Lawns through history. European in origin Scythed or cropped by animals Reel lawn mower Rotary mowers 40 hour work week Fertilizers and pesticides

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1 Lawns and Lawn Care

2 A lawn is It is an area of grass or mostly grass. It is mown, instead of allowing the plants to reach their full height. It is maintained for the benefit of people.

3 Lawns through history European in origin Scythed or cropped by animals Reel lawn mower Rotary mowers 40 hour work week Fertilizers and pesticides

4

5 Turf Facts of Concern In a recent study, half of households failed to read instructions on fertilizers and lawn pesticides Turf is the most fertilized plant in the world Between 1994 and 2004, an average of 75,884 people were injured using lawn mowers 50-70% of water is used to irrigate home landscapes

6 And some positive lawn facts Soil erosion and dust control Reduces runoff and enhances ground water recharge CO2 sink Temperature moderation Lowers fire hazard Withstands use

7 Sustainable Lawn Maintenance

8 Mowing Frequency Height Clipping Management Equipment

9 Mowing Frequency Don t do it based on a set schdule depends on growth rate of grass, environmental conditions, personal objectives, and cultivar May vary from twice a week to once every two weeks

10 Cutting Height Root mass is proportional to cutting height Lower cutting height leads to open turf and more weed, disease and insect depending on cultivar

11 Cutting Height

12 Cutting Height

13

14

15

16 .5 1.5

17

18

19 Clippings and Fertilization Grass blades are very nitrogen rich. Leave clippings to replace one fertilization a year.

20 Fertilization

21 Balanced NPK Unfertilized Balanced NPK + Fe

22

23

24 Weeds 1. Maintain a healthy vigorous turf. 2. Remove weeds manually. 3. Spot treat with herbicide 4. Pre-emergents for annual weeds only if really necessary

25

26

27

28

29 Lawn Establishment

30 What grass do I plant? Perennial Rye Fine blade Full sun Green year-round Not best for heavy use area Not shade tolerant

31 What grass do I plant? Fescue Turf Type Wider blade Full sun, but some shade tolerance Deeper rooted than rye Tolerates use well Somewhat shade tolerant

32 What grass do I plant? Rye & Fescue Mixture Sold as sun/shade mixture Full sun, but some shade tolerance Blends usually about 65% fescue and 35% perennial rye Somewhat shade tolerant

33 What grass do I plant? Kentucky Bluegrass not recommended in western Oregon except perhaps as part of a blend Warm season grasses should be avoided zoysia, bermuda, bahia, etc.

34 >Site Preparation - Till & Grade - No Till >Seeding/Sodding >Mulch >Fertilizer >Post Planting Care

35 Standard site conditions in Oregon

36 not even for sod

37 1 3 Till in amendments & fertilizer 2

38 A Quality Seed Bed Seeded and raked Seeded not raked

39 OSU mulch trials No Mulch Mulched Mulches hold seed in place. Speed germination Improve stand Uniformity.

40 Mulch type and depth affect development No mulch Lite Sawdust Hvy Sawdust Lite Compost Hvy Compost 17 days after planting

41 Deep mulch inhibits emergence of small seed

42 Mulch roller applying a light mulch

43 Straw

44 Searching for the optimum seed rate for P rye 2 lb 4 lb 6 lb

45 8 lb 10 lb 12 lb

46 6-8 lbs produces good dense turf Don t gain much above 10 lbs 8 lb 4 lb 4 lb seems to be practical minimum rate 20 lb 2 lb

47 Plant development is affected by seeding rate 20 lbs at 30 days after planting 6 lbs at 30 days

48 Establishment Fertilizer Trials Fertilizer response at 2 wks NPK 2 lb/1000 No Fertilizer

49 Establishment Fertilizer Trials Dark plots all received N +/- P & K P & K alone were equal to unfertilized plots

50 Site prep for sod is identical to prep for seed Green side up, seams tight together

51 Note crown bases for each plant

52 Ryegrass sod relies on netting to increase tensile strength

53 Irrigation should be applied to sodded lawns soon after planting to speed root development and to avoid foliar desiccation.

