Paul Vossen. UC Cooperative Extension Sonoma County 133 Aviation Blvd., Suite 109 Santa Rosa, CA 95403

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1 Paul Vossen UC Cooperative Extension Sonoma County 133 Aviation Blvd., Suite 109 Santa Rosa, CA 95403

2 University of California Research and Education

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4 COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Your local door to resources of the University of California

5 Paul Vossen s Program Specialty Crops (fruits and vegetables Organic Production Olive Oil Processing and Sensory Evaluation SRJC Sust. Ag Diversity Orchards Cost Studies DEMO Blueberry Varieties, Chestnuts, Mandarins, Table Grapes, Apples, Olives One-on-one crop assistance Local Food Marketing Program Sudden Oak Death (SOD) Program Master Gardener Program PURE Compost

6 Production Manuals

7 Climate & Soils Growth & Development Varieties & Rootstocks Planting & Care Irrigation Fertilization Training & Pruning Budding & Grafting Fruit Thinning Harvest Pest Management Abiotic Disorders Crop Calendar

8 IPM Manuals & Pest Notes

9 More Information

10 More Information

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16 What is Special About Sonoma County?

17 The Specialness of Sonoma Natural beauty - diversity Climate Good soils Water Clean air High quality wine Diversity of products

18 Agriculturally Special Reputation for High Quality Wine And High Quality Milk (cheese, butter) Lots of Innovation Very Organic Sustainable Minded

19 Tree ripe = Real Flavor Advantages Agritourism (many visitors) Locally grown Farmers markets Supporting restaurants & Chefs Organic or Sustainable Coattails of the wine industry (tasting rooms) Small-scale (attention to detail)

20 If when grown here, it has a higher economic value do it Wine Milk cheese Grass fed meat Range chickens Heirloom apples Dry farmed apples Tree ripened peaches Organically Locally - Grown

21 Agricultural Disadvantages Rainy winters Cold winters Expensive land Limited water High labor cost Small land parcels Limited infrastructure

22 If it can be grown somewhere else cheaper forget it (usually) Salad mix Broccoli Processed apples Hemp fiber Lavender Hops Strawberries Grains Pumpkins Corn

23 Basic Land Evaluation Climate Soil - Water

24 Marine Coastal Cool Coastal Warm

25 1 o Climatic Zones Marine: Foggy, windy, cool 2,185 degree days (1,800-2,800) Water use ~ Coastal Cool: Intermediate some fog 2,582 degree days (1, ) Water use ~ Coastal Warm: Warm little fog 2,920 degree days (2,100-4,200) Water use ~ 36-42

26 Climate Statistics Frost dates: November 1 to April 30 Chilling: 1,000 to 1,500 Summer Day Temps: 70 o to 95 o F Summer Night Temps: 48 o to 60 o F Winter Lows: 32 o to 45 o F

27 Elevation Slope - Soil Above 2,000 ft. = temperature problems Over 35% slope = equipment danger, more hand labor, erosion threat, and high cost Poor drainage clay soil, seepage, high rainfall, limited surface water movement, restrictive layers Shallow soil = less drainage & low water holding capacity Mineral toxicity = high Mg B Na etc.

28 Rooting depth drainage water holding capacity

29 Book plus on-site evaluation

30 Soil Survey Storie index: Capability Unit Soil Type Soil Horizons Rooting Depth Water Holding Capacity

31 Site Selection Investigative Tool

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33 Root Rot Poor Drainage

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35 Soil Plant Water Testing

36 Soil Testing Multiple sub samples (5-15) Two depths (6 and 18 ) (separate) Each sample represents different area Mix thoroughly Analyze for big 6: ph, P, K, Ca, Mg, OM Analyze for minor nutrients if suspect (boron, sodium, chloride, etc.)

37 Soil Chemical Properties saturated paste extract Soil ph High Magnesium (< 1:1 ratio with Ca) High Calcium (> 8:1 ratio with Mg) Adequate Phosphorous (> 10 ppm P) = OK Adequate Potassium (> 125 ppm K) = OK High Chloride (> meq/l Cl - ) High Boron (> 2 ppm B) High Sodium (SAR > 15)

38 Changing ph (raising)

39 Changing ph (lowering)

40 Land Preparation Improve drainage Add organic matter Adjust ph Control weeds Tree layout Irrigation layout Incorporate amendments

41 Water Amount & Quality

42 Value of Water Yield Fruit Size Fruit Quality - Color & Taste Cover Crop Mgmt. Erosion Control Frost Control Pest Mgmt. Nutrition Enhancement

43 Competitive Equivalency $ $ $ $ $

44 Irrigation Study Apples Yields in Tons/Acre Standard Orchard Dwarf Orchard Dry Irrigated Under ET Irrigated Irrigated Yield Yield Yield Yield

45 Apple Production Irrigated 3 x 12 spacing 1,000/A Bearing starts 2nd yr. Turf row middles Use 24 to 48 inches Yields of Tons/A Specialty $1,000 to $4,000/Ton Dry Farmed 12 x 24 spacing 150/A Bearing starts 6th yr. Tilled to save water Use mother nature Yields Tons/A Old $65 to $500/Ton

46 Dry farmed apples

47 Irrigated standard yields tons/acre large fruit with poor color Irrigated semi-dwarf yields tons/acre large fruit with good color

48 1 st year s growth from a feathered tree planted in February (3 months) 2 nd year s growth from a feathered tree planted in February (15 months) Yield = 5 tons per acre

