The Influence of Cultural Practices on Tomato Diseases in High Tunnels. Daniel S. Egel and Rick Foster
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1 The Influence of Cultural Practices on Tomato Diseases in High Tunnels Daniel S. Egel and Rick Foster
2 Greenhouse vs. High Tunnel High tunnel = greenhouse without heat Plants may be grown in ground or in pots/bags Tomatoes are by far the most common crop in either structure.
3 Most Common Tomato Diseases Field Early blight Septoria leaf blight Bacterial spot Bacterial canker High Tunnel Leaf mold Gray mold White mold
4 Rain/irrigation Most diseases require leaf wetness and rain for infection and spread. Leaf wetness
5 High tunnels reduce leaf moisture and diseases.
6 but high tunnels increase relative humidity.
7 100 Relative humidity inside and outside of a high tunnel 8/15/2014 Relative Humidity (%) RH inside Hightunnel 2 RH for Knox county 30 0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00 Midnight to Midnight
8 Another factor which influences diseases in high tunnels tomatoes planted without crop rotation.
9 The Diseases Leaf mold Gray mold White mold Pest/disease resources include the Purdue University Tomato Doctor app; Dan Egel s blog <veggiediseaseblog.org>
10 Leaf mold of tomato Affects leaves only Survives in crop residue Resistant varieties Reduce relative humidity
11 Botrytis Gray mold of tomato Affects leaves, stems occasionally fruit Survives in crop residue Wide host range Reduce relative humidity
12 White mold of tomato Stem lesions cause wilt Survives soil Spread by mushroom spores Lower RH, raise temp. S. Koike
13 Cultural Controls
14 Minimizing Diseases in HT Reduce crop residue Crop rotation Remove crop Floor covering Keep area around HT free of vegetation Increase aeration Ventilation Pruning Correct spacing-??
15 Greenhouse Floor Covering Without crop rotation, crop residue accumulates in soil Plant pathogens may survive in crop residue Floor covering reduces crop residue
16 Tomatoes in high tunnel with floor covering
17 Greenhouse floor covering White woven ground cover Clean and sanitize at the end of each year Re-use several years $0.14/sq ft.; our cost= $340/HT Black landscape fabric Under ground cover One year only $0.03/sq. ft.; our cost=$71/ht
18 Black landscape fabric
19 White woven ground cover
20 Keep area around high tunnel clear Reduces insect pressure Reduces fungal plant pathogens Better ventilation
21 Ventilation to reduce disease pressure Ventilate high tunnels at night to replace humid air Cool temperatures may trump need to ventilate Prune plants to increase ventilation Especially with indeterminate tomatoes Avoid crowding plants
22 What is correct spacing for determinate tomatoes in a high tunnel? Data in literature only for indeterminate tomatoes My observation is that HT s with too many plants have- Poor ventilation More disease Poor quality or smaller fruit Tomato trial in 2014 at SWPAC to study 5 spacing's 2 varieties
23 High Tunnel plant population study Tomato plant spacinginches 16-Florida weave 20-Florida weave 20-Spanish trellis 24-Florida weave 28-Florida weave Tomato hybridsdeterminants Mountain Spring Red Deuce
24 Spanish trellis 5 foot centers Florida weave
25 Tomato Population Study Tomatoes in HT April 7 to September 11 Fertigated 4X/day (main season) 120 gallons per day per high tunnel (420 linear feet) Primary fertilizer potassium nitrate KNO Fruit weight & number collected Also took data on disease severity, stink bug damage.
26 300 Weight of fruit per harvest Tomatoes Yield (Lbs) Mountain Spring Red Deuce 0 Summer 2014 Total tomato yield for both high tunnels all treatments = 143,529 lbs/a
27 Summer No. of fruit per harvest. Mountain Spring Red Deuce Number of Fruit
28 Weight per Linear Foot 20 Red Deuce Mountain Spring 15 Weight (lbs) Variety P=0.5075
29 Weight per Linear Foot Weight (lbs) weave 20 trellis 16 weave 24 weave 28 weave Plant Spacing in inches P=0.0732
30 26 25 Total Number of Fruit a Mountain Spring Red Deuce No. Tomatoes/ft b Variety P=0.0004
31 30 Total Number of Tomatoes 25 a ab ab b No. tomatoes/ft c trellis 16 weave 20 weave 24 weave 28 weave Plant Spacing in inches P=0.0003
32 0.32 Mean Fruit Weight Weight in lbs a Red Deuce Mountin Spring b 0.23 Tomato Variety P=0.0001
33 a Mean Fruit Weight a 0.30 Weight in lbs ab b b Weave 24 Weave 20 Weave 16 Weave 20 Trellis Plant spacing in inches P=0.0396
34 Disease Severity by Variety Disease Severity (AUDPC) a Mountain Spring Red Deuce 0 Variety b P=0.0001
35 Disease Severity by Plant Spacing 225 Disease Severity (AUDPC) weave 16 weave 28 weave 24 weave 20 trellis Plant Spacing in inches P=0.8270
36 Stink bug damage Fruit culled for stink damage as unmarketable Data for stink bug damage comes from 8 harvests, mid- July to mid-sept. 14, 16, 18, 21 Jul; 21 Aug; 5, 8, 11 Sep.
37 Stink bug damage
38 Stink bug damaged/total no. fruit (%) Stink bug damage by variety b a Variety Mountian Spring Red Deuce P=0.0060
39 Stink bug damaged/total no. fruit (%) Stink Bug Damage by Plant Population 24 Weave 16 Weave 28 Weave 20 Weave 20 Trellis Plant spacing in inches P=0.7875
40 Zipper scar
41 Zipper scar
42 No. fruit w zipper scars/total fruit (%)12 Proportion of Zipper Scars Mountain Spring Red Deuce a b Variety P=0.0021
43 No. Fruit with sipper scars/total fruit Proportion of Zipper Scars 20 Weave 16 Weave 28 Weave 24 Weave 20 Trellis Plant spacing in inches P=0.4766
44 Red Deuce Culls by Number All insect damage 3.5% BER 0.8% Cracked or split 4.3% Total Marketable number 80.7% Total Non-Marketable 19.3% Catface 1.1% Zipper scar 7.3% Other 2.2% Mountain Spring Culls by Number All insect damage 2.6% Catface 0.7% BER 0.3% Cracked or split 3.2% Total Marketable number 80.7% Total Non-Marketable 19.3% Zipper scar 9.9% Other 2.5%
45 Tomato High Tunnel Population Experiment Leaf mold severity was not affected by in-row spacing. Distance between rows was not considered in exp. Other diseases may be affected by spacing. Red Deuce was resistant to leaf mold. Red Deuce not listed as resistant by seed co. Weight of tomatoes per plot was not affected by variety or plant population. Rows with more closer spacing's had more fruit #. Closer spaced plants had smaller fruit. Red Deuce had larger fruit; Mt. Spring had more fruit.
46 Acknowledgements Dennis Nowaskie- superintendent, SWPAC Larry Sutterer & Michael Russell- maintenance & harvest Sara Hoke- Agricultural technician Shubin Saha- started HT program at SWPAC Ricky Foster- making presentation
47
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