Flower production of hybrid tea rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. GLADIATOR under protected condition through different treatments during winter season

Transcription

1 THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE Volume 7 Issue 1 June, Research Paper Article history : Received : Revised : Accepted : Flower production of hybrid tea rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. GLADIATOR under protected condition through different treatments during winter season S.J. PATIL, N.L. PATEL 1, S.S. GAIKWAD 1 AND P.P. BHALERAO 1 Members of the Research Forum Associate Author : 1 Department of Fruit Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, NAVSARI (GUJARAT) INDIA Author for correspondence : S.J. PATEL Department of Fruit Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, NAVSARI (GUJARAT) INDIA goldmedalist@rediffmail. com Abstract : A field experiment was conducted during the year 2003 and 2004 with two main plots viz., 50% shade net (S 1 ) and open field (S 2 ) and eight sub treatments viz., full dose of N (75 g plant -1 - T 1 + Azotobacter 2 g plant -1 (T 2 + BA 100 mg l -1 (T 3 ), T 2 + BA 100 mg l -1 (T 4 ), 3/4 th dose of N (T 5 + Azotobacter 2g plant -1 (T 6 + BA 100 mg l -1 (T 7 ) and T 6 + BA 100 mg l -1 ( ). Results revealed that, the vigorous plant growth viz., plant spread, plant height, total leaf area, number of leaves and shoots per plant, fresh and dry weight of pruned shoots was observed in S 2. The rose plants grown under shadenet had higher nitrogen content in leaf, superior quality of flowers with more longevity while, early flowering, maximum flower production with more vase life in S 2. The vigorous growth in terms of plant spread, number of leaves, total leaf area and number of shoots was noted in treatment plants. Consequently, these plants produced early flower, longer flower stalk with maximum flower production and higher longevity as well as vase life of flower. The height and weight of pruned shoots, nitrogen content in leaf were higher in T 4 treatment. The flower quality in all most all the respects was also better in the plant receiving T 4 treatment. Interaction of situation and treatment was found significant in case of plant spread, total leaf area, number of shoots per plant and flower production in S 2 treatment combination. The flowers with higher stalk length were produced in S 1. Key words : Gladiator, Open field, Shade net, Azotobacter, Benzyladenine, Rose How to cite this article : Patil, S.J., Patel, N.L., Gaikwad, S.S. and Bhalerao, P.P. (2012). Flower production of hybrid tea rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. GLADIATOR under protected condition through different treatments during winter season, Asian J. Hort., 7(1) : In today s modern world, rose is the highest demanded cut flower and it ranks first in international flower trade. The annual consumption of rose as cut flower in the world is worth 1.5 billion US dollars (Reddy, 1999). The Rosa hybrida L. is a vigorous shrub with mild fragrance, foliage soft graygreen, the leaflet oval and usually three to five leaves. Branches are very prickly with hooked. Flowers are of large size, blaming red colour of cv. GLADIATOR. The major rose producing states in India are Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Chandigarh, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Kashmir and Gujarat. Biofertilizers are microbial inoculants of selective microorganisms like bacteria, algae, fungi, already existing in nature. Azotobacter is one of the most important non-symbiotic nitrogen fixing micro-organism. A number of experiments conducted have shown a positive response to Azotobacter application on a wide range of crops like cereals, cash crops, flower crops and vegetables. In South Gujarat, during summer, temperature is very high. Due to high temperature, flower colour becomes faint due to which flower quality deteriorates. Use of 50 per cent shade net can reduce light intensity, insect attack and improve flower quality. Considering the importance of rose as cut flower and its popularity, it was thought worthwhile to carryout research as on use of 50 per cent shade net, Benzyladenine plant growth regulator and Azotobacter bio-fertilizer to know the growth, yield, and quality as well as vase life of rose cv. GLADIATOR under the agro-climatic conditions of South Gujarat. HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

