SOIL SCIENCE 101. By Dawn Pettinelli UConn Soil Nutrient Analysis Lab CT Envirothon Training, 2016

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1 SOIL SCIENCE 101 By Dawn Pettinelli UConn Soil Nutrient Analysis Lab CT Envirothon Training, 2016

2 Soil is the collection of natural bodies in the earth s surface, in places modified or even made by man, of earthy materials, containing living matter and supporting or capable of supporting plants out-of-doors. From: USDA Soil Survey Manual From:

3 FIVE CRUCIAL ECOLOGICAL ROLES OF SOILS From: The Nature and Properties of Soils, 11 th edition, N.C. Brady and R.R. Weil, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1996

4 FUNCTIONS OF SOIL Regulate water flow Filter potential pollutants Sustains plant life Sustains animal life Cycles and stores nutrients N, C, P Waste disposal sludge applications or home septic systems Building materials brick, adobe Recreational activities sports, camping, gardening

5 SOIL COMPOSITION Water 25% Mineral Soil 45% Air 25% OM 5% Mineral Soil Organic Matter Air Water

6 SOIL FORMATION CLIMATE BIOTIC ACTIVITIES PARENT MATERIAL TOPOGRAPHY TIME

7 SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TEXTURE - Refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt and clay. STRUCTURE - Overall arrangement or aggregation of soil particles. COLOR Used to locate water table

8 SOIL SEPARATES SOIL PARTICLES ARE CLASSIFIED BY SIZE INTO GROUPS CALLED SOIL SEPARATES: SAND =.05 to 2.0 mm SILT =.002 to.05 mm CLAY = <.002 mm

9 SOIL TEXTURAL TRIANGLE From:en.wikipedia.org

10 TEXTURAL CLASSES MOST CONNECTICUT SOILS CLASS %SAND %SILT %CLAY LOAM SANDY LOAM SILT LOAM LOAMY SAND

11 SOIL PROPERTY INFORMATION CONVEYED BY TEXTURE WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY PERMEABILITY POROSITY NUTRIENT-HOLDING CAPACITY ROOT/SHOVEL PENETRATION

12 SOIL STRUCTURE

13 From: fvtchort.wikispaces.com

14 SOIL STRUCTURE AFFECTED BY: CULTIVATION MOISTURE LEVEL FREEZING/THAWING ROOT GROWTH SOIL ORGANISMS FOOT OR VEHICLE TRAFFIC

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16 SOIL COLORS Dark soil usually = high organic matter Red/yellow = iron oxides = rust (hematite & goethite) Color change from red to gray due to reduction to Fe 2+ by microbes in saturated soils (mottles or redox) indicates how high water table is in wettest season.

17 SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES SOIL ph - MEASUREMENT OF THE ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY OF THE SOIL CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY - MEASUREMENT OF THE SOIL S ABILITY TO RETAIN AND SUPPLY NUTRIENTS

18 Graphic by R. Zito, MG 2010 THE ph SCALE

19 SOIL ph AFFECTS: NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY ELEMENT TOXICITY FATE OF SOIL POLLUTANTS MICROBIAL ACTIVITY ROOT GROWTH AGGREGATE STABILITY

20 WHY CONNECTICUT S SOILS ARE ACIDIC PARENT MATERIAL IS LOW IN BASE CATIONS (Schist, Gneiss, Granite, etc.) CARBON DIOXIDE (Respiration) AND WATER PRODUCES CARBONIC ACID ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION PRODUCES ORGANIC ACIDS ACID RAIN

21 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTISTICS OF SOILS MAY BE A TON OF MICROORGANISMS IN AN ACRE OF TOPSOIL OBTAIN THEIR ENERGY AND FOOD BY BREAKING DOWN ORGANIC MATERIALS MICROSCOPIC PLANTS AND ANIMALS, ROOTS, INSECTS, WORMS, MOLES, ETC. THROUGH DECAY, HUMUS IS FORMED Hail Humus!!!

22 From Soil Biology Primer, SWCS, USDA 2000

23 How many microorganisms are in a gram of soil? 3,000,000 to 500,000,000 Bacteria 5,000 to 1,000,000 Fungi 1,000 to 1,000,000 Yeast 1,000 to 500,000 Protozoa 1,000 to 500,000 Algae 10 to 5,000 Nematodes

24 EARTHWORMS Usually sign of healthy soil Major decomposers Can ingest, grind, digest and excrete as much as 15 tons soil/acre/year! More than 7000 species Lumbricus family most important in agriculture May be 50 to 500 /sq. yard Dramatically alter soil structure, water movement, nutrient dynamics and plant growth Source: C. A. Edwards, Soil Biology Primer, 2000

25 ORGANIC MATTER SUPPLIES ENERGY AND FOOD TO SOIL ORGANISMS INCREASES NUTRIENT-HOLDING CAPACITY INCREASES WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY IMPROVES STRUCTURE AND DRAINAGE SOURCE OF PLANT NUTRIENTS INFLUENCES SOIL COLOR

26 SOIL SATURATED WITH P WHAT S THE PROBLEM? No plant growth problems from excess P Water quality problems with excess P Fresh water ponds and lakes, and estuaries, can become eutrophic with additions of P Additions in parts per billion can cause problems

27 NEW P LAW IN CT 1. Went into effect 1/1/13 2. No P to established LAWNS unless soil test within last 2 yrs says so 3. Can use P for seeding, overseeding, sodding. 4. Organic fertilizers not exempt. Anything <0.67 % OK.

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