BASIC SOIL SCIENCE RICHARD A. WEISMILLER MARYLAND MASTER GARDENERS FEBRUARY 24, 2016
|
|
- Homer Cannon
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BASIC SOIL SCIENCE MARYLAND MASTER GARDENERS FEBRUARY 24, 2016 RICHARD A. WEISMILLER PROFESSOR EMERITUS, UMCP DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
2 SOIL OR DIRT WHATEVER!!!!
3 SOIL SAY WHAT? Earth Loam Dirt Mud Topsoil Dust Clay Muck
4 WHAT WILL BE COVERED Why soils are important What are soils Soils and how they are formed Soil physical properties and importance Soil chemical properties (nominal) and significance Soil microorganisms, amount and value A fertility ditty (soil that is)
5 Biosphere Atmosphere Pedosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere
6 FIELDS OF STUDY IN SOIL SCIENCE Physics Chemistry Genesis Classification Mineralogy Fertility Management
7 Why are soils important? Medium of crop production Producer and absorber of gases Great integrator Snapshot of geologic, climatic, biological, and human history Waste decomposer Medium for plant growth Home to organisms (plants, animals and others) Essential natural resource Source material for construction, medicine, art, etc. Filter of water and wastes
8 SOME INTERESTING FACTS We know less about life in the earth under our feet than we do about the far side of the moon. Yet every plant and animal you can think of depends on this vast hidden ecosystem. Each shovel of soil holds more living things than all the human beings ever born. Lots of species are still waiting for scientists to identify and name them. This is a world where fungi lay traps for thread-like worms. Bacteria dine on toxic chemicals. The smaller the creature, the stranger are its habits. A teaspoon of good farm soil contains up to 1 billion bacteria in more than 4,000 species. L. Clarke/Corbis
9 A SOIL UNIT
10 Average Soil Composition 25% Water 45% Inorganic mineral materials Pore space 50% { } 25% Air 5% Organic Matter Solids 50%
11 SOIL DEVELOPMENT Soil Forming Factors Parent Material Organisms Topography Climate Time Soil Forming Processes Additions Losses Transformations Translocations
12 SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Texture Surface Area Color Organic Matter Bulk Density Structure Hydrology Temperature Pore space
13 Two Meanings for Clay Clay can represent a particle size, e.g., less than millimeters in diameter Clay can also represent a type of mineral, the phyllosilicates e.g., kaolinite, illite, smectite, etc. These are sometimes called colloids.
14 SOIL TEXTURE Texture relative proportion of the various grain sizes in a soil. To describe soil texture, names, such as loamy sand, silt loam, clay loam and silty clay are used. The best soils are generally those which contain 10 to 20% clay, with silt and sand in approximately equal amounts, and a fair amount of organic matter.
15 RELATIVE SIZE COMPARISON OF SOIL PARTICLES barrel plate coin Sand - feels gritty ( mm) Silt - feels floury ( mm) Clay - feels sticky (< mm) USDA system for determining soil separates
16
17 STRUCTURE OF SOIL CLAY MINERALS
18 SURFACE AREA In comparing clay with sand and silt, it is important to be aware of the relative amount of surface area of these particle size groups, because it is on the surface that many chemical and physical processes take place. Smaller = more surface area (clay is tiny!)
19 SOIL PARTICLE SURFACE AREAS Surface Area Charge Sand 50 cm 2 /g none Silt 500 cm 2 /g none Clay 5,000,000 cm 2 /g negative
20 PARAMETERS OF SOIL PARTICLES Kind of Particle Diameter of Particle # of Particles in 1 gram Surface area of 1 gram Sand 2 mm cm 2 Silt 0.02 mm 90,000,00 0 Clay mm (9x10 7 ) 1130 cm 2 9x ,000 cm 2
21 SOIL COLOR Color of soils tells us much about some of its other properties. The color of a surface soil horizon depends mainly on its organic matter content the darker the soil, the more organic matter it contains. This organic matter imparts favorable properties to the soil, such as better aggregation and a high water-holding capacity. Also, dark soils absorb more radiation during the day, and radiate more heat during the night. In subsoil horizons, soil color indicates the wetness and aeration conditions of the soil.
