Relationship of Soil Moisture with the Incidence of Pod Rot in Peanut in West Texas 1

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Relationship of Soil Moisture with the Incidence of Pod Rot in Peanut in West Texas 1"

Transcription

1 Reltionship of Soil Moisture with the Incidence of Pod Rot in Penut in West Texs 1 V. Choppktl*, T.A. Wheeler 2, G.L. Schuster 3, C. Roinson 3, nd D.O. Porter 4 ABSTRACT Pod rot is prolem on penut in West Texs nd mny other res. Crop consultnts scouting fields ssume tht pod rot will e more severe in high moisture res of the field, nd therefore is the intensity of their smpling to those res. The ojective of this reserch ws to evlute the reltionship etween soil moisture nd pod rot incidence in irrigted fields. Studies were conducted in four fields locted in Yokum County, TX in 2002 nd Surfce soil moisture (0 to 12 cm in depth) ws mesured t 5 min nd 24 hr fter the center pivot irrigtion system pssed from ech smpling point (20 to 34 points/field). Three plnt smples were collected t ech point in August nd Octoer, nd were evluted for pod rot incidence. In one field where Pythium spp., ut not Rhizoctoni spp. ws isolted from rotted pods, pod rot incidence in August ws negtively correlted with soil moisture t 5 min (r , P , n 5 25) nd 24 hr (r , P , n 5 25). No correltions etween disese nd soil moisture in the other three fields ws found. Results from these studies suggest tht pod rot ssocited with Pythium spp., or Pythium spp. nd Rhizoctoni spp., is not greter in wetter res of irrigted penut fields. A comprehensive pproch to smpling, irrespective of soil moisture content, is essentil for ccurte estimtion of pod rot. Key Words: Pythium, Rhizoctoni. Penut is n importnt csh crop in Texs with production estimted t 0.4 million metric tons during 2005 nd n verge sttewide yield t 3,850 kg/h (Texs Agriculturl Sttistics Annul Bulletin, 2005). Penut production is concentrted in the Southern High Plins of Texs (West Texs), which contriutes out 70% of the stte s totl 1 This reserch ws supported y the Texs Stte Precision Agriculture Inititive, Western Penut Growers Assocition, Texs Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, nd West Texs A&M University. 2 Texs Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Luock, TX Division of Agriculture, WTAMU, Cnyon, TX Texs Coopertive Extension, Luock, TX *Corresponding uthor: V. Choppktl (emil: VijyC@ BioSfeSystems.com). yield (Texs Agriculturl Sttistics Annul Bulletin, 2005). Pod rot is n importnt disese prolem on penuts in West Texs (Wheeler et l., 2006). The disese is widespred mong the penut growing res of the world with yield losses rnging from 5 50% (Frnk, 1968; Kolte, 1984; Mercer, 1977). In the United Sttes, pod rot is prolem in penut growing sttes such s North Crolin, Oklhom, Virgini nd Texs (Filonow et l, 1985; Grren, 1964; Hollowell et l., 1998; Wheeler et l., 2006 ). As erly s in 1961, sustntil losses in yield nd mrket qulity of penuts due to pod rot ws reported in Virgini (Grren, 1964). In Oklhom. 43% of 37 penut fields smpled during the erly 1980 s hd pod rot with the disese incidence rnging from % (Filonow et l., 1985). In North Crolin, frm survey estimted men incidence of pod rot t 6.6% in 1995 nd 5.9% in 1996 (Hollowell et l.,1998). Most recently, pod rot ws reported in 58% of the 107 smpled penut fields in Texs Southern High Plins (Wheeler et l., 2006). Vrious iotic nd iotic fctors re involved in incidence nd severity of pod rot. Species of Pythium nd Rhizoctoni re often the most importnt cusl orgnisms of pod rot (Frnk, 1968; Grren, 1963; Hollowell et l., 1998; Wheeler et l., 2006). Other fungi isolted from disesed pods include Aspergillus spp., Cylindrocldium prsiticum, Fusrium spp., Mcrophomin phseoli, Rhizopus spp., Sclerotini minor nd Sclerotium rolfsii (Csinos et l., 1984; Hollowell et l., 1998; Mercer, 1977; Porter et l., 1982). Soilorne mites nd plnt prsitic nemtodes were lso een reported to ply significnt role in pod rot incidence (Grci nd Mitchell, 1975; Shew nd Beute, 1979). However, plnt pthogens my not lwys e the primry cuse of pod rot. Nutrient imlnce such s deficiency of clcium nd excess of other competitive ctions in the pods ws shown to predispose the pods to pthogen infection (Csinos et l., 1984). Mny studies hve underlined the importnce of clcium in controlling pod rot (Csinos nd Gines, 1986; Grren, 1964; Hllock nd Grren,1968). However, rguments to the positive effects of clcium in controlling pod rot were lso found (Filonow et l, 1988). Resistnce to Pythium pod rot hs een reported in some penut genotypes (Frnk nd Krikun, Penut Science (2008) 35:

2 SOIL MOISTURE AND POD ROT IN WEST TEXAS ; Grren, 1970; Godoy et l, 1984; Godoy et l., 1985; Smith et l., 1989). However, most of the current high oleic runner mrket types tht comprise the lrgest percentge of crege in West Texs re susceptile to Pythium pod rot infection (Texs Penut Production Guide, 2001). Even though cultivrs such s Tmrun 96 nd Tmspn 90 hve some resistnce to Pythium pod rot, they re not widely cultivted in West Texs ((Texs Penut Production Guide, 2001). Appliction of clcium source such s gypsum t pegging my e helpful for pod rot control. However, West Texs soils re usully high in clcium nd ny dditionl ppliction in the form of gypsum to control pod rot cn e expensive for the grower due to high trnsporttion costs (Texs Penut Production Guide, 2001). Fungicides used to control pod rot (zoxystroin, mefenoxm, flutolnil) re pplied pproximtely d fter plnting when pegs or young pods re present. While lef spot control recommendtions re to pply fungicides on d intervl, pod rot pplictions re more typiclly 30 d prt. In West Texs, disese occurs from mid-july through Septemer nd the crop is dug in lte Septemer nd through Octoer. According to the fungicide lel, two fungicide pplictions provide less thn 60 d of protection. However, the susceptile period lsts for t lest 75 d if counting from the onset of pegging (Texs Penut Production Guide, 2001). Protection during the entire period when pegs or pods re present requires t lest three fungicide pplictions, therey significntly incresing production costs. A mjor percentge of penut crege is scouted for disese in West Texs nd the dvice of scout is key fctor in mking decision on control including use of fungicide (Smith et l., 1998). Hence, mny producers prefer to use scouts to recommend the timing of the pplictions, rther thn spry y clendr dte. At $20/h in Terry nd Yokum counties (pers. comm. Texs Pest Mngement Assocition), the cost of crop consultnt in this region is considerly less thn fungicide ppliction for pod rot control. Consultnts prefer to dely the first fungicide spry s long s possile nd sve n ppliction for lte August or erly Septemer when the risk of pod rot incidence is gretest. Irrigtion is importnt for profitle penut production in West Texs, where verge nnul rinfll is, 51 cm nd rinfll from June through August is, 19 cm. In West Texs, 61 to 71 cm of wter is needed per growing seson for optimum penut yield nd the months of highest wter demnd re June, July, nd August (Texs Penut Production Guide, 2001). However, irrigtion cn increse the development of diseses y its influence on moisture nd temperture (Frnk nd Ashri, 1985; Frnk, 1967; Porter et l., 1987). Seedling diseses cused y Pythium spp. nd Rhizoctoni solni re more severe under cool, wet conditions (Btemn, 1961; Klisiwicz, 1968; Mendel et l., 1995; Wright, 1957). In irrigted penuts, diseses such s pod rot re influenced y vrious fctors which include structurl mke up of pods (Godoy et l., 1985; Pettit et l., 1975); the complex of pthogens present including multiple species of Pythium nd Rhizoctoni solni (Grci nd Mitchell, 1975; Hollowell et l., 1998; Wheeler et l., 2006); nd the effect of fungicides tht my trget only prt of the pthogen complex, nd do not erdicte the prolem (Texs Penut Production Guide, 2001). The logicl view tht wetter soil equls more disese my not e n dequte hypothesis while mking recommendtions for controlling the disese on irrigted penuts. The purpose of this study ws to evlute whether there ws consistent nd positive ssocition of pod rot incidence cused y Pythium spp. lone or in ssocition with Rhizoctoni spp., with soil moisture in irrigted penut fields in n environment where wter is not significntly limiting infection or plnt growth. Mterils nd Methods Studies were conducted in four commercil fields in Yokum County, TX during 2002 nd 2003 (Tle 1). The producer prcticed four-yer rottion progrm with whet -wtermelon-whetpenut. Fields were selected tht hd history of pod rot in previous penut crops. In ddition, generl survey of these fields scertined the presence of pod rot. In ech yer, the fields chosen were Brownfield (Lomy, mixed, superctive, thermic Arenic Aridic Pleustlfs) fine snd or Amrillo (Fine-lomy, mixed, superctive, thermic Aridic Pleustlfs) lomy fine snd, (Tle 1). The Brownfield type soils hd higher snd content nd lower cly content thn the Amrillo type soils. One of the four fields (field 22) ppered to hve greter slope compred to other three fields. Soil nlysis report from fields 22 nd 32 indicted high concentrtions of nutrients including clcium (Tle 2). The soil ph ws ner neutrl nd orgnic mtter content ws very low (Tle 2). All fields hd pproximtely 25 h plnted to AT1-1, runner type penut nd 25 h tht ws plnted to whet in the fll nd fllowed the following summer. The fields were irrigted y center-pivot, sprinkler irrigtion systems.

