Darcy's law 16 Deformation 23-32, 53, 98-99, ; elastic 19-20, 148-

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1 INDEX Aeration estimation ; modeling Aggregate breakup 20, Aggregate bulk density 13 Aggregate size distribution 109 Aggregate stability 60-70, 83-86, 89, 90, 93, 224, 231, 240; rate of change in , ; seasonal change in 90-93; stabilizing materials 226, Aggregate strength 12-18, 78 Aggregate surface 109 Aggregation process 60, 61-62, 68, 70, 264 Anaerobiosis see Oxygen uptake Angle of contact 102 Angle of internal friction Applied stress 27, 29 Area of disturbance Bonding force Boussinesq elastic theory 121 Boussinesq equations 147, 148, 149, 248 Bulk density 48, , , 264 CaO see Lime Charge characteristics 61-62, 62-68, 259 Clay fraction Clod size distribution 109 Clod surface 109 Cohesion 16-18; and water content 82-83, 84; and wetting 86-88; development 81-86; loss of 73; raindrop impact 86; recovery of 82, 85-86; seasonal fluctuation of Compaction 2-3, 38, 39, 73-80, 90, 91, 92-93, , , , 164, , , , 213, 214, 235, 242, 249, 252, 259, 264, ; and root disease ; by rainfall 39; deep ; excessive , 217; measurement of 48; of aggregates 112; plant tolerance of 215; shallow ; subsurface 233; wet 41 Compaction models , 137, 145, 234, 244, , 263; analytical ; finite element , 244 Compressibility 66 Compression, secondary Compressive strength 98-99, 100 Cracking see Fracture behavior Crescent failure Critical-state line Critical-state soil mechanics 144, 149 Crop residue 91, 251 Crop yield 224, 236, 251 Cropping sequence 93, 230 Cropping systems , 226, 228, 231 CSL see Critical-state line CTIS see Wheel inflation 269

2 270 Darcy's law 16 Deformation 23-32, 53, 98-99, ; elastic 19-20, ; flow type 41, 43, 44, 46; hardening type Dispersibility and strength 62 Displacement by tillage ; by roots 155 Draught force 121, 123 Effective stress 10-11, 15-16, 29-31, Elastic deformation see Deformation Elastic materials Energy dissipation and stress distribution 26 Equilibrium water pressure 56 Erosion 3-4, 69, 90-92, 102, 103, 251, 252 Flocculation see Aggregate formation Flocculation-dispersion behavior Forages 217, 223, 257 Fracture behavior Fracture theories Freezing 38, 90-92, 93 Gas diffusion Gaseous exchange Horizontal force see Draught force Horizontal load 148 Hydraulic conductivity 18, 78, 190 Hydraulic properties , , 239, 241, 246 Inflation pressure Inorganic colloids see Soil strength and clay fraction Inter-aggregate strength 39, Inter-aggregate voids 38-39, 44 Inter-aggregate pore size Intra-aggregate strength 39, Ion diffusion Ion mass flow 18 Kneading 20, 48 Lateral failure Lateral rupture distance , 132 Lime Liquid limit 66 Loading 12, 15, 17, 23, 24-25, 26, 40, 54, 55, 244, 248 Loading time see Stress duration Macropores 246 Manure 91 Matric potential 31, 32, 234, 235 Mechanical resistance 258 Microreliefmeters 253 Minirhizotron technique 250 Moisture ratio 54 Natural proces3 models Negative charge characteristics see Soil strength Neutral stress Nitrogen content 255 Organic binding agents 60-61

3 271 Organic matter content 255, 259 Organic soil conditioners Oxygen uptake 157, PBO see Organic soil conditioners Ped strength 235 Penetration resistance 18, 153, 155, 156, , 258 Permanent negative charge 64 ph see Lime, Soil strength Phytotoxicity 100 Plant growth , 235 Plastic deformation PNC see Permanent negative charge Polybutadiene see Organic soil conditioners Polyvinyl alcohol see Organic soil conditioners Pore continuity 19-20, 78, 237 Pore-size distribution 19 Pore-water pressure Pore structure 242, 252, Porosity 40-41, 47-48, 101, , 212, 233, Pressure transmission Pre-consolidation load Principal stress Proctor tests 47, 48 PVA see Organic soil conditioners Radial stress Raindrop impact 39, 86, 252 Rake angle Random roughness 2 Recompaction 39, 40, 47 Reloading 12, 17, 40, Ridge shape determination 109 Root and shoot weight Root branching 156 Root depth see Root vertical distribution Root density 159, 161, 254, 255, 259 Root elongation , 170, 249, 250 Root elongation models 157 Root growth , 205, , , 234, 249, Root growth models , 266 Root length density Root-shoot ratio 256 Root system response , 249, 254 Root system models 153 Root system variability Root vertical distribution Roots, spatial arrangement , 249, 255, 256 Runoff see Erosion Ruts see Deformation, hardening Saturated hydraulic conductivity 102, 233 Seasonal fluctuations in soils 38-39, 257 Shear failure 15

4 272 Shear resistance see Shear strength Shear strain 244 Shear strength 3-4, 13-14, Shear stress 25, 44, 56, 89, 139, Soil cohesion Soil disturbance Soil failure 2, Soil friability 32 Soil gas diffusion 206, Soil pore space see Porosity Soil strength 10-18, 61-68, 154, 259; and displacement 107; and ph 63, 66-68; measurement 4-5; variation Soil structure , , 240, 259, ; models ; variabil ity 245, 257 Soil surface level 242 Soil surface roughness Soil water property models Soil water retention , , 233, 239, 246 Soil water transport Soil-water content 29-32, 49, 190, , 246, 257; and root growth 160; and soil contioners 99; and strength Soil-water diffusivity Soil-water flow, modeling Sorptivity 190 Spatial variability 154 Stability of fracture process 26, 32 Strain energy 27, 29 Stress distribution Stress duration Stress isobars 248 Stress/strain behavior 14-15, Stress/strain models , , Structural form, rate of change of 224, 225, 230 Structural stability see Aggregate stability Surface roughness 251, 253 Tensile failure 23 Tensile strength J1, Tensile stress 25, 30 Terzaghi see Effective stress Tillage 1-2, 23, 38, 39, 88-90, 91, , , , 234, 236, 237, 241, 243, , 254, 255, 256, 264, ; and energy 106, ; and soil structure , 240; soil biology response to Tillage models , , 247, , Tillage tools , 243; blades ; classification of ; discs 114, ; effects of ; levelers 112; narrow tines ; no secondary 217; rollers ; rotavators ; tines , 247 Tires see Wheels Tortuosity 20

5 Triaxial test 43, 47 Trophic processes Tropical soils Uniaxial compression 26, 47, 98 Uni axial tension stress 24 Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity 234 Unsaturated soil 53, 56 VCL see Virgin compression Vertical stress 74 Virgin compression Void ratio 54 Volume fraction of aggregates 54, 55 Water transfer 157; models Wetting see Cohesion Wheel deflection Wheel inflation 42, Wheel slippage , 244 Wheel-soil interface 42-44; compaction 11-12, 41-43, 74-76, ; models ; wheel load

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