22 GRASSLAND SOIL VS FOREST SOIL Mollisol Alfisol
23 WEA SOIL OVER GLACIAL OUTWASH
24 DIFFERENT COLORS OF SURFACE SOILS
25 SOIL COLOR, SOIL AERATION OR DRAINAGE, AND THE OXIDATION STATE OF IRON POOR AERATION 1. Iron is reduced 2. Fe dull colors (grays, blue) 4. poorly drained GOOD AERATION 1. Iron is oxidized 2. Fe bright colors (yellows, browns) 4. well drained
26 COMPONENTS OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER Living organisms <5% Fresh residue <10% Stabilized organic matter (humus) 33% - 50% Decomposing organic matter (active fraction) 33% - 50%
27 IMPORTANCE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Improves physical condition Allows for good aggregation of soil particles because of the plant and animal residues in the surface Increased water infiltration Allows water saturation by acting as an absorbent Improves Soil Tilth Allows for more uniformity of the soil aggregates in proportion to the plant, animal and mineral residues present
28 SOIL STRUCTURE Soil structure is the combination or arrangement of primary soil particles into secondary units The way soil particles are arranged to form stable aggregates Aggregates may be bound together with other aggregates in larger masses called peds. Compaction results from implement traffic, stable soil aggregates are broken down
29 COMMON TYPES OF SOIL STRUCTURE A E B Granular Platy Blocky C Massive
30 BULK DENSITY Soil is made of solids and pore spaces { } 1.33 grams For our example, let s assume we have 1 cubic centimeter of soil that weighs 1.33 grams To calculate Bulk Density: Volume = 1 cm 3 Weight = 1.33 grams Bulk Density = Bulk Density = Weight of Soil Volume of Soil Bulk Density = 1.33 grams/cm 3
31 BULK DENSITY AND COMPACTION Depth 0 inches Bulk Density (g/cm 3 ) 7 inches 8 inches 9 inches 10 inches Plow layer Compacted zone Uncompacted subsoil Data from Camp and Lund
32 INFLUENCES OF SOIL TEXTURE, STRUCTURE AND DENSITY Water movement Water retention Soil temperature Gas exchange Erosion potential Fertility
33 PORE SPACE Large pores are readily drained of water and filled by air after a heavy rain. They are valuable as an aeration system. Small pores hold water against gravity and pull water up from a water table by capillary action. They are necessary for the water supply of plants.
34 PORE SPACE, WATER, AND AIR
35 PORE SPACE, WATER, AND AIR
36 PORE SPACE, WATER, AND AIR
37 ORGANIC MATTER VS WATER CONTENT
38 WATER CONTENT AT VARIOUS TENSIONS
39 Inches water/ft. soil PLANT AVAILABLE WATER Sand Sandy loam Silt loam Clay loam Clay
40 SOIL TEXTURE VS WATER CONTENT
41 SOIL TEXTURE VS WATER CONTENT
42 SOIL SOLUTION AND NUTRIENT MOVEMENT Soil solution is the water held within the soil that contains dissolved essential elements. Soil ph, CEC, and soil moisture determine nutrient supply available. Concentration of nutrients in soil solution often very small portion of total amount.
43 SOIL TEMPERATURE Just as important to plant growth as air temperature. The temperature of the surface soil fluctuates greatly both during a 24 hr period and with the seasons. Soil temperature has a direct effect on plant growth and also influences microbial activity.
44 MICROORGANISMS * IN THE SOIL Microbes live in small clumps In fact, less than 1% of the soil surface will support the growth of microbes Do not migrate much Their goal: maintain species 7,000 different species in one gram of soil! 4.5 x bacteria/acre, 3 inches deep Microbes are hungry, immobile and ready to reproduce * Excludes nonarthropod and arthropod animals, as well as vertebrates
45 NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA Nodules formed where Rhizobium bacteria infected soybean roots.
46 RHIZOSPHERE
47 MICROBIAL BIOMASS WITH DEPTH
48 SEASONAL MICROBIAL ACTIVITY
49 CARBON NITROGEN RATIO
50 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Cation exchange capacity Anion exchange capacity ph the master variable Buffering capacity Oxidation/reduction reactions Surface Chemistry Mineralogy
51 ORGANIC MATTER ph dependent charges, particularly the carboxylic acid components of the molecules. (C-OH and C-H) A large contributor to chemical ion exchange
52 CLAY MINERALS Clay is a negatively charged colloid. This negative charge is the reason that positively charged cations surround each clay particle. The individual cations can be exchanged for each other.