3 118 PEANUT SCIENCE Tle 1. Attriutes of commercil penut fields where the reltionship etween soil moisture nd pod rot ws studied. Fungicide Field Yer Soil series Cultivr Plnting dte Nme Appliction dte Rte g i/h Brownfield fine snd AT1-1 5 My 2002 Azoxystroin 15 Jul. 249 Teuconzole 6 Sep Amrillo lomy fine snd AT1-1 4 My 2002 Azoxystroin 24 Jun. 249 Flutolnil 23 Jul. 694 Mefenoxm 23 Jul. 286 Mefenoxm 21 Aug. 203 Chlorothlonil 2 Sep Brownfield fine snd AT Apr Flutolnil 3 Jul. 741 Mefenoxm 3 Jul. 295 Flutolnil 9 Aug. 741 Mefenoxm 9 Aug Amrillo lomy fine snd AT Apr Flutolnil 1 Jul. 741 Mefenoxm 1 Jul. 295 Mefenoxm 3 Aug. 295 Fungicide pplictions of mefenoxm (Ridomil Gold EC; Syngent Crop Protection, Greensoro, NC) were pplied y the producer to fields 32, 40, nd 42 for Pythium pod rot (Tle 1). Field 22, which hd Pythium incited erly-seson peg rot ws treted with zoxystroin (Aound FL; Syngent Crop Protection, Greensoro, NC) (Tle 1). All four fields were treted with either zoxystroin (Aound FL; Syngent Crop Protection, Greensoro, NC) or flutolnil (Moncut 70 DF; Gown Compny, Yum, AZ) or oth to control Rhizoctoni pod rot (Tle 1). Moisture redings were tken y following the sprinkler, rther thn independent of the sprinkler position, since rinfll totls for July nd August 2002 nd 2003 were low. Soil moisture ws mesured in August using thet proe (Model: ML2x, Delt-T Devices Ltd., Cmridge, UK) t 5 min nd 24 hr fter irrigting prticulr res in the field. Thet proe uses simplified impednce mesuring system to determine the soil wter content (Gskin nd Miller, 1996). The device consists of n oscilltor, fixed impednce section of coxil trnsmission line nd sensing proe whose impednce depend on the dielectric constnt of the surrounding soil. An mplitude difference occurs when there is difference in the impednce etween the proe nd coxil trnsmission, following signl propgtion from the oscilltor. Amplitude difference in turn provides the pprent dielectric constnt vlue, which is directly proportionl to the volumetric wter content. The liner reltionship is depicted s h v 5 (!e 2 0 )/ 1 where, h v 5 volumetric soil wter content, expressed s rtio (m 3 /m 3 ), e 5 pprent dielectric constnt nd 0 nd 1 re constnts tht chnge with soil type. The method used in the thet proe compres well with results from the stndrd neutron proe under simulted field conditions, confirming its cceptnce in generl irrigtion reserch (Gskin nd Miller, 1996). Soil-specific clirtions were conducted on eight undistured soil smples collected from ech field (Fig. 1A nd 1B). Thet proe mesurements were tken y inserting the sensing hed into the soil core smple. Soil wet weights were recorded nd the smple ws oven dried t 105 C for 24 hr. Grvimetric soil wter content (%), dry ulk density (gms/cm 3 ) nd volumetric soil moisture content (%) were determined (Grdner, 1986; Tle 2. Soil nlysis report of commercil penut fields. Field OM % Soil ph Phosphorus P Potssium K Mgnesium Mg Clcium C Nitrte NO3 CEC meq/100 g PBS c K Mg C Orgnic Mtter. Ction Exchnge Cpcity expressed in milliequivlents per 100 g of soil. c Percent Bse Sturtion.

4 SOIL MOISTURE AND POD ROT IN WEST TEXAS 119 Fig. 2. Representtion of dt loctions in field 22. A line of five points represents the position of irrigtion pivot. Soil moisture nd pod rot incidence ws collected t ech of these points. A similr strtegy ws followed in ll of the fields. Fig. 1. Clirtion of thet proe in grower field soils: (A) Amrillo lomy fine snd, (B) Brownfield fine snd. Hrtge nd Blke, 1986). Estimted volumetric soil moisture content (%) ws regressed ginst the thet proe mesurements (m 3 /m 3 ) to derive the following liner model: Volumetric soil wter content (%) 5 3 thet proe reding (m 3 /m 3 ) +, where 5 slope nd 5 intercept. The sensing hed of the thet proe ws inserted into the soil such tht the sensing element mesured volumetric moisture content (m 3 /m 3 ) over 6 12 cm depth. The typicl penut fruiting depth is 6 8 cm. The difference etween the moisture redings tken t 5 min nd 24 hr ws clculted for ech field nd expressed s men percentge dringe. The totl numer of smpling sites vried for ech field (Tle 3). Smpling points were long the line (rdius) of the sprinkler irrigtion system with 3 4 hr intervls, to llow the sprinkler to proceed frther round the field (Fig. 2). Gps in the field where no dt were collected occurred when penuts were irrigted during the night hours. After the 24 hr soil moisture reding, three plnt smples were collected t ech moisture mesuring point nd percent incidence of pod rot ws estimted y weighing pods with symptoms of pod rot divided y totl weight of pods from three plnts. An dditionl disese ssessment ws mde in Octoer t the sme loctions s in August. Eight pods with chrcteristic symptoms of pod rot were collected t hrvest from ech smpling point nd were ssyed for the presence of fungi. Pods were wshed for severl minutes nd then dried for 2 3 hr t room temperture. Ech pod lesion ws split into two pieces, one plted out on wter gr nd the other on Pythium selective medium (Lewis nd Filonow, 1990). Mycelium ws trnsferred to potto dextrose gr to otin pure cultures for identifiction. Men percentge of totl pods tht were positive for either Pythium or Rhizoctoni ws clculted for ech smple. Product-moment correltions were clculted etween the soil moisture redings nd disese incidence tht occurred during August nd Octoer, using the CORR procedure from SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cry, NC). The Yokum County wether sttion within the Texs Tech-West Texs mesonet system (ltitude , longitude ) ws used to monitor soil temperture nd rinfll events. Rinfll totls would not necessrily e ccurte since the sttion ws some distnce from field sites, ut provides good indiction of sesonl trends. Results The wether in Yokum County ws dry during July nd August in 2002 nd 2003 nd hence wter pplied to the penut fields through irrigtion ws the primry source of moisture during this period. Immeditely fter irrigtion, soil moisture content differences within field were s low s 6% (field 22) to s gret s 14% (field 40) (Tle 3). Overll, the incidence of pod rot ws higher in August

5 120 PEANUT SCIENCE Tle 3. Soil moisture nd pod rot incidence in commercil penut fields. Soil moisture Pod rot rnge e Pod rot men f %D d Aug g Oct h Aug Oct Field N Rnge Men Rnge Men 5 min 24 hr c i Numer of oservtions. Rnge nd men of % volumetric soil wter t 5 min fter irrigtion. c Rnge nd men of % volumetric soil wter t 24 hr fter irrigtion. d Men % dringe 5 (M M 24 ) / (M 0.08 ). e Rnge of pod rot incidence in %, mesured in August nd Octoer. f Averge pod rot incidence in %, mesured in August nd Octoer. g Month of August. h Month of Octoer. i Stndrd devition. compred to the end of the growing seson except in field 32, where incresed disese incidence ws oserved t hrvest (Tle 3). Pod rot incidence in August ws negtively correlted with soil moisture t 5 min (r , P , n 5 25) nd 24 hr (r , P , n 5 25) in field 22 (Tle 3). For the sme field, pod rot incidence in Octoer ws not significntly correlted with soil moisture redings (Tle 4). This field hd sustntil topogrphicl chnges, nd the highest incidence of pod rot ws found on the steepest slope of hill, rther thn in the low re of the field. No significnt correltions were found etween pod rot incidence nd soil moisture in other fields (Tle 4). Infected pods showed symptoms of either lck wtery rot or rown decy nd seeds inside severely rotted pods were completely decyed. In ll four fields, Pythium spp. ws the most common pthogen isolted from rotted pods, followed y Rhizoctoni spp. In fields 22 nd 32, only Pythium spp. were found wheres oth Pythium spp. nd Rhizoctoni solni were found in fields 40 nd 42 (Tle 5). Sclerotium rolfsii ws isolted from two smpling points in field 22 (Dt not presented). Discussion The negtive correltion etween soil moisture nd pod rot incidence oserved in field 22 is contrry to tht predicted y controlled experiments on the effect of Pythium spp. nd soil mtric potentil, where the severity of infection ws greter under wet soil conditions (Bhtti nd Krft, 1992; Hering et l., 1987; Pnkhurst et l., 1995; Pieczrk nd Awi, 1978; Stnghellini et l., 1983). High soil moisture content fvors the development of oospores nd prevented the formtion of sporngi y Pythium ultimum (Binridge, 1970). However, it is importnt to note tht soil moisture nd temperture optiml for infection cn vry mong different species of Pythium Tle 4. Product-moment correltions of pod rot incidence with soil moisture collected from four commercil penut fields during Field numer Smpling dte 5 min c 24 hr d 5 min 24 hr 5 min 24 hr 5 min 24 hr August (0.04) (0.03) (0.46) (0.56) (1.00) (0.67) (0.50) (0.72) Octoer (0.12) (0.16) (0.80) (0.95) (0.54) (0.42) (0.28) (0.42) Significnce level is denoted in prentheses. Pod rot incidence mesured in August nd Octoer. c Soil moisture red 5 min fter irrigtion. d Soil moisture red 24 hr fter irrigtion.