2 S.J. PATIL, N.L. PATEL, S.S. GAIKWAD AND P.P. BHALERAO RESEARCH METHODS A field experiment was conducted on seven month old uniformly grown rose plants during the winter season in year 2003 and 2004 at Regional Horticultural Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari with two main situations viz., shade net (50% S 1 ) and open field (S 2 ) and eight sub treatments viz., full dose of N (75 g plant -1 - T 1 + Azotobacter 2 g plant -1 (T 2 + BA 100 mg l -1 (T 3 ), T 2 + BA 100 mg l -1 (T 4 ), 3/4 th dose of N (T 5 + Azotobacter 2 g plant - 1 (T 6 + BA 100 mg l -1 (T 7 ) and T 6 + BA 100mg l -1 ( ) by adopting Split Plot Design (SPD). The operation of light pruning was done in the first week of October and March. Farmyard 20 t/ha, P and g per plant were given to this crop. Nitrogen was applied as per treatment. The recommended nitrogen was 75 g/plant. FYM, half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potash were applied as a basal dose i.e. after pruning and remaining half dose of nitrogen was applied after one month of first application. Irrigation was given immediately after fertilization of the crop. The irrigation was given at an interval of 15 days during investigation. Foliar application of BA was given fifteen days after pruning and for the application of Azotobacter, culture was mixed with FYM and applied through ring 50 g per plant next day after pruning. For recording of observations, five plants in each plot were selected at random from the each treatment and tagged whereas, all observations were recorded at the time of last picking. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from the present investigation as well as relevant discussion have been summarised under following sub heads: Effect on growth attributes: The results (Table 1) of present investigation revealed that growth attributes viz., plant height, plant spread, leaves per plant, total leaf area, number of shoots per plant, fresh and dry weight of pruned shoots were noticed maximum under open field situation (S 2 ). Increased growth attributes under open field situation might be due to the fact that rose plant requires bright sunlight for the whole day or at least 6 hours which increased photosynthesis and ultimately increased growth. It is seen from the data that various growth parameters such as plant spread, number of leaves per plant, total leaf area and number of shoots per plant were significantly the maximum in the plant receiving 3/4 th dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg 1-1 treatment ( ). While, plant height and fresh and dry weight of pruned shoots were significantly the maximum in plant receiving full dose of N 75g + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg 1-1 treatment Table 1: Effect of different situations and treatments on average growth of hybrid tea rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. GLADIATOR (Mean of 2 years) Plant height Plant spread (cm) Leaves Total leaf Shoots per Fresh weight of pruned Dry weight of pruned (cm) E-W N-S per plant area (cm 2 ) plant shoots per plant (g) shoots per plant (g) Situations (S) S S S.E C.D. (P=0.05) CV % (T) T T T T T T T S.E C.D. (P=0.05) Interaction (S x T) S.E C.D. (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS CV % N. B.: All other interactions were found to be non-significant NS=Non-significant Asian J. Hort., 7(1) June, 2012 :

3 FLOWER PRODUCTION OF HYBRID TEA ROSE UNDER PROTECTED CONDITION THROUGH DIFFERENT TREATMENTS DURING WINTER SEASON (T 4 ). Increase in growth may be attributed to the physiological action of BA where BA increases the size of meristematic region as well as the portion of the cells undergoing cell division and cell enlargement (Pandey and Sinha, 2004). Further application of Azotobacter enhanced their number and activities and fixed more N, which probably had increased growth characters. It was observed that East-West and North-South plant spread was significantly the maximum in S 2 treatment (Table 4). This might be due to N fixation by Azotobacter from air and physiological actions of BA i.e. cell division and cell enlargement favoured better spread. The results presented in Table 4 indicated that the treatment combination S 2 registered significantly the maximum total leaf area. This might be due to the favourable effect of BA, which had increased photosynthetic area through the action in of cell division and cell enlargement (Pandey and Sinha, 2004), thus had increased total leaf area. In the present investigation, the plant grown under open field situation and receiving 3/4 th dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg l -1 (S 2 ) recorded significantly the maximum number of shoots per plant. This might be due to higher total leaf area accumulated more carbohydrates which ultimately used to increase number of shoots per plant. Days required for first flower bud initiation after pruning: It is evident from the Table 2 that the days required for first flower bud initiation were significantly minimum observed in open field. This might be due to the fact that light is the most important factor influencing the growth and flowering in rose (Cockshull and Hand, 1975). Open field received sufficient sunlight as compared to shadenet, which resulted in early flowering. A perusal of data indicated significantly the minimum days required for first flower bud initiation after pruning in rose plant receiving the 3/4 th dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg 1-1 treatment ( ). This might be due to higher total leaf area in the plant receiving from treatment resulted in more photosynthesis, which ultimately increased the carbohydrates and thus, increased in C: N ratio, which had induced early flowering (Dutta, 1994). Quality parameters: The results presented in Table 2 indicated that, flower quality parameters like length and girth of flower stalk, flower diameter and number of petals per flower were noticed maximum under shade net situation during both the seasons. This might be due to higher carbohydrates in plants maintained in 50 per cent shading due to decrease in respiration rate and these carbohydrates were used in the production of cut blooms Table 2 : Effect of different situations and treatments on average flowering and quality of hybrid tea rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. GLADIATOR (Mean of 2 years) Initiation of first flower Flower stalk Flower stalk Flower Fresh weight Petals per Fresh wt. of petals bud after pruning (days) length (cm) girth (cm) diameter (cm) of flower (g) flower per flower (g) Situations (S) S S S.E C.D. (P=0.05) CV % (T) T T T T T T T S.E C.D. (P=0.05) Interaction (S x T) S.E C.D. (P=0.05) NS 3.27 NS NS NS NS NS CV % N. B.: All other interactions were found to be non-significant NS=Non-significant Asian J. Hort., 7(1) June, 2012 :