53 WHAT WAS COVERED Why soils are important What are soils Soils and how they are formed Soil physical properties and importance Soil chemical properties (nominal) and significance Soil microorganisms, amount and value A fertility ditty (soil that is)
54
55 Sixteen Essential Elements for Plant Growth A Helpful Mnemonic
56 C. Hopkins Café Managed by mine cousin Mo, Clean C HOPKNS CaFe, Mg B Mn CuZn Mo, Cl
57 C HOPKNS CaFe, Mg B Mn CuZn Mo, Cl C Carbon, O Oxygen, K Potassium, S Sulfur, Fe Iron, B Boron, Cu Copper, Mo Molybdenum, H Hydrogen, P Phosphorus, N Nitrogen, Ca Calcium, Mg Magnesium, Mn Manganese, Zn Zinc, Cl Chlorine
58 Macronutrients C HOPKNS CaFe, Micronutrients Mg B Mn CuZn Mo, Cl
Soil Management Site Selection, Soil Fertility. Warren Roberts George Kuepper
Soil Management Site Selection, Soil Fertility Warren Roberts George Kuepper Where We re Going Soil Texture and Drainage Site Selection Soil Fertility & ph Fertilizers & Nutrients Later Sessions Soil Biology
More informationSoils and Fertilizers. Leo Espinoza Soils Specialist
Soils and Fertilizers Leo Espinoza Soils Specialist 2004 What is soil? A collection of organic and inorganic bodies on the earth s surface, modified by the surrounding environment or even made by humans,
More informationA Plant & Soil Ecosystem
Introductory Study of Soils For the Master Gardeners Wendy Sue Harper, Ph.D. What We Will Cover Tonight Introduction Agroecological perspective to understanding the physical, chemical and biological properties
More informationThe Dirt on Soil Science
The Dirt on Soil Science Dr. Laura Deeter deeter.7@osu.edu Ohio State ATI 1 Rough Outline Basic Michigan soil history Soil Basics What is soil Soil texture/particles ph Plant nutrients Organic Matter 2
More informationAssessing and Amending Your Garden Soil Craig Cogger, Soil Scientist Emeritus Washington State University Puyallup
Assessing and Amending Your Garden Soil Craig Cogger, Soil Scientist Emeritus Washington State University Puyallup The soil is the great connector of our lives, the source and destination of all. - Wendell
More informationGEOL 408/508 INTRODUCTORY SOILS
GEOL 408/508 INTRODUCTORY SOILS Lecture = 3 hrs/week Lab = 3hrs/week Course = 4 credits Name/Define the Following 1. N 2 2. NH 3 3. NH + 4 4. NO - 2 5. NO - 3 6. protein 7. organics 8. organic matter 9.
More informationSoil is. Pieces of rock Minerals Decaying organic matter Water Air Living organisms All mixed together!
Soil is. Pieces of rock Minerals Decaying organic matter Water Air Living organisms All mixed together! Soil Horizons the layers of soil O-horizon: the surface litter. Mainly black or brown A-horizon:
More informationSoil 1/18/2012. Soils, Nutrients and Fertilizers Part I. Soil Profile
Soils, Nutrients and Fertilizers Part I Handouts: Soil Texture Triangle ph Nutrient Availability Soil Diverse combination of weathered rock fragments and minerals, with decaying remains of plants and animals
More informationTitle: Lecture 16 Soil Water and Nutrients Speaker: Teresa Koenig Created by: Teresa Koenig, Kim Kidwell. online.wsu.edu
Title: Lecture 16 Soil Water and Nutrients Speaker: Teresa Koenig Created by: Teresa Koenig, Kim Kidwell online.wsu.edu Photos courtesy of Rich Koenig Photos courtesy of USDA NRCS Soil Water and Nutrients
More informationSOILS. Sam Angima. OSU Extension Agent Lincoln County, Oregon
SOILS Sam Angima OSU Extension Agent Lincoln County, Oregon Soils Introduction Definition & Function Soil Physical Properties Soil Chemical Properties Soil Biological Properties Soil Organic Matter Soil
More informationWhy do soils differ across the landscape?
Today s Objectives: Elements of soil formation Describe important soil physical & chemical properties Describe the ability to use and interpret soil survey information (printed and digital) List some site
More informationSoils of Palau. Diversity and Fertility. Palau Livestock Management Workshop March 23-25, Jonathan Deenik, PhD University of Hawaii
Soils of Palau Diversity and Fertility Jonathan Deenik, PhD University of Hawaii Palau Livestock Management Workshop March 23-25, 2011 Outline Plant nutrition Soil fertility Soil composition Texture and
More informationKnow Your Soil Getting the Dirt on Your Dirt FWAA. Dr. Steve Petrie Director of Agronomic Services
Know Your Soil Getting the Dirt on Your Dirt FWAA Dr. Steve Petrie Director of Agronomic Services Crop productivity Genetics Soil Temperature Environ ment Crop Yield Moisture Manage ment Take the time
More informationSoils of Oahu. Outline. Soils and Plant Nutrient Supply 2/20/2014
Soils of Oahu Jonathan Deenik Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences Outline Importance of Soils Soil Diversity on Oahu Soil Properties Diagnosis and soil testing Management for Health Soils and
More informationBasic Soil Science. Fundamentals of Nutrient Management. Melissa L. Wilson
Basic Soil Science Fundamentals of Nutrient Management Melissa L. Wilson Department of Environmental Science & Technology Ag Nutrient Management Program University of Maryland, College Park Photo credit:
More informationSoils and Fertilizers Chapter 2. Sherry Kern Virginia Beach Master Gardener Tree Steward
Soils and Fertilizers Chapter 2 Sherry Kern Virginia Beach Master Gardener Tree Steward Soil It s Not Dirt! outer, weathered superficial layer of the earth s crust physical, chemical, and biological factors
More informationThe Exciting World Beneath Our Feet.
