Growing Fruit Trees in the Home Garden
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1 Growing Fruit Trees in the Home Garden Chuck Ingels UC Cooperative Extension, Sacramento County Master Gardener Training San Andreas Feb. 5, 2015
2 Topics to be Covered Fruit Tree Basics Planting Fruit Tree Growth Training and Pruning Irrigation and Fertilization Fruit Thinning Pest Management
3 Topics to be Covered Fruit Tree Basics Planting Fruit Tree Growth Training and Pruning Irrigation and Fertilization Fruit Thinning Pest Management
4 Chilling Requirement The number of hours below 45 F required by a fruit species or variety between November 1 and February 15 Lack of chilling causes: Death of buds, extended bloom, and poor fruit set
5 Three zones with low-chill winters
6 Chilling Hour Requirements (Newer varieties may have lower requirements) Almond Apple* Apple (low chill) Apricot* Cherry, sweet Fig 100 Peach/nectarine Pear* Pear (Asian) Pecan 250 Persimmon Pistachio 800 Plum, European Plum, Japanese Pomegranate Walnut
7 Pollination of Fruit Trees Pollenizer: A tree of one variety used to provide pollen to a nearby tree of a different variety to produce fruit Pollinator: An insect (usually a bee) that carries pollen from one tree or flower to another
8 What if You Have No Pollenizer Nearby? Plant, Graft, or:
9 Topics to be Covered Fruit Tree Basics Planting Fruit Tree Growth Training and Pruning Irrigation and Fertilization Fruit Thinning Pest Management
10 Soil Amendments Rototill compost in planting area Uncomposted amendments rototilled months before planting No amendments in planting hole Avoid pockets of undecomposed organic matter in heavy soils Add mulch or compost to surface
11 Choosing and Handling Trees Bare root cheaper than potted Use 1/2 to 5/8 in. caliper trees Avoid drying of bare roots Heel in bare root trees if planting is delayed
12 Heeling in
13 Planting Fruit Trees Check roots, cut off dead or damaged Hole size: Wide, and deep if compacted Plant on mound to keep crown dry Plant high! Reduces chances of crown & root rot Graft union well above soil Previous soil line at or above soil level Allow for soil settling
14 Undercutting the Trees
15 Planting a Bare Root Tree Dig hole to fit roots Lightly tamp soil Emitters 1 ft. away
16 Planting a Containerized Tree Pull out wound roots Water in Don t cover soil in pot
17 Post-Planting Care Head tree at in. (bare root only) Cut back well-placed laterals to 3-8 in., remove all others Paint trunk white Interior latex paint & water, 50:50 (75:25) Entire trunk to 2 in. below soil Prevents sunburn & borers
18 Pruning a Bare-Root Tree Branches thinner than 3/16 Branches thicker than 3/16
19 New Shoots on Branches of Newly Planted Tree
20 Paint Trunks White (Hot Climates, Afternoon Sun on Trunk) To prevent this
21 Topics to be Covered Fruit Tree Basics Planting Fruit Tree Growth Training and Pruning Irrigation and Fertilization Fruit Thinning Pest Management
22 Fruit Tree Terms Rootstock/Stock tree below graft union Scion above union; bud or shoot grafted Crown: trunk below ground (also canopy)
23 Semi-Dwarf vs. Genetic Dwarf Standard: ft. Semi-dwarf (dwarfing rootstock): ft. Variable dwarfing Genetic dwarf (std. rootstock): 8-12 ft. Available in apricot, apple, olive, peach, nectarine, pomegranate Selection of varieties is limited Not available in citrus, fig, pear, persimmon, plum/ pluot