6 SOIL MOISTURE AND POD ROT IN WEST TEXAS 121 Tle 5. Recovery of Pythium spp. nd Rhizoctoni from rotted pods collected from commercil penut fields. Field N Pythium spp Rhizoctoni solni Percentge of pods Totl pods ssyed. At hrvest, 8 pods with pod rot symptoms were ssyed from ll three plntsmples collected from ech moisture mesuring point. Percentge of totl pods tht were positive for either Pythium or Rhizoctoni. (Biesrock nd Hendrix, 1970). Root necrosis of pech cused y P. vexns ws severe t periodiclly sturted soil wter regimes, ut tht P. irregulre ws unffected y soil wter conditions (Biesrock nd Hendrix, 1970). Klisiwicz (1968) found tht seedling disese of sunflower cused y Pythium ultimum nd P. irregulre ws worse t cool tempertures, ut tht P. phnidermtum ws more dmging t higher tempertures. Pythium myriotylum is lso more of wrm temperture species (Gy, 1969). A recent survey hs shown tht Pythium myriotylum, P. ultimum, nd P. irregulre were the most common species isolted from penut pods in West Texs (Wheeler et l., 2006). However, field 22, which hd such n unusul reltionship etween soil moisture nd disese, hd n unknown species of Pythium. Isoltes were collected nd tested from this field on two occsions for species identifiction, ut no sexul structures formed. Soil moisture ws mesured t two intervls (5 min nd 24 hr fter irrigtion) to ssess the dringe condition of the fields. Soil moisture immeditely fter irrigtion is suject to loss y grvittionl forces nd moisture retention is hevily dependent on soil texture, nture of the soil horizontion, recency of irrigtion event, nd lndscpe differences (Cssel nd Nielsen, 1986). Field elevtion chnges, irrigtion nozzle spcing, nozzle types, nd proximity to the center pivot of the irrigtion system my lso ffect the quntity of wter reching n re of the field (Krnz, 1988). The percentge dringe ws reltively high in field 22 compred to the other three fields. Field 22 hd ovious slopes nd low-lying res tht were not seen in other fields, which could hve resulted in high runoff rte, surfce movement of pplied wter within the field nd reduced infiltrtion. Even though Pythium spp. were isolted more frequently thn Rhizoctoni in ll the fields, the overll percentge of positive isoltions ws low. It is not known whether fungicide pplictions mde during the seson for pod rot control or soil fctors such s ph hve ffected the men percent recovery of Pythium spp. nd Rhizoctoni spp. The frequency of Pythium spp. nd Rhizoctoni spp. nd the percentge of disese cused y ech of these pthogens my chnge from yer to yer (Hollowell et l., 1998; Wheeler et l., 2006). Pod rot ws not ssocited with ny ove ground symptoms or root infection. In ll the fields except field 32, estimted pod rot incidence ws higher during August compred to the estimtes mde ner the end of the growing seson. It is not known why pod rot levels were high in field 32, since it ws treted oth in July nd August with mefenoxm (Tle 1). Pod rot ws ggregted in the smpled fields. An eqution developed sed on men disese incidence nd vrince hs estimted tht the numer of smples required to dequtely estimte pod rot (coefficient of vrition50.5) ws 42, 12 nd 7 when fields hd 1, 5 or 10% pod rot, respectively (Wheeler et l., unpul.dt, 2006). Results from the current study suggest tht smples tken from the wettest res of field were not more likely to hve pod rot thn smples tken from drier res. Therefore, scouting progrm for pod rot should not e sed on site-specific soil moisture content. Insted, scouting should e done throughout the field, without is towrd soil moisture. Indequte smpling my result in wrong estimtion of the disese. Site-specific tretment of wet res with fungicides for mngement of pod rot is lso not suggested. When fields re smpled with indequte intensity, recommendtions for controlling pod rot including fungicide pplictions should e sed on other fctors such s field history nd plnt mturity rther thn sed on field scouting. Acknowledgments We sincerely thnk the Western Penut Growers Assocition for funding this project; nd Mr. Jerry Hrtmn, owner of J&A Frms, Plins, TX for his ssistnce throughout our study in his penut fields. Literture Cited Binridge, A Sporultion y Pythium ultimum t vrious soil moisture tensions. Trns. Br. Mycol. Soc. 55: Btemn, D.F The effect of soil moisture upon development of poinsetti root rots. Phytopthology 51: Bhtti, M.A. nd J.M. Krft Influence of soil moisture on root rot nd wilt of chickpe. Plnt Dis 76:

7 122 PEANUT SCIENCE Biesrock, J.A. nd F.F. Jr. Hendrix Influence of soil wter nd temperture on root necrosis of pech cused y Pythium spp. Phytopthology 60: Cssel, D.K. nd D.R. Nielsen Field cpcity nd ville wter cpcity. pp In Methods of Soil Anlysis: Physicl nd Minerlogicl Methods. 2 nd ed. Soil Science Society of Americ, Inc., Mdison, WI. Csinos, A.S. nd T.P. Gines Penut pod rot complex: geocrposphere nutrient imlnce. Plnt Dis 70: Csinos, A.S., T.P. Gines, nd M.E. Wlker Involvement of nutrition nd fungi in the penut pod rot complex. Plnt Dis 68: Filonow, A.B., H.A. Melouk, nd M. Mrtin Effect of clcium sulfte on pod rot of penut c.v Erly Bunch (Astr.) Proc. Am. Penut Res. Educ. Soc. 17:44. Filonow, A.B., H.A. Melouk, M. Mrtin, nd J. Sherwood Effect of clcium sulfte on pod rot of penut. Plnt Disese 72: Frnk, Z.R Effect of irrigtion procedure on Pythium rot of groundnut pods. Plnt Dis. Rep. 51: Frnk, Z.R Pythium pod rot of penut. Phytopthology 58: Frnk, Z.R. nd A. Ashri Pythium pod rot reduction in penuts, s ffected y reeding for resistnce nd y disese level. Phytoprsitic 13: Frnk, Z.R. nd J. Kirkun Evlution of penut (Archis hypoge) vrieties for Verticillium resistnce. Plnt Dis. Rep. 53: Grci, R. nd D.J. Mitchell Synergistic interctions of Pythium myriotylum with Fusrium solni nd Meloidogyne renri in pod rot of penut. Phytopthology 65: Grdner, W.H Wter Content. pp In Methods of Soil Anlysis: Physicl nd Minerlogicl Methods. 2 nd ed. Soil Science Society of Americ, Inc., Mdison, WI. Grren, K.H Evidence of two different pthogens of penut pod rot. Phytopthology 53:746. Grren, K.H Lndplster nd soil rot of penut pods in Virgini. Plnt Dis. Rep. 48: Grren, K.H Recent developments in reserch on penut pod rot. Proc. 3 rd Nt l. Penut Reserch Conf. Auurn, AL., Grren, K.H Rhizoctoni solni vs. Pythium myriotylum s pthogens of penut pod rot rekdown. Plnt Dis. Rep. 54: Gskin, G.J. nd Miller, J.D Mesurement of soil wter content using simplified impednce mesuring technique. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 63: Gy, J.D Effects of temperture nd moisture on snp en dmping off cused y three isoltes of Pythium myriotylum. Plnt Dis. Rep. 53: Godoy, R., O.D. Smith, nd T.E. Boswell Evlution of six penut genotypes for pod rot resistnce. Penut Sci 11: Godoy, R., O.D. Smith, R.A. Ter, nd R.E. Pettit Antomicl trits ssocited with pod rot resistnce in penut. Penut Sci 12: Hllock, D.L. nd K.H. Grren Pod rekdown, yield, nd grde of Virgini-type penuts s ffected y C, Mg, nd K sulftes. Agron. J. 60: Hrtge, K.H. nd G.R. Blke Bulk Density. pp In Methods of Soil Anlysis: Physicl nd Minerlogicl Methods. 2 nd ed. Soil Science Society of Americ, Inc., Mdison, WI. Hering, T.F., R.J. Cook, nd W. Tng Infection of whet emryos y Pythium species during seed germintion nd the influence of seed ge nd soil mtric potentil. Phytopthology 77: Hollowell, J.E., B.B. Shew, M.K. Beute, nd Z.G. Ad Occurrence of pod rot pthogens in penuts grown in North Crolin. Plnt Dis 82: Klisiwicz, J.M Reltion of Pythium spp. to root rot nd dmping-off of sfflower. Phytopthology 58: Kolte, S.J Penut diseses. pp In Diseses of nnul edile oilseed crops, vol. 1. CRC Press, Inc., Boc Rton, FL. Krnz, W Flow Control Devices for Center Pivot Irrigtion Systems. File G A. Coopertive Extension, University of Nersk, Lincoln, NE. Lewis, P.I. nd A.B. Filonow Rection of penut cultivrs to Pythium pod rot nd their influence on popultions of Pythium spp. in soil. Penut Sci 17: Mendel, H.H., H.C. Hung, G.C. Kozu, nd D.J.S. Brr Effect of soil moisture nd temperture on seedling emergence nd incidence of Pythium dmping-off in sfflower (Crthmus tinctorius L.). Cnd. J. Plnt Sci. 75: Mercer, P.C A pod rot of penuts in Mlwi. Plnt Dis. Rep. 61: Pnkhurst, C.E., H.J. McDonld, nd B.G. Hwke Influence of soil wter mtric potentil on the control of Pythium root infection of whet with metlxyl in two contrsting soils of South Austrli. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 35: Porter, D.M., D.H. Smith, nd R. Rodriguez-Kn Penut plnt diseses. pp In Penut Science nd Technology, H.E. Ptee nd C.T. Young (eds.), Americn Penut Res. nd Ed. Soc., Inc, Yokum, TX. Porter, D.M., F.S. Wright, nd N.L. Powell Effects of sprinkler irrigtion on penut diseses in Virgini. Plnt Dis 71: Pieczrk, D.J. nd G.S. Awi Influence of soil wter potentil nd temperture on severity of Pythium root rot of snp ens. Phytopthology 68: Pettit, R.E., R.A. Ter, nd O.D. Smith Structurl fetures of penut pods: Archis hypoge cultivrs. Proc. Amer. Penut Res. And Educ. Assoc. 7:91. (str). Shew, H.D. nd M.K. Beute Evidence for the involvement of soilorne mites in Pythium pod rot of penut. Phytopthology 69: Smith, D.T., M.G. New, nd J.T. Criswell Pests, Pesticide Use & Mngement Prctices in the Southwestern Penut Industry. Ntionl Agriculturl Pesticide Impct Assessment Progrm USDA/CSREES nd the Southern Regionl Office. Technicl report 98-08, Texs A&M University, College Sttion, nd Oklhom Stte University, Stillwter. Smith, O.D., T.E. Boswell, W.J. Grichr, nd C.E. Simpson Rection of select penut (Archis hypoge L.) lines to southern stem rot nd Pythium pod rot under vried disese pressure. Penut Sci 16:9-14. Stnghellini, M.E., L.J. Stowell, W.C. Kronlnd, nd P. von Bretzel Distriution of Pythium phnidermtum in rhizosphere soil nd fctors ffecting expression of the solute inoculum potentil. Phytopthology 73: Texs Agriculturl Sttistics Annul Bulletin Texs Agriculturl Sttistics Service, Austin, TX. Texs Penut Production Guide. 2001, pp Texs Coopertive Extension Fct Sheet B Wheeler, T.A., C.R. Howell, J. Cotton, nd D. Porter Pythium species ssocited with pod rot on west Texs penut nd in vitro sensitivity of isoltes to mefenoxm nd zoxystroin. Penut Sci 30:9-13. Wright, E Influence of temperture nd moisture on dmpingoff of Americn nd Sierin elm, lck locust, nd desertwillow. Phytopthology 47:

Shoot Growth Characteristics Following Mechanical Hedging and High Limb Pruning in Tulare Walnuts on Two Rootstocks at Two Spacings

Shoot Growth Characteristics Following Mechanical Hedging and High Limb Pruning in Tulare Walnuts on Two Rootstocks at Two Spacings Shoot Growth Chrcteristics Following Mechnicl Hedging nd High Lim Pruning in Tulre Wlnuts on Two Rootstocks t Two Spcings B.D. Lmpinen, S.G. Metclf, V. Gmle, K. Moore nd W. Reil University of Cliforni

More information

Use of LS 213 During Rooting of Vegetative Ornamental Cuttings: Experiment 1

Use of LS 213 During Rooting of Vegetative Ornamental Cuttings: Experiment 1 NC STATE UNIVERSITY Floriculture Reserch Deprtment of Horticulturl Science Horticulturl Reserch Series No. 15 My 1 Use of LS 1 During Rooting of Vegettive Ornmentl Cuttings: Experiment 1 Brin E. Whipker,

More information

Using All the Tools in the Pink Rot Management Tool Box. Jeff Miller

Using All the Tools in the Pink Rot Management Tool Box. Jeff Miller Using All the Tools in the Pink Rot Mngement Tool Box Jeff Miller Pink Rot Phytophthor erythroseptic Pink rot Pythium lek Combintions of the two Missing tools mke it hrd to get the job done. Pink Rot Mngement

More information

Special Research Report #532 Production Technology Using Soil Moisture Sensors for Poinsettia Height Control

Special Research Report #532 Production Technology Using Soil Moisture Sensors for Poinsettia Height Control Specil Reserch Report #532 Production Technology Using Soil Moisture Sensors for Poinsetti Height Control Alem Peter 1, Pul Thoms 1, Mrc vn Iersel 1, nd Stephnie Burnett 2 1 Deprtment of Horticulture,

More information

Evaluating Kaolin Clay as an Amendment to Container Substrates

Evaluating Kaolin Clay as an Amendment to Container Substrates Evluting Kolin Cly s n Amendment to Continer Sustrtes Jmes T. Midcp nd Theodore E. Bilderck Deprtment of Horticulture - Athens & Rleigh The University of Georgi & North Crolin Stte University Nture of

More information

Cabbage Transplant Production Using Organic Media, 2008

Cabbage Transplant Production Using Organic Media, 2008 Cge Trnsplnt Production Using Orgnic Medi, 2008 Anu Rngrjn, Cornell University, Deprtment of Horticulture, r47@cornell.edu Betsy Leonrd, Cornell University, Deprtment of Horticulture, i1@cornell.edu Allison

More information

Shade and flowering trees for bareroot sales throughout

Shade and flowering trees for bareroot sales throughout EM 9013-E October 2010 Breroot Shde, Flowering, nd Fruit Trees (Willmette Vlley) J. Owen, D. Sullivn, D. Horneck, nd J. Hrt Summry Preplnt nutrient ppliction ph djustment Apply lime or elementl sulfur

More information

Evaluation of Willow Propagation Methods FHWA Canyonville 5 Project

Evaluation of Willow Propagation Methods FHWA Canyonville 5 Project Evlution of Willow Propgtion Methods FHWA Cnyonville 5 Project Dvid Steinfeld November 2007 Summry: Willows tht were plnted s rooted cuttings becme estblished t much greter rte thn those from live stkes

More information

Vigor control in McIntosh apple trees by growth inhibitors

Vigor control in McIntosh apple trees by growth inhibitors Vigor control in McIntosh pple trees y growth inhiitors L. Rufto 1, A.F. Brighenti 1, A.D. Rufto 2, L.I. Dominguez 3 nd T.L. Roinson 3 1Snt Ctrin Stte University (UDESC), College of Agric. nd Life Science,

More information

Asparagus. Tuesday morning 9:00 am. Moderator: Gene Kokx Jr., Michigan Vegetable Council Board of Directors. 9:00 a.m. Asparagus Virus Survey

Asparagus. Tuesday morning 9:00 am. Moderator: Gene Kokx Jr., Michigan Vegetable Council Board of Directors. 9:00 a.m. Asparagus Virus Survey Asprgus Tuesdy morning 9: m Modertor: Gene Kokx Jr., Michign Vegetble Council Bord of Directors 9:.m. Asprgus Virus Survey Norm Myers, Ocen Co. MSU Extension 9:15.m. Asprgus Disese Updte Mry Husbeck, Plnt

More information

Journal of Water and Soil Vol. 26, No. 3, Jul-Aug 2012, p

Journal of Water and Soil Vol. 26, No. 3, Jul-Aug 2012, p Journl of Wter nd Soil Vol. 6, No. 3, Jul-Aug 0, p. 77-735 ( ) 77-735. 39 3 6 3 - - 90 /3/9: 90 //5: 389... 8. /5 6633/4 4/5 333/6 ). ( 76/76 55/94. : 0/5 (). 550. (4). 75 40..() (7).(6)....().(6).(0)

More information

Efficacy of Boom Systems in Limiting Runoff on Center Pivots

Efficacy of Boom Systems in Limiting Runoff on Center Pivots Efficcy of Boom Systems in Limiting Runoff on Center Pivots Authors: Prossie Nkwuk, Ph.D. CGIAR (Consortium of Interntionl Agriculturl Reserch) Ethiopi P.Nkwuk@cgir.org R.Troy Peters, P.E., Ph.D. Wshington

More information

Propagation of citrus rootstocks in greenhouses by seed, stem cuttings and tissue culture to accelerate budded tree production for out planting.