SOIL The Exciting World Beneath Our Feet. Physical properties of soil Texture Structure Particle density Bulk density Pore space Water relations Plasticity Soil tilth is the term used in publications aimed
More informationSoil characteristics that influence nitrogen and water management
Section C Soil characteristics that influence nitrogen and water management Soil characteristics vary across the landscape Soils vary from one field to another, and often within the same field. Soil differences
More informationPASTURE AND HAY FIELDS: SOIL FUNDAMENTALS. Sanders County April 8, Clain Jones
PASTURE AND HAY FIELDS: SOIL FUNDAMENTALS Sanders County April 8, 2015 Clain Jones clainj@montana.edu 994-6076 Objectives Present soil properties and how they interact with plant nutrients Illustrate the
More informationTHE FOREST NURSERY AND ITS SOILS
THE FOREST NURSERY AND ITS SOILS Dr. Jack May, Professor School of Forestry University of Georgia Forest tree nurseries are located on a variety of soils ranging in texture from sand to silt loam in the
More informationLearning Objectives Part 1. Chapter 4 Soil Physical Properties. Soil Physical Properties. Color. Physical properties part 1
Learning Objectives Part 1 Chapter 4 Soil Physical Properties Know what color tells you about a soil Describe the concept of soil texture and its importance Use the textural triangle to determine a soil
More informationSoil Interpretations Erosion and Sedimentation Control Planning and Design Workshop
Soil Interpretations Erosion and Sedimentation Control Planning and Design Workshop Presented by Richard Brooks Presentation prepared by Kristin May Resource Soil Scientists USDA-Natural Resources Conservation
More informationFactoids on SC soils. Soils. What is Soil? Variability of soils in your yard. Soil Components. Soil Tilth 6/23/14
Factoids on SC soils Soils Managing Soils Over 100 different soil types Soil type covering largest areas 7.0% Ben Lomond Complex 50-70% slope 5.6% Lompoc Felton Complex 50-75% slope 5.8% Lompoc Felton
More informationLearning Objectives. C. Owen Plank
www.ugaextension.com C. Owen Plank Extension Agronomist The University of Georgia Learning Objectives Soil components and their relative proportion in soils Texture of a soil & influence of texture on
More informationSoil Horizons cont. Oa- highly decomposed Oi-undecomposed
Soils Soil Basics Soil Horizons Soil Horizons cont. O Horizon: Or organic layer Organic layer of decomposing plant and animal tissue. Wooded upland areas have thin O horizons Wetlands may have thick O
More informationDIRT! APES Laboratory Activity
Name: Part I: Soil Texture DIRT! APES Laboratory Activity Can one determine the texture of soil by examining the particles found in a particular sample? The purpose of this activity is to determine the
More informationSoils and plant nutrients
Soils and plant nutrients Soils and soil texture Soil texture triangle Plant nutrients Major nutrients Secondary nutrients Minor nutrients Exchange Capacity (CEC) Soil ph Soils Consists of a series of
More informationConcepts in Soil Fertility Jonathan Deenik Assistant Specialist, Soil Fertility Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences
Soils of Hamakua Concepts in Soil Fertility Jonathan Deenik Assistant Specialist, Soil Fertility Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences Outline Importance of Soils Concepts in Soil Fertiltiy -
More informationEco new farmers. Module 2 Soil and Nutrient Cycling. Section 1 Soils and soil fertility
Eco new farmers Module 2 Soil and Nutrient Cycling Section 1 Soils and soil fertility Module 2 Soil and Nutrient Cycling Section 1 - Soils and soil fertility www.econewfarmers.eu 1. Introduction You will
More informationGeneral Training. A Healthy Foundation for Plant Growth. Physical. 700 different soils in Wisconsin. Chemical. Biological
Healthy Soil = Healthy Plants General Training Take care of your soil and with a little help from you it will take care of your plants. A Healthy Foundation for Plant Growth Your Soil Soil is Complex 700
More informationSoil Nutrient Management
31 st May 2016 Soil Nutrient Management Christopher Johns Research Manager Northern Australia and Land Care Key Points The most basic components of soil are minerals, organic matter, water and air. Mineral
More informationSoils: Components and basic chemistry
Soils: Components and basic chemistry Justin Scheiner, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Extension Viticulture Specialist Components of Soil 25% Water: atmosphere & soil reactions Minerals: decomposition of