24 Genetic Dwarf Peach/Nect.
25 Standard Peach INTERNODE LENGTH Genetic Dwarf Peach
26 More Fruit Tree Terms Scaffold branch: main structural limb Spur: short fruiting twig Shoot: current season elongated growth Water sprout: vigorous shoot from branch Sucker: shoot from rootstock or roots
27 Spurs Apricot Cherry A. pear Eur. pear
28 Peach Fruiting Branches Flower buds Veg. bud
29 Heading Cut Removal of part of branch or shoot Used to promote branch development, especially on young trees Stimulates growth just below cuts Can reduce sunlight penetration
30 Thinning Cut Removal of entire branch. Also, a cut to a lateral branch that is >1/3 the thickness of remaining branch. Used to prevent crowding and improve sunlight penetration Defines main branches
31 Summer Pruning of Young Trees Purpose: promote scaffold branches Head unwanted shoots to 4-6 in. Pinch 2 ft. long shoots to promote side branching if necessary Reduces training time, shortens time to first fruit production
32 Summer Pruning for Training (Open Center) Before After
33 Summer Pruning of Mature Trees Purpose: To increase sunlight & productivity of lower fruiting wood Remove unwanted vigorous, upright shoots 1-2 times during season Bring down tree height Large branches may sunburn if pruning is excessive
34 Summer Pruning (Plum) Before After
35 Prune Apricots and Cherries in August to Avoid Branch Diseases (Eutypa, others)
36 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Open center Central leader Modified central leader Perpendicular V Fruit bush Espalier
37 Open Center Most common method Stone fruits and almonds; also use for apples, pears, figs Select scaffolds during first 2 growing seasons, touch up in dormant season can Keep center open during summer from the start
38 Pruning a One-Year-Old Peach
39 Pruning a Two-Year-Old Peach
40 Pruning a Mature Peach
41 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Open center Central leader Modified central leader Perpendicular V Fruit bush Espalier
42 Central Leader Apple (Genetic Dwarf, planted 2000)
43 Central Leader Training Used for apples, pears, Asian pears Maintain leader, remove at certain height Tie or stake lateral branches outward Create 3-4 whorls of branches Branches offset from those below
44 Central Leader Training
45 Persimmon (FOHC) Central Leader
46 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Open center Central leader Modified central leader Perpendicular V Fruit bush Espalier
47 Fruit Bushes Kept at Desired Height
48
49 Fruit Bushes Pruning Years 1 & 2 At planting, head trees to in. Mid-spring cut back new growth by half Mid-summer cut subsequent growth back by half Thinning cuts for sunlight penetration May need to prune 1-2 more times
50 Cutting New Shoots in Half Mid-Summer
51 Fruit Bushes Pruning Mature Trees Cut back new growth above selected tree height 2-3 times during growing season Thinning cuts for sunlight penetration
52 Mature Fruit Bush Maintaining Tree Height Before After
53 Cherry, Pome Fruits Ideal for Fruit Bush
54 Apricot, Plum/Pluot Fruit Bushes Vigorous Growth Extra Work
55 Fruit Bushes Advantages Tree maintenance without ladder Trees for small spaces Sequential ripening Disadvantages Less fruit No shade Timing of pruning critical
56 Key Summer Pruning Missed
57 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Open center Central leader Modified central leader Perpendicular V Fruit bush Espalier
58 Locating the Trellis Avoid north-facing wall South-facing wall increases heat in winter for citrus Can be grown on or near wall» Keep 6-10 in. from wood walls» Allowing 2-3 ft. facilitates tree and wall maintenance» Avoid chain-link fencing Photo: KVDP
59 Locating the Trellis Photo: Pam Geisel
60 Ensure Adequate Sunlight
61 Typical Espalier Patterns Source: EspalierService s.com
62 Typical Espalier Patterns Source: EspalierService s.com
63 Espalier /Horizontal T Promote Spurs
64 Espalier Pruning Growing Season Source: Pruning and Training (Amer. Hort. Soc.)
65 Dormant Pruning Young Espalier Before After
66 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) Asian Pear: Planted Jan Late April, 2002 Late May, 2002
67 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2004
68 Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2014
69 2-Scaffold Fan Peach Fair Oaks Hort. Center 2013 Peach Cherry
70 Cherry, Peach Espalier Fair Oaks Horticulture Center Planted Feb February April
71 Peach Espalier 2013 April June July
72 Peach Espalier Feb./March 2014 Row cover (Agribon)
73 Peach Espalier (1) April 2,
74 Peach Espalier (3) May 17, 2014
75 Peach Espalier Sept. 14, 2014
76 Pruning Overgrown Trees
77 Methods of Reducing Height of Large Trees 1. Cut to desired height in thirds over 3 years Thin upright shoots in summer to provide light for lower fruiting wood