Propagation of citrus rootstocks in greenhouses by seed, stem cuttings and tissue culture to accelerate budded tree production for out planting. Propgtion of citrus rootstocks in greenhouses by seed, stem cuttings nd tissue culture to ccelerte budded tree production for out plnting. Richrd C. Beeson Jr. Assoc. Professor Mid-Florid Reserch nd Eduction

More information

The Use of Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA) to Control Vegetative Vigor in Avocado Trees

The Use of Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA) to Control Vegetative Vigor in Avocado Trees Cliforni Avocdo Society 27 Yerook 9: 131-148 Mry Lu Arpi Deprtment of Botny nd Plnt Sciences University of Cliforni, Riverside Muricio Tpi ACW Frm Fllrook, Cliforni Reuen Hofshi vocdosource.com Fllrook,

More information

SNA Research Conference Vol Weed Control Mengmeng Gu Section Editor and Moderator Weed Control Section

SNA Research Conference Vol Weed Control Mengmeng Gu Section Editor and Moderator Weed Control Section SNA Reserch Conference Vol. 53 2008 Weed Control Mengmeng Gu Section Editor nd Modertor Weed Control Section 559 SNA Reserch Conference Vol. 53 2008 Evlution of Pendimethlin + Dimethenmid-P for Reltive

More information

Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station

Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station November 2002 ANNUAL REPORT TO NC-140 Msschusetts Agriculturl Experiment Sttion Wesley Autio (leder), Jon Clements, Jmes Krup, Dune Greene, & Dniel Cooley PROGRESS & PRINCIPAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1994 NC-140

More information

Managing Soilborne Diseases Through Removal of Root Inoculum in Red Raspberry

Managing Soilborne Diseases Through Removal of Root Inoculum in Red Raspberry Mnging Soilborne Diseses Through Removl of Root Inoculum in Red Rspberry L.W. DeVetter1, I. Zsd2, J. Weilnd2, T. Wlters3, R. Rudolph4, S. Wtkinson5, Mrk Mzzol6, nd Suzette Glinto7 1Assistnt Professor,

More information

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR WEED CONTROL IN ALFALFA. William H. Isom. Extension Agronomist University of California, Riverside

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR WEED CONTROL IN ALFALFA. William H. Isom. Extension Agronomist University of California, Riverside MNGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR WEE CONTROL IN LFLF Willim H. Isom. Extension gronomist University of Cliforni, Riverside Vern Le Mrle. Extension gronomist University of Cliforni. vis Poor irrigtion mngement nd

More information

Table of Contents. Executive Summary. Results-at-a-Glance. Acknowledgements. List of Tables. List of Figures. Introduction 1.

Table of Contents. Executive Summary. Results-at-a-Glance. Acknowledgements. List of Tables. List of Figures. Introduction 1. Protocol for Irrigtion of Shrubs During Estblishment: Estblishing Best Mngement Irrigtion Prctices for Shrub Estblishment in Florid Lndscpes Edwrd F. Gilmn, Professor; Christine Wiese, Biologist; Amy Shober,

More information

Effects of Water and Nitrogen Utilized by Means of Dripping on Growth of Root and Canopy and Matter Distribution in Spring Wheat

Effects of Water and Nitrogen Utilized by Means of Dripping on Growth of Root and Canopy and Matter Distribution in Spring Wheat Advnce Journl of Food Science nd Technology 5(4): 474-481, 2013 ISSN: 2042-4868; e-issn: 2042-4876 Mxwell Scientific Orgniztion, 2013 Sumitted: Decemer 26, 2012 Accepted: Ferury 08, 2013 Pulished: April

More information

Suppression of Pythium-Rhizoctonia Root Rots by Trichoderma pseudokoningii Tr905. Paul Harvey CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture Flagship April 2011

Suppression of Pythium-Rhizoctonia Root Rots by Trichoderma pseudokoningii Tr905. Paul Harvey CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture Flagship April 2011 Suppression of Pythium-Rhizoctoni Root Rots by Trichoderm pseudokoningii Tr905 Pul Hrvey CSIRO Sustinble Agriculture Flgship April 2011 Aims Suppression of Pythium-Rhizoctoni Complex: Trichoderm Tr905

More information

Differences in size and architecture of the potato cultivars root system and their tolerance to drought stress

Differences in size and architecture of the potato cultivars root system and their tolerance to drought stress Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 63, 217, No. 4: 159 164 doi: 1.17221/4/217-PSE Differences in size nd rchitecture of the potto cultivrs root system nd their tolernce to drought stress Krystyn ZARZYŃSKA 1, *, Dominik

More information

Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences ISSN (Print), (Online) Vol. 4, No. 1, June 2017

Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences ISSN (Print), (Online) Vol. 4, No. 1, June 2017 Journl of Agriculture nd Life Sciences ISSN 2375-4214 (Print), 2375-4222 (Online) Vol. 4, No. 1, June 217 Effects of Chemicl Form nd Nitrogen Concentrtion of Fertilizer nd Wter Culture Medium ph on Growth

More information

1/13/2017. Pink Rot Management. Pythium leak. Pink rot. Walt Sparks. Phytophthora erythroseptica. Pink Rot and Pythium Leak. Combinations of the two

1/13/2017. Pink Rot Management. Pythium leak. Pink rot. Walt Sparks. Phytophthora erythroseptica. Pink Rot and Pythium Leak. Combinations of the two 1/13/17 Pink Rot nd Pythium Lek A potto storge is NOT hospitl! Wlt Sprks Pink Rot Phytophthor erythrosepti Pythium lek Pink rot Pythium lek Pink Rot Mngement 1. Field seletion/rop rottion. Adjust soil

More information

Persistence of the systemic activity of metalaxyl and fosetyl-al applied as a soil drench or foliar spray to control Phytophthora crown rot of peach

Persistence of the systemic activity of metalaxyl and fosetyl-al applied as a soil drench or foliar spray to control Phytophthora crown rot of peach Phytopthol. Mediterr. (2002) 41, 28 32 Persistence of the systemic ctivity of metlxyl nd fosetyl-al pplied s soil drench or folir spry to control Phytophthor crown rot of pech THOMAS THOMIDIS Ntionl Agriculture

More information

The growth of camellia in growth media containing composted organic wastes of peanut

The growth of camellia in growth media containing composted organic wastes of peanut Aville online t www.pelgireserchlirry.com Pelgi Reserch Lirry Europen Journl of Experimentl Biology, 2014, 4(1):608-612 ISSN: 2248 9215 CODEN (USA): EJEBAU The growth of cmelli in growth medi contining

More information

Performance evaluation of displacement ventilation system combined with a novel evaporative cooled ceiling for a typical office in the city of Beirut

Performance evaluation of displacement ventilation system combined with a novel evaporative cooled ceiling for a typical office in the city of Beirut Avilble online t www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedi 75 (2015 ) 1728 1733 The 7 th Interntionl Conference on Applied Energy ICAE2015 Performnce evlution of displcement ventiltion system

More information

Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO. December 4-6, DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI

Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO. December 4-6, DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI Gret Lkes Fruit, Vegetble & Frm Mrket EXPO Michign Greenhouse Growers EXPO December 4-6, 2012 DeVos Plce Convention Center, Grnd Rpids, MI Crrot Where: Gllery Overlook (upper level) Room C MI Recertifiction

More information

Management Approaches for Thrips and Garden Symphylans in Lettuce

Management Approaches for Thrips and Garden Symphylans in Lettuce REPORT 1: Grden symphyln Project Title Mngement Approches for Thrips nd Grden Symphylns in Lettuce Project Investigtor Dr. Shimt Villnssery Joseph IPM Entomology Advisor University of Cliforni Coopertive

More information

Effect of rice husk Biochar (RHB) on some of chemical properties of an acidic soil and the absorption of some nutrients

Effect of rice husk Biochar (RHB) on some of chemical properties of an acidic soil and the absorption of some nutrients JASEM ISSN 1119-8362 All rights reserve Full-text Aville Online t https://www.jol.info/index.php/jsem http://ww.ioline.org.r/j J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mnge. Vol. 22 (3) 313 317. Mrch 2018 Effect of rice

More information

Leaf and Soil Analysis Special Edition

Leaf and Soil Analysis Special Edition Volume 11, Number 8b August 15, 2012 Lef nd Soil Anlysis Specil Edition Commercil berry growers in the Northest hve trditionlly mde stndrdized fertilizer pplictions bsed on crop ge. This prctice continues

More information

Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 17(5) 2018,

Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 17(5) 2018, www.ct.medi.pl ORIGINAL PAPER Act Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 17(5) 2018, 191 198 1644-0692 e-issn 2545-1405 DOI: 10.24326/sphc.2018.5.17 Accepted: 4.04.2018 ROOT GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF KHATOUNI MELON

More information

STORAGE OF HARDWOOD PLANTING STOCK: EFFECTS OF VARIOUS STORAGE REGIMES AND PACKAGING METHODS ON ROOT GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY

STORAGE OF HARDWOOD PLANTING STOCK: EFFECTS OF VARIOUS STORAGE REGIMES AND PACKAGING METHODS ON ROOT GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY No. 1 83 SORAGE OF HARDWOOD PANING SOCK: EFFECS OF VARIOUS SORAGE REGIMES AND PACKAGING MEHODS ON ROO GROWH AND PHYSIOOGICA QUAIY D. P. WEBB nd F. W. von AHEN Gret kes Forest Reserch Centre, P.O. Box 49,

More information

Snow Mold Control Evaluation: Marquette Golf Club Marquette, MI

Snow Mold Control Evaluation: Marquette Golf Club Marquette, MI 2017-2018 Snow Mold Control Evlution: Mrquette Golf Club Mrquette, MI Kurt Hockemeyer nd Pul Koch, Ph.D. Deprtment of Plnt Pthology University of Wisconsin-Mdison OBJECTIVE To evlute fungicides for the

More information

Effects of Irrigation Volume and Frequency on Shrub Establishment in Florida 1

Effects of Irrigation Volume and Frequency on Shrub Establishment in Florida 1 Effects of Irrigtion Volume nd Frequency on Shru Estlishment in Florid E.F. Gilmn, C.L. Wiese 3, M. Pz 3, A.L. Shoer 4, S.M. Scheier 5, K.A. Moore 6, nd M. Brennn 7 Deprtment of Environmentl Horticulture

More information

The effect of plant hormone gibberellic acid on germination indices Secale montanum in vitro and pot experiments under drought conditions