More informationClass 1: Introduction to Soil Formation, Texture and Structure. Chris Thoreau February 11, 2012
Class 1: Introduction to Soil Formation, Texture and Structure Chris Thoreau February 11, 2012 Soil is a dynamic composition of: Minerals Water and its solutions Organic matter (detritus) Air and other
More informationLesson 1: Recognizing the Characteristics of Soils and the Soil Requirements for Fruit and Nut Crops
Lesson 1: Recognizing the Characteristics of Soils and the Soil Requirements for Fruit and Nut Crops 1 Mineral matter Organic matter Pore spaces Tilth Hygroscopic water Soil aeration 22 I. Soil is a layer
More informationSoil Resources. Soil Horizons
Soil Resources Soil Uppermost layer of earth s crust that supports plants, animals and microbes Soil Forming Factors Parent Material Time Climate Organisms Topography Soil Composition Mineral Particles
More informationSpecial Assignment for Wednesday: Watch video on soil texture analysis https://youtu.be/ioyabxj767s
Special Assignment for Wednesday: Watch video on soil texture analysis https://youtu.be/ioyabxj767s Lecture 3: Soil Physical Properties Important Physical Properties Soil Color: Most obvious physical property;
More informationSoil Management: the basis of sustainable agriculture
Soil Management: the basis of sustainable agriculture FAB-465 Lecture 11 Lecture Outline Soil Formation Soil Structure/Texture Indicators of Soil Health or Fertility Soil Conservation Practices 1 Soil
More information1 Describe the concept of soil texture and its importance. 2 Determine the texture of a soil sample.
Interest Approach Provide students with various samples of soil. One sample should be nearly all sand, one nearly all clay, and one nearly all silt. Ask students to determine how the samples differ. Would
More informationSoil is the Key (Chapter 3)
Soil is the Key (Chapter 3) Soils 101 Soil profile Soil sources, texture, chemistry, physical properties Soil Amendments Identifying your soil Soil Testing Fertilizers Soil Profile Vertical distribution
More informationGreat Soil-Great Gardens I Basic Soil Science Brad Park, Rutgers University Materials developed by: Karen A. Plumley, Ph.D.
Great Soil-Great Gardens I Basic Soil Science Brad Park, Rutgers University Materials developed by: Karen A. Plumley, Ph.D. Research Director, Alliance for Low Input Sustainable Turf Soils Instructor,
More informationSOIL SCIENCE 101. By Dawn Pettinelli UConn Soil Nutrient Analysis Lab CT Envirothon Training, 2016
SOIL SCIENCE 101 By Dawn Pettinelli UConn Soil Nutrient Analysis Lab CT Envirothon Training, 2016 dawn.pettinelli@uconn.edu Soil is the collection of natural bodies in the earth s surface, in places modified
More informationHORT 102: Soil Properties. Cultivated Plants: Lecture 15. [Teresa Koenig] Slide #: 1 Slide Title: Intro Information Slide
HORT 102: Soil Properties Cultivated Plants: Lecture 15 [Teresa Koenig] Slide #: 1 Slide Title: Intro Information Slide Title: Lecture 15 Soil Properties Speaker: Teresa Koenig Created by: Teresa Koenig,
More informationThe Origin of Soil and Its Properties
www.dal.ca The Origin of Soil and Its Properties Andrew Hammermeister Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada Dalhousie University, Faculty of Agriculture How can I live my life stepping on this stuff and
More informationCCA Exam Prep Intro to Soil & Water
CCA Exam Prep Intro to Soil & Water Franz Niederholzer, UCCE Farm Advisor Colusa/Sutter/Yuba Counties fjniederholzer@ucanr.edu and Sharon Benes, Professor CSU, Fresno Physical soil properties Texture Structure
More informationSOIL SCIENCE 101. By Dawn Pettinelli UConn Soil Nutrient Analysis Lab CT Envirothon Training, 2015
SOIL SCIENCE 101 By Dawn Pettinelli UConn Soil Nutrient Analysis Lab CT Envirothon Training, 2015 dawn.pettinelli@uconn.edu Soil is the collection of natural bodies in the earth s surface, in places modified
More informationDo Now: From which materials do you think soil is made? Are all soils the same? Think of some ways that they are different?
Do Now: From which materials do you think soil is made? Are all soils the same? Think of some ways that they are different? Basics Soil is a major component of the biosphere It contains solids, liquids
More informationLoam: About 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay. Mixture of pore sizes to balance water retention and aeration. Considered the best soil for growing crops.