54 Seeding summary: >Optimum times= Aug 15 Sept 15 and May 1 June 15 >Mid summer is a bad time use treated seed or sod >Late fall plantings tend to be weedy and too soft to mow >Mulch is useful in cool weather/may cause damping off in hot weather. >Increase seed rate to replace mulch >Increase seed rate in late fall >Decrease seed rate in hot weather >Fertilize with N at planting and again 4-6 wks later

55

56 Full Sun Shade

57 Reduced tillering in shade

58 Reduced rooting in shade

59 In a situation that is generally shaded from surrounding trees, the added impact of dense seasonal shade from deciduous trees makes it almost impossible to grow functional turf.

60 The end result is complete loss of turf by the end of the growing season.

61 Debris accumulation under conifer trees causes thinning

62 Notice the amount of debris from Ponderosa pine needles that accumulates beneath the trees. This plus shade makes for a difficult site to grow grass.

63 Tree root competition for water

64 Often turf loss under trees is caused by root competition instead of shade.

65 Poor turf here has more to do with debris accumulation and drought stress than it does with shade.

66 Reduced wear tolerance in shade

67 Poor air movement increases disease

68 Leafspot

69 Fusarium patch

70 Before a nearby tree was uprooted in a storm, it was impossible to grow turf at this entrance to the rose garden.

71 Once the tree was gone the turf grew much better.

72 Good drainage, good air movement, and several hours of light each day make it possible to grow turf in otherwise shady areas.

73 With proper care even shady lawns can perform well. As rule mow on the high side, irrigate carefully avoiding excess moisture, and fertilize sparingly. Also adjust your expectations and accept the reality that turf in shade will rarely look as good as turf in full sun.

74 Sun flecks throughout the day can often provide enough light to sustain reasonably good lawns even if the site seems generally too shady.

75 Sometimes the best solution is to get rid of the lawn and develop a landscape filled with plants that grow well in the shade.

76 Western Oregon Lawns Regardless of what you plant all lawns go through a succession process resulting in the best adapted plants for that site

77 Factors in succession Plants that grow well fall, winter, & spring dominate turf over time

78 Bentgrass

79 Velvetgrass

80 Poa trivialis

81 Annual bluegrass

82 Common Climax Species Agrostis sp. Bentgrasses Poa trivialis Rough Bluegrass Poa annua Annual Bluegrass Holcus lanatus Velvetgrass Vulpia myuros Rat s Tail Fescue Various moss species Numerous dicot species

83 General Qualities of Climax grasses Look better at lower mowing heights Color is generally lighter green Generally require less fertilizer Most have limited drought resistance All form long lived soil seed bank Generally strong competitors

84 Early stages of encroachment (yr 2)

85 Enlarging patches of bentgrass (yr 3)

86 Bentgrass patches expanding (yr 3-4)

87 Encroaching grasses dominating (yr 5+)

88 10 yr old climax lawn in Seattle

89 60+ yr old climax lawn in Seattle

90 Source of encroaching grasses Contaminated seed eg. Poa trivialis in perennial rye Persistent soil seed bank eg. Poa trivialis Poa annua Bentgrasses Holcus

91 Potential transition end points Perennial Ryegrass High N Low N N responsive grasses dominate Low N responsive plants dominate Annual Bluegrass Climax Bentgrass, moss, clover Climax

92 Why does low N ryegrass get out competed? Brown Blight Rust Low N diseases cause turf thinning. Red thread

93 Why does low N ryegrass get out competed? Poor winter growth/loss of density

94 Why do bent & clover thrive in low N ryegrass? Ryegrass growth is weak while clover can fix its own N. Bentgrass has low N requirement.

95 Low N, Irrigated turf Bentgrass/Poa trivialis/clover climax

96 Potential transition end points Perennial Ryegrass High N Low N N responsive grasses dominate Low N responsive plants dominate Annual Bluegrass Climax Bentgrass, moss, clover Climax

97 Why does annual bluegrass dominate under high N? Fusarium patch Leafspot Turf thinning from high N diseases

98 Why does annual bluegrass dominate under high N? Turf thinning from Aggressive high N diseases winter growth

99 High N, irrigated Annual bluegrass climax

100 Summer drought impact Perennial Ryegrass Stand thins as ryegrass goes dormant. Some plants die. Drought tolerant dicots invade. Ryegrass stand thins to clumps. Weeds germinate in fall. Dominant grasses: Dryland bent Velvetgrass Rat s Tail fescue Dominant dicots: Clover False dandelion Common yarrow Mousear chickweed

101 Perennial rye clumping out Climax bent lawn in fall Bent rhizomes recovering Climax bent lawn in spring

102 White clover English daisy Black medic False dandelion Mousear Chickweed

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