The effect of plant hormone gibberellic acid on germination indices Secale montanum in vitro and pot experiments under drought conditions Aville online t www.scholrsreserchlirry.com Annls of Biologicl Reserch, 2013, 4 (6):1-9 (http://scholrsreserchlirry.com/rchive.html) ISSN 0976-1233 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW The effect of plnt hormone gierellic

More information

The Effect of a green roof on thermal comfort and learning performance in a naturally ventilated classroom in a hot and humid climate

The Effect of a green roof on thermal comfort and learning performance in a naturally ventilated classroom in a hot and humid climate The Effect of green roof on therml comfort nd lerning performnce in nturlly ventilted clssroom in hot nd humid climte Spekers: Hung, Wen-Pin 1 ; Ruey-Lung, Hwng 2 ; Kuo-Tsng Hung 3 1 Feng Chi University,

More information

Rootstock Effects on Deficit-Irrigated Winegrapes in a Dry Climate: Vigor, Yield Formation, and Fruit Ripening

Rootstock Effects on Deficit-Irrigated Winegrapes in a Dry Climate: Vigor, Yield Formation, and Fruit Ripening Rootstock Effects on Deficit-Irrigted Winegrpes in Dry Climte: Vigor, Yield Formtion, nd Fruit Ripening Mrkus Keller, 1 * Lynn J. Mills, 2 nd Jmes F. Hrertson 3 Astrct: A rootstock field tril ws conducted

More information

INTERACTION OF JUGLANS SPECIES WITH PRATYLENCHUS VULNUS AND MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA

INTERACTION OF JUGLANS SPECIES WITH PRATYLENCHUS VULNUS AND MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA INTERACTION OF JUGLANS SPECIES WITH PRATYLENCHUS VULNUS AND MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA T. Buzo, M. McKenry, nd J. Hsey ABSTRACT Nemtode-free micropropgted own-rooted English cultivrs Vin nd Chndler nd seedling

More information

THE NITROGEN NUTRITION OF THE PEACH TREE. [Manuscript received August 8, 1966] Summary

THE NITROGEN NUTRITION OF THE PEACH TREE. [Manuscript received August 8, 1966] Summary THE NTROGEN NUTRTON OF THE PEACH TREE. * STORAGE AND MOBLZATON OF NTROGEN N YOUNG TREES By B. K. TAYLORt nd THE LATE L. H. MAY:j: [Mnuscript received August 8, 1966] Summry The chemicl composition nd distribution

More information

SNA Research Conference Vol Growth Regulators Yan Chen Section Editor Plant Growth Regulators

SNA Research Conference Vol Growth Regulators Yan Chen Section Editor Plant Growth Regulators Growth Regultors Yn Chen Section Editor Plnt Growth Regultors 152 Mnging Knock Out Rose nd Loropetlum Growth in the Lndscpe with Cutless.33G Yn Chen, Allen Owings, Regin Brcy, Joey Queedeux 21549 Old Covington

More information

Citrus Tree Abiotic and Biotic Stress and Implication of Simulation and Modeling Tools in Tree Management

Citrus Tree Abiotic and Biotic Stress and Implication of Simulation and Modeling Tools in Tree Management Tree nd Forestry Science nd Biotechnology 29 Glol Science Books Citrus Tree Aiotic nd Biotic Stress nd Impliction of Simultion nd Modeling Tools in Tree Mngement Hong Li * Nov Scoti Agriculturl College,

More information

Overview. for almost 200 years, pattern books have been used throughout. introduction a 1

Overview. for almost 200 years, pattern books have been used throughout. introduction a 1 Aeril view of the Est Grrison s it exists tody on the former Fort Ord Est Grrison tody Mediterrnen Revivl precedent Courtesy of JBZ Architecture + Plnning Picturesque Cmp precedent Grrison Crftsmn precedent

More information

Soil bulk density and penetration resistance under different tillage and crop management systems, and their relationship with barley root growth

Soil bulk density and penetration resistance under different tillage and crop management systems, and their relationship with barley root growth Soil ulk density nd penetrtion resistnce under different tillge nd crop mngement systems, nd their reltionship with rley root growth $EVWUDFW Few studies hve een reported on the effect of fllow on physicl

More information

ON GROWTH OF YOUNG ORANGE TREES1

ON GROWTH OF YOUNG ORANGE TREES1 LEONARD, FISKELL, DIAMOND: CLAY-LIME-POSPATE 27 EFFECT OF CLAY MATERIALS, LIME, AND POSPATE ON GROWT OF YOUNG ORANGE TREES C. D. Leonrd2 j. g.. plskell nd r. b. dimond3 Abstrct In field experiment, single

More information

Food Technology & Nutrition / Summer 2011 / Vol. 8 / No. 3. jftn.srbiau.ac.ir. b c.

Food Technology & Nutrition / Summer 2011 / Vol. 8 / No. 3. jftn.srbiau.ac.ir. b c. c 1389/3/12 : * c 1388/10/28 : :.. :. 60.. jftn.sriu.c.ir :.. :.. : 46 emil: m-honrvr@hotmil.com * 47 3 / /1390 /. ph.(kle et l., 1992) ph. (Bowmn & Reinecke, 1991) Rienecke &Vilijoen, ).(1990.(www.memers.tripod.com)

More information

ON WATERMELON IN SOUTH FLORIDA

ON WATERMELON IN SOUTH FLORIDA 76 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 96 INSECTICIDAL CONTROL OF LEAF MINER ON WATERMELON IN SOUTH FLORIDA Associte W. C. Adlerz Entomologist, Wtermelon nd Grpe Investigtions Lortory Leesurg Astrct Tests

More information

The latest on managing Botryosphaeria (Bot) canker & blight

The latest on managing Botryosphaeria (Bot) canker & blight The ltest on mnging Botryospheri (Bot) cnker & blight review, updtes, tril results - Jnine Hsey, UCCE Advisor, Sutter/Yub/Colus pruning chipping tril results Ktherine Pope, UCCE Advisor, Yolo/Solno/Scrmento

More information

Application of Pheromones for Controlling Stored-Product Insects. Tom Phillips Oklahoma State University

Application of Pheromones for Controlling Stored-Product Insects. Tom Phillips Oklahoma State University Appliction of Pheromones for Controlling Stored-Product Insects Tom Phillips Oklhom Stte University Pheromones for Stored Product Insects Pheromones known for > 40 species Lures vilble for 20 species;

More information

Rootstocks Influence the Growth, Biochemical Contents and Disease Incidence in Thompson Seedless Grapevines

Rootstocks Influence the Growth, Biochemical Contents and Disease Incidence in Thompson Seedless Grapevines British Journl of Applied Science & Technology 4(6): 1030-1041, 2014 SCIENCEDOMAIN interntionl www.sciencedomin.org Rootstocks Influence the Growth, Biochemicl Contents nd Disese Incidence in Thompson

More information

NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY HYBRID POPLAR IN COMPETITION WITH WEED SPECIES UNDER GROWTH CHAMBER AND FIELD CONDITIONS USING THE SOIL SUPPLY AND NUTRIENT

NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY HYBRID POPLAR IN COMPETITION WITH WEED SPECIES UNDER GROWTH CHAMBER AND FIELD CONDITIONS USING THE SOIL SUPPLY AND NUTRIENT NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY HYBRID POPLAR IN COMPETITION WITH WEED SPECIES UNDER GROWTH CHAMBER AND FIELD CONDITIONS USING THE SOIL SUPPLY AND NUTRIENT DEMAND (SSAND) MODEL A Thesis Submitted to the College of

More information

Biennial wormwood (Artemisia biennis) competition with soybean (Glycine max)

Biennial wormwood (Artemisia biennis) competition with soybean (Glycine max) Document generted on 01/21/2019 1:19.m. Phytoprotection Biennil wormwood (Artemisi biennis) competition with soyben (Glycine mx) Eric A. Nelson nd George O. Kegode Volume 86, Number 2, oût 2005 URI: id.erudit.org/iderudit/012512r

More information

Effect of irrigation disruption and biological phosphorus on nutrient (N,P,K) uptake of canola (Brassica napus L.)