Soil Characteristics Soil is formed from a combination of two Primary sources: Weathering of Parent Rock ( ) = material introduced by plants, animals, and decomposers Minor sources: Nutrients incorporated
More information14: Soil composition, Micro and Macronutrients
Subject Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag Chemistry 4: Environmental Chemistry 14: Soil composition, Micro and Macronutrients CHE_P4_M14 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction
More information5.1 Introduction to Soil Systems IB ESS Mrs. Page
5.1 Introduction to Soil Systems IB ESS Mrs. Page 2015-2016 I Am Soil Thinking Routine: See, Think, Wonder Look at the following images. For each image write down what you see Then write down what you
More informationUnderstanding the Balance
Understanding the Balance Soil is the foundation that builds strong crops, plants, roots and turf. Micro Biology in the soil is an absolute must in order to grow anything properly.. The Soil must contain
More information4/23/2018. Soil John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Lecture 14
Lecture 14 Soil Lecture 14 1. The Soil System 2. Soil Properties and Major Soil Types 3. Environmental Problems Related to Soil 4. Soil Conservation and Regeneration 1 The Soil System Soil Uppermost layer
More informationSoil Texture and Structure. Chris Thoreau February 24, 2012
Soil Texture and Structure Chris Thoreau February 24, 2012 Soil texture refers to the relative amount of sand, silt, and clay found in a soil The mixture of these components affects the feel of the soil
More informationUnit 5: Soil - Stages of Soil formation
Biology Form 3 Page 68 Ms. R. Buttigieg Unit 5: Soil - Stages of Soil formation Soil is the layer of material covering parts of the land, the home of many organisms and the area from which land plants
More informationWhat is Soil? Depends on who you ask.
SOIL What is Soil? Depends on who you ask. To a geologist: residual material formed in situ from weathering of a parent material either bedrock or sediment. not a sediment Profile from alteration of parent
More informationFarmers need to develop an understanding
Fact Sheet 782 Basics of Soil and Plant Fertility Farmers need to develop an understanding of the basics of soil physiology and the factors that affect plant fertility. Not only is this knowledge essential
More informationSoil. The Foundation of the Garden
Soil The Foundation of the Garden Soil Type ph Soil Tests Soil Compaction and Drainage Soil Improvement Macro and Micro Nutrients Macro and Micro Organisms Soil Particles Sand Silt Clay Soil Type Mostly
More informationSoil Quality / Understanding Soil Health what are we missing?
Soil Quality / Understanding Soil Health what are we missing? Soil Quality Test Kit Clarence Chavez Soil Scientist The USDA is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Soils are not machines: It s an
More informationSection 1. Judging the soil pit (questions 1-4)
CONNECTICUT ENVIROTHON 2009 SOILS QUESTIONS Please select the best response to the following questions. There are 25 questions; each question is worth 4 points. Section 1. Judging the soil pit (questions
More informationASTOUNDING as it may seem, a shovelful of soil
The Nature of Soil ASTOUNDING as it may seem, a shovelful of soil holds more living things than all the humans that have ever been born. Living things are just one component of soil, a material undervalued
More informationHigh Carbon Wood Fly Ash as a Biochar Soil Amendment
High Carbon Wood Fly Ash as a Biochar Soil Amendment Preliminary Assessment Completed by Northern Tilth June 2010 Executive Summary Resource Management, Inc. (RMI) recycles wood ash from biomass plants
More informationSoil Physical Properties
Soil Physical Properties ESRM 311 SEFS 507 Some examples of mineral soil development eg, Rock Weathering Types of Weathering Physical/Mechanical Chemical Biological Photo by D Vogt CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO
More informationURBAN SOILS & SEATTLE EXAMPLES
Class Results - Mystery Soil #1 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Sandy Clay Loam Sandy Loam Silty Loam Class Results - Mystery Soil #2 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Silty Clay Clay Loam Sandy Sandy Silty Sandy Silty Loamy Loam Clay
More informationSoils for Serious Gardeners
Soils for Serious Gardeners Patricia Steinhilber, Ph.D. psteinhi@umd.edu Ag Nutrient Management Program University of Maryland College Park What is Soil? the living skin of the Earth (Ian Pepper, soil
More informationManaging Soil to Keep It Productive
Managing Soil to Keep It Productive Lesson Description Learning the fundamentals of applying organic and chemical fertilizers is the first step in becoming successful at growing a crop, pasture or garden.
More informationSoil Chemistry. Key Terms.
