates rooting, produce a large and profuse root system, increase the percentage of rooting and make it possible to cutting of some species that normally root poorly or difficult to root. Investigation supporting the use of plant growth regulators for promoting rooting and other plant behaviour in Edouard rose. Use of growth regulators, poly house, bottom heat and use of mist helped in rooting of difficult to root plants. Auxin has the greatest effect in root formation in cutting. In Auxin I.B.A. used to stimulate the root initiation in a number of plants. The Auxin and Auxin synergist together lead to the synergist of RNA, which is involved in initiation of roots. In rose nursery business, the common practice is to plant the cutting in one season and then they are taken care for one year till they are budded in the budding season. Thus, for raising a

7 Introduction 7 budding suited for planting, it requires normally two years. If buddling is successful in the same season of planting of cutting then lot of expenses such as labour, money and space can be saved. Moreover, the cost of producing the budded plant would be reduced. Now some more improvement has been made in this technique. In place of planting cutting for rootstock, now it is possible to prepare cuttings, which are used as rootstock as such and budding is directly done on these cuttings. These budded cuttings are planted in well prepared nursery or sometimes in the poly bags filled with the rooting media. Thus, this bud-graft-cuttage is ready for transplanting only within a year of raising, saving one year which is utilized for rootstocks raising in the field. Realizing the importance of the above facts, the present experiment entitled Studies on bud-graft-cuttage in rose (Rosa spp.) in relation to different stionic combination was planned and undertaken during and at Horticultural Experiment and Training Centre, Basti (U.P.) with the following objectives: 1. To standardize the suitable rootstock for rapid multiplication to meet the growing demand of growers. 2. To know the impact of rootstocks and cultivars (scion) on the success of shield budding. 3. To find out the effect of rootstocks on vegetative growth and flowering of buddlings.

8 Introduction 8 4. To study the effect of scions on the rooting behaviour of budded cutting. 5. To find out the effect of rootstocks on cultivars (scion) on final survival of buddling.