Effect of irrigation disruption and biological phosphorus on nutrient (N,P,K) uptake of canola (Brassica napus L.) Interntionl Reserch Journl of Applied nd Bsic Sciences 2013 Avilble online t www.irjbs.com ISSN 2251-838X / Vol, 4 (5): 1062-1066 Science Explorer Publictions Effect of irrigtion disruption nd biologicl

More information

High-density grapefruit production in open hydroponics system

High-density grapefruit production in open hydroponics system High-density grpefruit production in open hydroponics system Rhunito S. Ferrrezi, Kyl A. Thomson, Mrk A. Ritenour, nd Aln L. Wright University of Florid, Institute of Food nd Agriculturl Sciences, Indin

More information

FINE ROOT RESPONSES TO SOIL DECOMPACTION AND AMENDMENT IN RED MAPLE (ACER RUBRUM)

FINE ROOT RESPONSES TO SOIL DECOMPACTION AND AMENDMENT IN RED MAPLE (ACER RUBRUM) Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2011 FINE ROOT RESPONSES TO SOIL DECOMPACTION AND AMENDMENT IN RED MAPLE (ACER RUBRUM) John Mcintyre Clemson University, john_mcintyre@ncsu.edu Follow

More information

REDUCTION OF THE TREE PRODUCTION CYCLE OF IN VITRO

REDUCTION OF THE TREE PRODUCTION CYCLE OF IN VITRO REDUCTION OF THE TREE PRODUCTION CYCLE OF IN VITRO PROPAGATED STANLEY PLUM CULTIVAR AND THE TREE BEHAVIOUR IN AN ORCHARD. 2. REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR STANLEY PLŪMJU PAVAIROŠANAS CIKLA SAĪSINĀŠANA, IZMANTOJOT

More information

Effect of Compost and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Basis of Morphological Characteristics of Citrus: Orange, Citrange and Sitromelo

Effect of Compost and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Basis of Morphological Characteristics of Citrus: Orange, Citrange and Sitromelo Interntionl Journl of Frming nd Allied Sciences Aville online t www.ijfs.com 1 IJFAS Journl-1--1/17-17/ 1 Decemer, 1 ISSN -1 1 IJFAS Effect of Compost nd Nitrogen Fertilizer on Bsis of Morphologicl Chrcteristics

More information

Ecology and Development Series No. 11, 2003

Ecology and Development Series No. 11, 2003 Ecology nd Development Series No. 11, 2003 Editor-in-Chief: Pul L.G.Vlek Editors: Mnfred Denich Christopher Mrtius Nick vn de Giesen Huong Thi Thu Le Role of Pythium phnidermtum (Edson) Fitzp. in tomto

More information

SYNERGISM BETWEEN SOIL AND LEAF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS IN GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON YIELD AND PHYTOSANITARY STATUS

SYNERGISM BETWEEN SOIL AND LEAF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS IN GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON YIELD AND PHYTOSANITARY STATUS 989 Bulgrin Journl of Agriculturl Science, 19 (No 5) 2013, 989-994 Agriculturl Acdemy SYNERGISM BETWEEN SOIL AND LEAF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS IN GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON YIELD AND PHYTOSANITARY

More information

Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO. December 9-11, DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI

Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO. December 9-11, DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI Gret Lkes Fruit, Vegetle & Frm Mrket EXPO Michign Greenhouse Growers EXPO December 9-11, 214 DeVos Plce Convention Center, Grnd Rpids, MI Crrot Wednesdy fternoon 2: pm Where: Grnd Gllery (min level) Room

More information

Propagation, Production, and Landscape Evaluation of Native Wildflowers in West, Central and South Florida, 2010 Condensed Progress Report

Propagation, Production, and Landscape Evaluation of Native Wildflowers in West, Central and South Florida, 2010 Condensed Progress Report Propgtion, Production, nd Lndscpe Evlution of Ntive Wildflowers in West, Centrl nd South Florid, Condensed Progress Report. Project Investigtors Sndr B. Wilson, Professor Hector Perez, Assistnt Professor

More information

Hydraulic resistance components of mature apple trees on rootstocks of different vigours

Hydraulic resistance components of mature apple trees on rootstocks of different vigours Journl of Experimentl Botny, Vol. 58, No. 15/16, pp. 4213 4224, 2007 doi:10.1093/jxb/erm281 This pper is vilble online free of ll ccess chrges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournls.org/open_ccess.html for further

More information

Greenhouse: Controlling Other Greenhouse Plant Diseases

Greenhouse: Controlling Other Greenhouse Plant Diseases Gret Lkes Fruit, Vegetle & Frm Mrket EXPO Michign Greenhouse Growers EXPO Decemer 4-6, 2012 DeVos Plce Convention Center, Grnd Rpids, MI Greenhouse: Controlling Other Greenhouse Plnt Diseses Where: Grnd

More information

USE OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLID WASTES FOR CONTAINER- SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION

USE OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLID WASTES FOR CONTAINER- SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION MYKONOS2004 USE OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLID WASTES FOR CONTAINER- SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION Μ. Tskldimi Aristotle University of Thessloniki, Deprtment of Forestry nd Nturl Environment, P.O.Box 262, 54 124,

More information

Effect of Topping Height and Timing on Quantity and Quality Influe-Cured Tobacco (Var.K326)

Effect of Topping Height and Timing on Quantity and Quality Influe-Cured Tobacco (Var.K326) Avilble online t http://www.ijbbr.com Interntionl journl of Advnced Biologicl nd Biomedicl Reserch Volume 2, Issue 4, 2014: 1388-1395 Effect of Topping Height nd Timing on Quntity nd Qulity Influe-Cured

More information

Measurement of ground electrical conductivities of different soil type and their effect on. growth rate of plant

Measurement of ground electrical conductivities of different soil type and their effect on. growth rate of plant Mesurement of ground electricl conductivities of different soil type nd their effect on growth rte of plnt Adeseye M. Arogunjo, Aderemi S. Adekol nd Kyode D. Adedyo Deprtment of Physics, Federl University

More information

Timing of snowmelt. SnoEco

Timing of snowmelt. SnoEco SnoEco: High Arctic ecosystem responses to chnges in snow cover Elisbeth J. Cooper - study t the plot nd lndscpe scle UiT- The Arctic University of Norwy Tromsø, Norwy Timing of snowmelt..is very importnt

More information

Effects of Summer Pruning on Vegetative Growth, Fruit Quality and Carbohydrates of Regina and Kordia Sweet Cherry Trees on Gisela 5

Effects of Summer Pruning on Vegetative Growth, Fruit Quality and Carbohydrates of Regina and Kordia Sweet Cherry Trees on Gisela 5 Europ.J.Hort.Sci., 73 (2). S. 62 68, 2008, ISSN 1611-4426. Verlg Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgrt Effects of Summer Pruning on Vegettive Growth, Fruit Qulity nd Crbohydrtes of Regin nd Kordi Sweet Cherry Trees

More information

VEG. Essentialstep-by-stepgardeninginstructionsandtips onhow togrow yourownvegetables

VEG. Essentialstep-by-stepgardeninginstructionsandtips onhow togrow yourownvegetables GROW YOUROWN VEG Essentilstep-by-stepgrdeninginstructionsndtips onhow togrow yourownvegetbles BROAD BEANS Dte of Plnting: MARCH through to JUNE 6X or WELL ROTTED MANURE 1 Dig over the soil dd 6X (following

More information

New genetic sources of resistance in the genus Phaseolus to individual and combined aluminium toxicity and progressive soil drying stresses

New genetic sources of resistance in the genus Phaseolus to individual and combined aluminium toxicity and progressive soil drying stresses New genetic sources of resistnce in the genus Phseolus to individul nd combined luminium toxicity nd progressive soil drying stresses Louis Butre, Idupulpti Ro, Philippe Lepoivre, José Polni, Césr Cjio,

More information

Low Impact Development in Northern Nevada: An Introduction

Low Impact Development in Northern Nevada: An Introduction Nonpoint Eduction for Municipl Officils www.unce.unr.edu/nemo Protecting wter qulity through community plnning Fct Sheet FS-09-22 Low Impct Development in Northern Nevd: An Introduction Benefits of LID

More information

Differences in spatial and temporal root lifespan of three Stipa grasslands in northern China

Differences in spatial and temporal root lifespan of three Stipa grasslands in northern China Biogeochemistry (2017) 132:293 306 DOI 10.7/s10533-017-0302-4 Differences in sptil nd temporl root lifespn of three Stip grsslnds in northern Chin W. M. Bi. M. Zhou. Y. Fng. W. H. Zhng Received: 20 April

More information

Evaluation of some sour cherry rootstocks at NARIC Fruitculture Research Institute

Evaluation of some sour cherry rootstocks at NARIC Fruitculture Research Institute Evlution of some sour cherry rootstocks t NARIC Fruitculture Reserch Institute Géz Bujdosó 1 Károly Hrotkó 2 1: Ntionl Agriculturl Reserch nd Innovtion Centre Fruitculture Reserch Institute 2: Corvinus

More information

Yield Response of Tomato under Different Combination of Manures and Fertilizers

Yield Response of Tomato under Different Combination of Manures and Fertilizers IOSR Journl of Agriculture nd Veterinry Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 219-28, p-issn: 219-272. Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jn. 216), PP 6-16 www.iosrjournls.org Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion

More information

Why plant flowers? Why Plant Flowers? Using Natural Enemies to Control Pests. Conserving Natural Enemies. To attract natural enemies.

Why plant flowers? Why Plant Flowers? Using Natural Enemies to Control Pests. Conserving Natural Enemies. To attract natural enemies. Using Nturl Enemies to Control Pests Using Nturl Enemies to Control Pests Conservtion of Nturl Enemies Why plnt flowers in your lndscpe nd grden Alterntive insecticides Using ACORN Alterntive Control Guide

More information

Research Article Soil Microbial Community Structure and Target Organisms under Different Fumigation Treatments

Research Article Soil Microbial Community Structure and Target Organisms under Different Fumigation Treatments Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Applied nd Environmentl Soil Science Volume 215, Article ID 673264, 8 pges http://dx.doi.org/1.1155/215/673264 Reserch Article Soil Microil Community Structure nd Trget Orgnisms

More information

Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO

Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Asprgus Gret Lkes Fruit, Vegetble & Frm Mrket EXPO December 10-12, 2013 DeVos Plce Convention Center, Grnd Rpids, MI Tuesdy morning 9:00 m Where: Gllery Overlook (upper level) Room A & B MI Recertifiction

More information

deltaclima CoolWall We provide you with the perfect air-conditioning solution for your computer centre!

deltaclima CoolWall We provide you with the perfect air-conditioning solution for your computer centre! deltclim CoolWll We provide you with the perfect ir-conditioning solution for your computer centre! Weiss Klimtechnik GmbH Pssion for Climte deltclim CoolWll Greter performnce, lower energy consumption,

More information

70XXA-1 series. Voltage. Features. Applications. Description. Order Information. Designator Symbol Description 1 2 Integer Output Voltage(2.2~7.