4 S.J. PATIL, N.L. PATEL, S.S. GAIKWAD AND P.P. BHALERAO and this energy was distributed among other flower parts on the plant (Malhotra and Kumar, 2000). It is clear from results that the shadenet (S 1 ) recorded maximum fresh weight of petals per flower, which might be due to more number of petals per flower produced under shade net. A perusal of the data revealed that the fresh weight of flower was significantly the maximum in shadenet situation (S 1 ). This might be due to bigger sized flower, more number of petals and higher petal weight of flower under shade net. The results showed that significantly the maximum flower stalk length was noted due to treatment. While significantly the maximum flower stalk girth, flower diameter and number of petals per flower were observed in rose plant receiving full dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg 1-1 (T 4 ). This could be due to better nutrient uptake, higher photosynthesis, source-sink relationship, besides excellent physiological and biological activities due to presence of Azotobacter (Gayithri et al., 2004). The better quality of flower might also be due to the physiological action of cell division and cell enlargement by BA (Pandey and Sinha, 2004). It is seen from the data that the plant receiving full dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg l -1 (T 4 ) significantly increased the fresh weight of flower and fresh weight of petals per flower. This might be due to bigger sized flower and more number of petals per flower in the plants receiving this treatment. It was observed that the flower stalk length was significantly the maximum in the plant grown under shade net situation and receiving 3/4 th dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg l -1 (S 1 ). This might be due to synthesis of plant growth regulators like IAA and Gibberellins by Azotobacter (Wange and Patil, 1994) which had helped in elongation of flower stalk. Action of these growth regulators and foliar application of BA may also have increased flower stalk length. Longevity and vase life of flower (days): The results (Table 3) showed that shade net situation (S 1 ) significantly increased the longevity of flower. This might be due to longer and thick stalk, bigger sized flower and more number of petals containing more carbohydrates and also due to 50 per cent shade net which decreased respiration rate (Malhotra and Kumar, 2000). It is evident from the results that open field situation (S 2 ) had significantly increased the vase life of flower. This might be due to that open field flowers were much stronger than those of shade net flowers. The plant treated with 3/4 th dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg l -1 ( ) significantly increased the longevity and vase of flower. This might be due to application of BA, which had reduced the loss of dry weight of maturing flower and also maintained cell integrity. Cytokinins also decreased Table 3 : Effect of different situations and treatments on average longevity, vase life, yield and nitrogen content in leaf of hybrid tea rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. GLADIATOR (Mean of 2 years) Longevity of flower Vase life of flower Number of flowers per Number of flowers per Nitrogen content in leaf (days) (days) plant (yield) hectare (yield) (%) Situations (S) S S S.E C.D. (P=0.05) NS CV % (T) T T T T T T T S.E C.D. (P=0.05) Interaction (S x T) S.E C.D. (P=0.05) NS NS NS CV % N. B.: All other interactions were found to be non significant NS=Non-significant Asian J. Hort., 7(1) June, 2012 :

5 FLOWER PRODUCTION OF HYBRID TEA ROSE UNDER PROTECTED CONDITION THROUGH DIFFERENT TREATMENTS DURING WINTER SEASON Table 4 : Interaction effect of different situations and treatments on hybrid tea rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. GLADIATOR (Mean of 2 years) Treatment Plant spread (cm) Total leaf area Shoots per plant Flower stalk Flowers per Flowers per combinations E-W N-S (cm 2 ) length (cm) plant hectare (Yield) S 1T S 1T S 1T S 1T S 1T S 1T S 1T S S 2T S 2T S 2T S 2T S 2T S 2T S 2T S S.E C.D. (P=0.05) CV % Table 5 : Economics of Hybrid Tea rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. GLADIATOR as influenced by different situations with different treatments during winter season Number of flowers/ha Gross income Cost of cultivation Net return (Rs. ha -1 ) CBR (yield) (Rs. ha -1 ) (Rs. ha -1 ) Shade net S 1T S 1T S 1T S 1T S 1T S 1T S 1T S Open field S 2T S 2T S 2T S 2T S 2T S 2T S 2T S Cost of cultivation Shade Rs.27 m 2 Rs.40 g -1 Rs.50 day -1 Rs.40 kg -1 Selling price Rs.250 /50 kg Shade Rs.3 flower -1 Rs.160 /50 kg Open Rs.1 flower -1 Rs.225 /50 kg Asian J. Hort., 7(1) June, 2012 :