Soil Chemistry Key Terms Key Terms in Soil Chemistry Buffering capacity - this is the soil's ability to resist changes in soil ph. Soils with a high buffering capacity require a great deal of amendment
More informationThe relationship between soil (growing
4 Plant, Soil and Water Relationships The relationship between soil (growing media), air, and water is one of the least understood aspects in production and maintenance of plants. As a result, a significant
More informationChapter 15 Soil Resources
Chapter 15 Soil Resources Overview of Chapter 15 What is Soil? Soil Horizons Nutrient Cycling Soil Properties and Major Soil Types Soil Problems Soil Conservation and Regeneration Soil Uppermost layer
More informationSoil Structure, Density, and Porosity. Laboratory #4
Soil Structure, Density, and Porosity Laboratory #4 Objectives Understand the concept of soil structure and how it differs from soil texture. Understand how soil structure influences other soil properties.
More informationSoils and Soil Science. Perspective. Earth Radius: 4000 miles Surface area: 200 million mi 2 Oceans: 140 million mi 2 Land: 60 million mi 2
Soils and Soil Science Perspective Earth Radius: 4000 miles Surface area: 200 million mi 2 Oceans: 140 million mi 2 Land: 60 million mi 2 Circumference: 25,048 mi (25,000 mi) When was it determined that
More informationUnit D: ph of Soil. Lesson : Identifying the ph Changes in Soil
Unit D: ph of Soil Lesson : Identifying the ph Changes in Soil 1 KEY TERMS Soil ph Acid Lime Requirement 2 I. The ph scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. A. It ranges from 0 to 14. 1. A ph
More informationNutrient Management And Nutrient Cycling Raymond C. Ward, President Ward Laboratories, Inc Kearney, NE
Nutrient Management And Nutrient Cycling Raymond C. Ward, President Ward Laboratories, Inc Kearney, NE www.rayward@wardlab.com Take Good Soil Samples to Evaluate Soil Fertility Status Take soils samples
More informationTERMS. Fauna- animal life Biology- the science of life and living matter
SOIL SCIENCE TERMS Fauna- animal life Biology- the science of life and living matter Learning Objectives Understand how soils form Understand soil characteristics and how they effect crop growth Learn
More informationThis page intentionally left blank
This page intentionally left blank The Nature and Properties of Soils, Global Edition Table of Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface 1 The Soils Around Us 1.1 What Ecosystem Services
More informationSOIL SCIENCE 101 FUNCTIONS OF SOIL SOIL FORMATION
SOIL SCIENCE 101 By Dawn Pettinelli UConn Soil Nutrient Analysis Lab CT Envirothon Training, 2014 dawn.pettinelli@uconn.edu FIVE CRUCIAL ECOLOGICAL ROLES OF SOILS FUNCTIONS OF SOIL Regulate water flow
More informationSoil Colors, Texture & Structure
Application Soil Colors, Texture & Structure Limiting conditions Soil color type/depth of system Bedrock type/depth of system Soil texture, structure, percolation rate size and type of system Sara Heger,
More informationTerminology & Soil Science. Andy Spetch
Terminology & Soil Science Andy Spetch 1 Presentation Soil Profile Soil Structure Soil Texture Compaction Cation Exchange Capacity Soil ph Nutrients / Organic Matter / EC / PTE s 2 What is Soil: A blend
More informationSoil Fertility Note 14 Topsoil
What is Topsoil? Some people have the notion that topsoil is a marvelous, naturally deposited material that contains all the essential chemical, physical and biological components necessary for growing
More informationUnit 1 Lesson 5 Soil Formation. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
The Dirt on Soil What causes soil to form? Soil is a loose mixture of rock fragments, organic matter, water, and air that can support the growth of vegetation. The first step in soil formation is the weathering
More informationOutline. Overview of Soil Methods. Ecosystem Services in the Soil. Why care about soils? What are biological soil crusts?
Overview of Soil Methods Outline Why do we care about soils? Biological soil crust Soil sampling methods Ecological Monitoring and Analysis (REM 357) Park Valley, UT Why care about soils? Basis for all
More informationSoils. Nutrients needed by plants 10/21/2013. Consists of a series of layers called. Soils consists of: Topsoil (A horizon) upper most layer
Soils Consists of a series of layers called Topsoil (A horizon) upper most layer Soils consists of: Mineral particles determine soil texture Organic matter Air and Soil organisms Nutrients needed by plants
More informationIntroduction to Environmental Science. Soil Characteristics. Chapter 11 Soil
Chapter 11 Soil Soil Characteristics It s more than dirt Most soils are 100s of years old Weathering breaks down parent rock Soil Separates (particle types) Sand (largest) Silt Clay (smallest) Plants contribute
More informationSoil compaction Soil Colour
Soil compaction Soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. In construction, this is a significant part of the building process. If performed improperly, settlement
More informationRecommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching
Unit B: Establishing a Fruit Garden Lesson 1: Recognize the Characteristics of Soils and the Soil Requirements for Fruit and Nut Crops Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result
More informationClass 3: Soil Sampling and Testing. Chris Thoreau
Class 3: Soil Sampling and Testing Chris Thoreau What is Soil Testing? What are We Testing For? Soil Sampling Methodologies Soil Testing Interpreting Soil Test Results What is Soil Testing? Soil testing
More informationAnorganic Fertilizer. Lenny Sri Nopriani, SP.MP
Anorganic Fertilizer Lenny Sri Nopriani, SP.MP Jargon Fertilizer Synthetic Fertilizers can be organic or inorganic Organic: from living material, contains C-C bonds; does not imply organic certification
More informationSoil testing Page 1. Contrary to what is widely believed, the colour of the soil reveals very little about its fertility.