70XXA-1 series. Voltage. Features. Applications. Description. Order Information. Designator Symbol Description 1 2 Integer Output Voltage(2.2~7. Fetures Low power consumption Low temperture coefficient Builtin hysteresis chrcteristic High input voltge (up to 24) Output voltge ccurcy: tolernce ±2% TO92, SOT89 nd SOT23 pckge Applictions Bttery checkers

More information

Carlos H. Crisosto, Editor Visit our websites

Carlos H. Crisosto, Editor Visit our websites Contents: Evlution of Ozone Gs Penetrtion Through Citrus Commercil Pckges nd Control of Green nd Blue Molds Sporultion During Cold Storge Tble Grpe Cooling Future Events COOPERATIVE EXTENSION University

More information

BIOAG PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT 2012 TITLE: PHYTONUTRIENTS AND GENOMICS OF ORGANIC TOMATOES: SOIL FERTILITY AND/OR PLANT DEFENSE

BIOAG PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT 2012 TITLE: PHYTONUTRIENTS AND GENOMICS OF ORGANIC TOMATOES: SOIL FERTILITY AND/OR PLANT DEFENSE IOG PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT 2012 TITLE: PHYTONUTRIENTS ND GENOMICS OF ORGNIC TOMTOES: SOIL FERTILITY ND/OR PLNT DEFENSE PRINCIPL INVESTIGTORS ND COOPERTORS: PIS Preston ndrews nd mit Dhingr Coopertors

More information

PGRs include naturally

PGRs include naturally mngement Grower 101 Clculting Costs Prt II: PGRS By Thoms Boyle Misclcultions cn result in overppliction of PGRs nd permnently stunted plnts, like these gerniums. Lern how to clculte the correct volume

More information

Effect of soil compaction on growth of narrow leafed lupine, oilseed rape and spring barley on sandy loam soil

Effect of soil compaction on growth of narrow leafed lupine, oilseed rape and spring barley on sandy loam soil Agronomy Reserch 6(1), 11 18, 28 Effect of soil compction on growth of nrrow lefed lupine, oilseed rpe nd spring rley on sndy lom soil K. Trükmnn 1, E. Reintm 1, J. Kuht 1, E. Nugis 2 nd L. Edesi 2 1 Estonin

More information

Sensitive Analysis of Passive Dehumidification System using Solar Heat

Sensitive Analysis of Passive Dehumidification System using Solar Heat Sensitive Anlysis of Pssive Dehumidifiction System using Solr Het Hksung Lee 1, Akihito Ozki 2, Myonghyng Lee 3 1 Grdute student, Kyushu University, Fukuok, Jpn 2 Professor, Kyushu University, Fukuok,

More information

Y L A N E N A FLOWER GROWERS. Governor David Lawrence is greeted at the PFG - PRF Farm Show exhibit by

Y L A N E N A FLOWER GROWERS. Governor David Lawrence is greeted at the PFG - PRF Farm Show exhibit by p E N N S Y L V A N I Governor Dvid Lwrence is greeted t the PFG - PRF Frm Show exhibit by Henry Johnson (left), Pst-President of Pennsylvni Retil Florists, nd Hermn Hellberg (right), President of Pennsylvni

More information

Effect of Cirsium arvense L. on soil physical properties and crop growth

Effect of Cirsium arvense L. on soil physical properties and crop growth Vol. 17 (2008): 153 164. Effect of Cirsium rvense L. on soil physicl properties nd crop growth Endl Reintm, Ktrin Trükmnn, Jn Kuht, Avo Toomsoo, Triin Teeslu, Tiin Köster Estonin University of Life Sciences,

More information

Effect of new organic fertilizers on growth of strawberry cv. Elsanta Preliminary results.

Effect of new organic fertilizers on growth of strawberry cv. Elsanta Preliminary results. Effect of new orgnic fertilizers on growth of strwberry cv. Elsnt Preliminry results. Abstrct E. Mlus 1,2, L. Ss-Pszt 1, J. Ciesielsk 1 Vegettively propgted plnts of the strwberry cultivr Elsnt were grown

More information

Building Technologies HVAC Products

Building Technologies HVAC Products 7 451 Burner Controls LFL1... Burner controls For gs, oil or dul-fuel forced drft urners of medium to high cpcity For multistge or modulting urners in intermittent opertion With checked ir dmper control

More information

Running head: Utility of root cortical cell file number under drought Corresponding author: Jonathan P. Lynch, Department of Plant Science, The

Running head: Utility of root cortical cell file number under drought Corresponding author: Jonathan P. Lynch, Department of Plant Science, The 1 2 3 4 5 Running hed: Utility of root corticl cell file numer under drought Corresponding uthor: Jonthn P. Lynch, Deprtment of Plnt Science, The Pennsylvni Stte University, University Prk, PA, USA 16802,

More information

New Ways to Manage Weeds

New Ways to Manage Weeds Newsletter of the Cotton Physiology Eduction Progrm Volume 8, Numer 1, 1997 New Wys to Mnge Weeds Weeds, the ne of every frmer, just never seem to go wy. Some, such s pririe sunflower, re tolernt of preplnt-incorported

More information

Field and Laboratory Suction- Soil Moisture Relationship of Unsaturated Residual Soils

Field and Laboratory Suction- Soil Moisture Relationship of Unsaturated Residual Soils Americn Journl of Environmentl Sciences 1 (1): 34-4, 25 ISSN 1553-345X Science Publictions, 25 Field nd Lbortory Suction- Soil Moisture Reltionship of Unsturted Residul Soils 1 Bujng B.K. Hut, 2 Fisl Hj.

More information

HT/O Outside Humidity and Temperature Sensor

HT/O Outside Humidity and Temperature Sensor Instlltion Instructions Outside Humidity nd Temperture Sensor Importnt: Retin these instructions Contents 1 Unpcking...1 2 Instlltion...1 3 Fult Finding...4 4 Mintennce...5 5 Disposl...8 1 Unpcking Instlltion

More information

Effect of saline conditions on the maturation process of Clementine Clemenules fruits on two different rootstocks

Effect of saline conditions on the maturation process of Clementine Clemenules fruits on two different rootstocks Instituto Ncionl de Investigción y Tecnologí Agrri y Alimentri (INIA) Aville online t www.ini.es/sjr Spnish Journl of Agriculturl Reserch 20 8(S2), S21-S29 ISSN: 1695-971-X eissn: 2171-9292 Astrct Effect

More information

Intruder Alarm Kit IA-210 IA-220 IA-230

Intruder Alarm Kit IA-210 IA-220 IA-230 Intruder Alrm Kit IA-210 IA-220 IA-230 Quick Strt Guide The smrter wy to protect your home. Thnk you for choosing the Yle Intruder Alrm System. This simple to instll system hs been designed with the user

More information

Building Technologies Division

Building Technologies Division 7 451 Burner Controls LFL1... Burner controls For gs, oil or dul-fuel forced drft urners of medium to high cpcity For multistge or modulting urners in intermittent opertion With checked ir dmper control

More information

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FEASIBILITY STUDY NORTH BERGEN

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FEASIBILITY STUDY NORTH BERGEN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FEASIBILITY STUDY NORTH BERGEN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Designed to highlight green infrstructure opportunities within the Township of North Bergen, this document hs been prepred by the Rutgers

More information

Management of Bacteria to Improve Slow Filtration Efficiency in Tomato Soilless Culture

Management of Bacteria to Improve Slow Filtration Efficiency in Tomato Soilless Culture Mngement of Bcteri to Improve Slow Filtrtion Efficiency in Tomto Soilless Culture P. Rey 1, F. Déniel 1, A. Guillou 2 nd S. Le Quillec 3 1 Lbortoire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESMISAB, Université

More information

Effect of NPK Spray Formulation on Growth of Two Cultivars of Orchid (Mokara Sp.)

Effect of NPK Spray Formulation on Growth of Two Cultivars of Orchid (Mokara Sp.) IOSR Journl of Agriculture nd Veterinry Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 2319-2380, p-issn: 2319-2372. Volume 7, Issue 5 Ver. III (My. 2014), PP 31-42 Effect of NPK Formultion on Growth of Two Cultivrs of Orchid

More information

WATER RESOURCE CONSERVATION, QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY

WATER RESOURCE CONSERVATION, QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY CHAPTER 6 WATER RESOURCE CONSERVATION, QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY SECTION 601 (IgCC 701) GENERAL 601.1 (IgCC 701.1) Scope. The provisions of this chpter shll estblish the mens of conserving wter, protecting

More information

CHANGES IN SOIL SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF ANDISOLS FOLLOWING INVASION BY BRACKEN FERN

CHANGES IN SOIL SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF ANDISOLS FOLLOWING INVASION BY BRACKEN FERN 0038-07SC/98/163111-81 +--821l;o3.00/0 Soil Science Copyrighr ~. 1998 by Lippinco[[ Willims &: Wilkim Ocrober 1998 Vol. 163. No. 10 Primed 11 U.S.A. CHANGES N SOL SOLUTON CHEMSTRY OF ANDSOLS FOLLOWNG NVASON

More information