49 $ Value Grapes & Apples Bulk Processing Crop vs. Fresh Market Crop WINE GRAPES Yield - 5 tons/acre Value - $2-5,000/ton Prod. Cost: $1-5,000/acre Net: $1-9,000/ acre FRESH MKT. APPLES Yield - 35 tons/acre Value - $1-4,000/ton Prod. Cost: $4-15,000/acre Net: $30-90,000/acre Based on irrigated, specialty varieties Based on irrigated, specialty varieties

50 Dry sad peach tree One year s growth with proper irrigation Peach Irrigation

51 Site Selection: Irrigation Water Test potential irrigation water for: (acid/base) ph Electro conductivity (EC = salts) Sodium (Na +) Bicarbonate (HCO 3- ) Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) Chloride (Cl - ) Boron (B) Nitrate-Nitrogen

52 Site Selection: Irrigation Water Volume Needed 1-3 acre feet/year (325, ,000 gallons) 3-5 gpm/acre minimum Avoid water containing: High Boron > 2 ppm Bicarbonate > 3.5 ppm Total Salt > 3 ds/m EC ppm High Sodium > 3 meq/l - 9 SAR High Chloride > 345 ppm

53 USE RATE How Much Water Plants Use Evapo-Transpiration (ET) Evaporation from soil surface = 10% Transpiration = 90% cooling of the leaves

54 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET) Temperature Relative Humidity Wind How hot & dry & windy is it?

55 Measuring ET Mathematical formula: Temp + RH + Wind Direct measure of evaporation from water surface

56 ET Rates in the Press Democrat

57 Marine Coastal Cool Coastal Warm

58 Seasonal Water Requirement April - October (30 yr. average in inches) (Sonoma County) Marine Coastal Cool Coastal Warm April May June July August Sept Oct TOTAL

59 Water Requirement (May-October) ET (inches) Gal/Acre Gal/Min Gal/1,000ft 2 Marine , ,464 Coastal Cool , ,195 Coastal Warm 42 1,140, ,181

60 Water Use in Gallons / Day 0.1"/day 0.2"/day 0.25"/day 0.3"/day 1 ft ft ft ft ft ft acre 2,715 5,431 6,788 8,146 5 gpm X 60 min/hr X 24 hrs/day = 7,200 gallons per day

61 Rainfall from Mother Nature Rainfall per year Soil holds 2 per foot of rooting depth Deep soil (5 ft.) = 10 inches Shallow soil (18 in.) = 3 inches Most rainfall runs off

62 Soil Water Holding Capacity Clay = 2.0 to 2.5 inches per foot Loam = 1.5 to 2.0 inches per foot Sand = 1.0 to 1.5 inches per foot

63 Where are Roots? 80% of tree roots are in the top 2 ft.

64 Soil Profiles Most tree roots are in the top 2 feet

65 IRRIGATION TYPES SPRINKLER IRRIGATION Depends on Storage of Water in Soil DRIP IRRIGATION Gives Plant Just What it Needs Every Day

66 IRRIGATION How much - how often - how long? SPRINKLERS Use Rate (ET) Application Rate Rooting Depth Soil Water Holding Capacity DRIP IRRIGATION Use Rate (ET) - Plant Size (Area in Ft 2 ) Application Rate (Emitter Spacing and Size)

67 Sprinklers

68 Sprinkler Irrigation Amount of water held in soil is very important Rooting depth is very important Application amount is very important Scheduling irrigations is very important

69 Measure Application Rate Flow rate per nozzle size, area covered, and water pressure Can test

70 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION Basic Numbers to Remember Loam soil holds about 2 inches per foot of soil Most fruit tree roots are in the top inches Long trajectory sprinklers apply 1 inch / 4 hours Irrigate when plants have used 1/2 of soil moisture

71 FRUIT TREE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION Rooting depth 24 = 4 total water in soil Allowable depletion = 2 Water use = 1.5 / week or about 2 / 10 days Sprinklers apply 2 in 8 hours Water for 8 hours every 10 days 20 radius sprinkler (1,400 ft 2 ) that applies 5 gallons per minute for 8 hours = 2,400 gallons or 175 gallons / 100 ft 2 / 10 days

72 Drip Irrigation Water plant daily Give the plant what it needs/wants Need is determined by ET Soil water holding capacity is not important Keep emitters 18 to 24 away from trunk

73 Drip Irrigation wets 10-20% of root system for large fruit trees

74 Area Covered in ft 2 10 ft 2 10 ft 2 10 ft 2

75 Typical water use patterns Inches per day Spring or fall with short cool days = 0.1 Warm summer with fog = 0.15 Hot summer with some fog = 0.20 Hot summer no fog = 0.25 Very hot and windy = 0.30

76 Water Use in Gallons / Day 0.1"/day 0.2"/day 0.25"/day 0.3"/day 1 ft ft ft ft ft ft acre 2,715 5,431 6,788 8,146 5 gpm X 60 min/hr X 24 hrs/day = 7,200 gallons per day

77 FRUIT TREE DRIP IRRIGATION Water Use is 0.25 Inches Per Day in Summer Mature Semi-dwarf Tree Uses 16 Gallons / Day Tree occupies 100 ft 2 2 one-gallon per Hour Emitters per Tree Water for 8 Hours Every Day Add 2 more emitters water 4 hours every day

78 Drip Emitters

79 Mini Sprinklers 2-4 times per week to wet down 12-18

80 Valve Manifolds

81 Economics coststudies.ucdavis.edu Can Money be Made?

82 UC Cost Studies Pears 2010 Peaches 2009 Plums 2009 Nectarine 2009 Lemons 2010

83 Paul Vossen University of California Cooperative Extension 133 Aviation Blvd. Santa Rosa, CA (707) Photo by : Alexandra Kicenik Devarenne