6 S.J. PATIL, N.L. PATEL, S.S. GAIKWAD AND P.P. BHALERAO sensitivity of plant tissue to ethylene (Salunke et al., 1990) also demonstrated that BA delayed ethylene production. Thus, ultimately this treatment increased the longevity and vase life of flowers. Number of flowers per hectare (yield): The results of the present investigation presented in Table 3 indicated that number of flowers per plant and number of flowers per hectare were the maximum in open field situation (S 2 ). This might be due to the fact that the total leaf area was the maximum under open field, which accumulated more carbohydrates and were directly used for increasing the number of flowers. This might be also due to more number of shoots in open field, which had produced more number of flowers. The results of the present investigation indicated that number of flowers per plant and number of flowers per hectare were significantly the maximum in plant receiving 3/4 th dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg l -1 ( ). The maximum total leaf area in this treatment had accumulated more carbohydrates through photosynthesis and produced more number of shoots per plant might have produced more number of flowers. Apart from N fixation, Azotobacter significantly enhanced uptake of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mo (Awasthi et al., 1998) and hastened flowering and yield (Begum, 1998). This could also be explained in terms of improved physical and chemical condition of the soil and increased population of microorganism which gave synchronized effect and enhanced yield of flowers (Singh and Singh, 2003). BA causes increase in photosynthesis through the action of cell division as well as hyponasty of leaves. Therefore, increase in total leaf area which accumulates more carbohydrates and which ultimately utilize to increase number of flowers. The data (Table 4) clearly showed that the plant grown under open field situation and receiving 3/4 th dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg l -1 (S 2 ) significantly increased the number of flowers per plant and per hectare. This might be due to better vegetative growth of plant, which stored more carbohydrates ultimately utilized to increase the flower yield. Nitrogen content in leaf (%): It is clear from Table 3 that though the difference was non-significant the plant grown under the shadenet (S 1 ) had higher nitrogen content in leaf. It is clear from data that the plant receiving full dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg l -1 (T 4 ) recorded significantly the maximum nitrogen content in leaf. This might be due to Azotobacter which had fixed N in soil, which later ultimately uptake by plant increased the leaf N content (Singh and Singh, 2003). Economic of treatments: Economics indicated that the plant raised under shadenet and receiving treatment of 3/4 th dose of N + Azotobacter 2g + foliar spray of BA 100 mg l -1 (S 1 ) was found most remunerative in seasons as it gave highest net return with maximum benefit cost ratio though the production of flowers under shadenet was low as compared to open field (Table 5). This was because the quality of flowers produced under shadenet was superior to that of open field situation, which fetched higher price in the market. Again, the better quality flowers produced under shadenet fetched higher price than that of under open field condition. This might be due to scarcity of quality flowers and higher demand during marriage celebration. REFERENCES Awasthi, R.P., Godara, P.K. and Kaith, N.S. (1998). Interaction effect of Va-Mycorrhizae and Azotobacter inoculation on micronutrient uptake by peach seedling. Hort. J., 11 (2): 1-5. Begum, H. (1998). Response of tomato crop to Azotobacter inoculation. South Indian J. Hort., 46 (1&2): Cockshull, K.E. and Hand, D.W. (1975). Rose effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on winter bloom production. J. Hort. Sci., 60: Dutta, S.C. (1994). Plant physiology. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Age International Limited, pp Gayithri, H.N., Jayaprasad, K.V. and Narayanswami, P. (2004). Response of bio-fertilizers and their combined application with different levels of inorganic fertilizers in statice (Lumonium caspia). J. Ornam. Hort., 7 (1): Malhotra, R. and Kumar, R. (2000). Effect of pruning height, shading and polythene covering on growth and flower production of Rosa cv. Raktagandha. J. Ornam. Hort., New series, 3 (2): Pandey, S.N. and Sinha, B.K. (2004). Plant physiology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Reddy, T.V. (1999). Protected cultivation of rose. Progressive Floriculture. The House of Sarpan, (media) Bangalore, pp Salunke, D.K., Bhatt, N.R. and Desai, B.B. (1990). Post harvest biotechnology of flowers and ornamental Plants. Naya Prokash: Culcutta, pp Singh, A.K. and Singh, Y. (2003). Leaf nutrient status, growth and flower yield in rose influenced by organic and inorganic sources. J. Ornam. Hort., 6 (3): Wange, S.S. and Patil, P.L. (1994). Response of tuberose to biofertilizers and nitrogen. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 19 (3): *********** Asian J. Hort., 7(1) June, 2012 :