Soil testing Page 1 Soil The Basics Soil is the uppermost surface of the earth, which has been slowly transformed by decomposition due to the effects of weather, vegetation and human activities. The parent
More informationThe GEOGRAPHY of SOILS. Physical Geography (Geog. 300) Prof. Hugh Howard American River College
The GEOGRAPHY of SOILS Physical Geography (Geog. 300) Prof. Hugh Howard American River College SOIL and SOIL- FORMING FACTORS SOIL and FORMING FACTORS Soil Natural surface layer of Earth Composed of mineral
More informationConcepts Related to Soils
Concepts Related to Soils Medium for plant growth: production of food and fibers Construction material Environmental Filter Other uses: Medicinal: pharmaceutical, treat gastrointestinal disorders, soils
More informationPr gyp. A Soil and Plant Fertility Product. Improves Soil Fertility; Promotes Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture
Pr gyp TM A Soil and Plant Fertility Product Improves Soil Fertility; Promotes Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture Progyp Promotes Soil and Plant Fertility and Sustainable Agriculture Progyp is a
More informationTilth: Tilth: Soil Structure and its Management. Tilth: Soil Structure and its Management
Tilth: Soil Structure and its Management Sonoma County Vineyard Technical Group May 18, 2017 Tilth: Soil Structure and its Management Paul R. Anamosa, Ph.D. Viticultural Soil Scientist www.vineyardsoil.com
More informationEDULABZ. Ans. (b) 7. The soft, porous layer with a good water-retaining capacity forms the
3 SOIL I. Multiple choice questions: Tick ( ) the correct choice. 1. The process of soil formation is called (a) conservation (b) weathering (c) erosion (d) none Ans. (b) 2. Soil profile consists of (a)
More informationSoil: We Can t Grow without it!
Outline Soil: We Can t Grow without it! Clay Robinson PhD, CPSS, CCA Associate Professor of Soils Illinois State University Which nutrients do plants need? Fertilizers: Which and how much? Nutrients and
More informationUnderstanding Your Virginia Soil Test Report
Understanding Your Virginia Soil Test Report By Gil Medeiros, Fairfax Master Gardener Don t guess; soil test! As master gardeners, we frequently exhort gardeners to do the test, but we are not so helpful
More informationA Turf and Soil Fertility Product. Better Turf Performance Through Improved Soils.
A Turf and Soil Fertility Product Better Turf Performance Through Improved Soils. Turf-Gyp+ Promotes Turf and Soil Fertility Turf-Gyp+ provides vital nutrients and is a soil conditioner in one product.
More informationCrop Management Practices. By Simon Bedasie
Crop Management Practices Fertigation By Simon Bedasie Observations of a Visiting Consultant Water and fertilizer management looked like bucket chemistry. Very basic techniques for water and fertilizer
More informationIf you are not able to turn in your notebook see me or Dan ASAP
Notebook Collection Collecting hard copies now OR Electronic versions using Catalyst drop box Due by 5:30 pm today Use website for link If you are not able to turn in your notebook see me or Dan ASAP URBAN
More information1. The Nature of Soils and Soil Fertility
1. The Nature of Soils and Soil Fertility The Ontario Soil Fertility Handbook contains information on the fundamental concepts of soil fertility. If you have ever wondered how nutrients make their way
More informationSoil. Acidic soils... 1/19/2014
Soil Chapter 8 Acidic Soils & Salt Affected Soils Pages 229 262 About 2.5 billion acres of mostly cultivated lands are affected by soil salinity Treating ph problems is less difficult than managing and
More informationANIMAL, PLANT & SOIL SCIENCE D3-2 SOIL CHEMISTRY
ANIMAL, PLANT & SOIL SCIENCE D3-2 SOIL CHEMISTRY Interest Approach Approach One: Show students different soil samples. Ask what makes one soil better than another. Encourage discussion that focuses on
More informationOverview of Chapter 14
14 Soil Resources Overview of Chapter 14 The Soil System Soil Properties and Major Soil Types Environmental Problems Related to Soil Soil Conservation and Regeneration Soil Uppermost layer of earth s crust
More information