78 Pruning Overgrown Apple What else can be done?
79 Methods of Reducing Height of Large Trees 1. Cut to desired height in thirds over 3 years Thin upright shoots in summer to provide light for lower fruiting wood 2. Bring down height in one year Saw off limbs well below desired height Leave one nurse limb to feed roots Thin new shoots, train tree as desired Paint exposed limbs white
80 Pruning Overgrown Apple One Year 1999
81
82 Topics to be Covered Fruit Tree Basics Planting Fruit Tree Growth Training and Pruning Irrigation and Fertilization Fruit Thinning Pest Management
83 Irrigation Best = drip and microsprinkler irrigation Also, furrow, doughnut ring, sprinkler Worst = in a lawn Water should reach at least 2 ft. deep A 2-year-old tree can use about 2 gal./day A mature tree can use >50 gal./day
84 Drip Irrigation Mulch pulled back
85 Second Drip Line Added (Inline emitter tubing)
86 Microsprinkler
87 Fertilization Don t overfertilize! Little N required. Use no more than 1 lb. actual N per year on mature trees Too much N excessive growth, shading of lower wood Other nutrients usually sufficient Use organic amendments
88 Topics to be Covered Fruit Tree Basics Planting Fruit Tree Growth Training and Pruning Irrigation and Fertilization Fruit Thinning Pest Management
89 Fruit Thinning Before After Harvest
90 Reasons for Fruit Thinning Increases fruit size Improves fruit color Reduces diseases (esp. brown rot) Reduces alternate bearing Reduces limb breakage
91 Methods of Fruit Thinning Hand thinning Most thorough but time consuming Selectively eliminate small, damaged fruit Pole thinning Short hose piece on mop handle Quick, but not selective May damage fruit
92
93 Fruit Thinning Timing and Spacing Timing: ¾ to 1 in. dia. (late April-early May) Spacing Depends on tree vigor Fruit should not touch at harvest Peaches: 5-6 in. Apricots: 4-5 in. Apples: Thin to 1 fruit per cluster or 6 in. Pears: Thin to 1 fruit/cluster (Bartlett no thinning)
94 Topics to be Covered Fruit Tree Basics Planting Fruit Tree Growth Training and Pruning Irrigation and Fertilization Fruit Thinning Pest Management
95 Codling Moth
96 Pupating larvae Eggs and newly hatched larva
97
98 Codling Moth Characteristics Pest of apple, pear, quince, walnut Overwinter as larva in cocoon Mating begins during or just after flowering (temp. dependent) 2-4 generations per year Extremely difficult to control
99 Codling Moth Control Methods Take what you get, cut damage out Remove/destroy infested fruit early Bag individual fruits Mass trapping of males Organic products: Hort. oil, granulosis virus (Cyd-X), spinosad, kaolin clay (Surround) Chemical: Sevin (kills beneficials!) Good coverage is essential
100 Pheromone Trap
101 Pacific Flatheaded Borer Larva Adult
102 Shothole Borer
103 Borers Control methods:»keep trees healthy»prevent sunburn! Paint new trees and exposed branches white Proper dormant & summer pruning
104 SWD Damage (Maggots) Cherry
105 Spotted Wing Drosophila Mostly cherries; also berries & other fruits male female Native to Asia Found in Calif. in 2009 Now endemic Infest mature and rotting fruit Overwinter as adults Active throughout the year
106 Unique Ovipositor D. suzukii D. simulans/ melanogaster Photos by Martin Hauser, CDFA
107 Insecticides Gardeners have only Malathion and spinosad Begin spraying at fruit color change (straw/pink in cherries)»no need to spray green fruit»spray before fruit softening
108 Exclusion Fair Oaks Horticulture Center
109 Fire Blight
110 Shoot dieback Bark/ cambium damage
111 Fire Blight Characteristics Bacteria enters through flowers under warm, moist conditions Affects apple, pear (esp. Bartlett), Asian pear, flowering pear, quince, loquat, pyracantha, hawthorne
112 Fire Blight Control Methods Cut shoot or branch 12 in. below infection zone»sterilize shears between cuts (20% solution of bleach) Spray copper product twice during bloom
113 Peach Leaf Curl
114 Peach Leaf Curl Affects peaches, nectarines Fungal diseases spread by rain, wind Spores overwinter in buds and twigs
115 Control of Peach Leaf Curl Lime sulfur, Microcop no longer available Copper sprays Tribasic or basic copper sulfate (hard to find) Copper ammonium complex (e.g., Liqui-Cop) Copper soap (e.g., Concern) 1. Early Dec. 2. In Feb. as flower buds swell Consider covering trees
116 2012 Peach Leaf Curl Trial Treatments and Timings Product Rate/Gal. Timing(s) Lime sulfur - Microcop 1 cup 2 1/3 Tbsp. Dec. 4 Feb. 11 Copper soap 2 fl. oz. (+ oil) Dec. 4, Feb. 11 Liquicop 1 fl. oz. (+ oil) Dec. 4, Feb. 11 Agribon (fabric) Agribon + Liquicop Maxicrop (kelp extract) AG-30, doubled Same as above Before rains Dec. 4, Feb oz. Feb. 20 Mar. 2, 8, 12, 15, 26, 28
117 Individual Branches Treated Sprayed individual branches Agribon on branch at home Untreated Lime sulfur Microcop
118 2012 Peach Leaf Curl Trial Conclusions Lime sulfur (late fall) and Microcop (late winter) was very effective in reducing severity Agribon + Liquicop was at least as effective as lime sulfur - Microcop Copper soap, Liquicop, and Agribon were somewhat less effective than lime sulfur/ Microcop, but still provided 60-80% control compared to untreated branches Maxicrop vs. untreated (not shown): Nearly equal incidence in all 4 varieties tested, and Maxicrop increased severity in 3 of the 4 varieties
119 Questions?
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