Winter Yellows - A closer look at this physiological disorder and other issues. Sandra Hardy, NSW DPI Pat Barkley, ACG
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1 Winter Yellows - A closer look at this physiological disorder and other issues Sandra Hardy, NSW DPI Pat Barkley, ACG
2 Outline Winter Yellows: Typical symptoms What we know Previous instances Reasons why? Weather patterns Carbohydrates -leaves -roots Summary Other issues PRESENTATION TITLE --- NAME, POSITION TITLE.GO TO VIEW, MASTER, SLIDE MASTER
3 Typical symptoms Yellowing of leaves leaves stay yellow throughout winter Autumn Usually latest flush affected Younger trees (2-5yrs) little/no crop PRESENTATION TITLE --- NAME, POSITION TITLE.GO TO VIEW, MASTER, SLIDE MASTER
4 Other symptoms include. Sometimes: whole tree affected leaf fall out-of-season flowering Spring recovery PRESENTATION TITLE --- NAME, POSITION TITLE.GO TO VIEW, MASTER, SLIDE MASTER
5 Previous work After outbreaks Affected leaves: low in calcium (1-2%, % in healthy leaves) high in starch Roots - starch depleted death smallest roots 1st Applying N aggravated symptoms PRESENTATION TITLE --- NAME, POSITION TITLE.GO TO VIEW, MASTER, SLIDE MASTER
6 Previous recorded occurrences - MIA Plant disease surveys widespread (+ coast & lower Murray) 1955 young trees 1956 & 1963 scattered trees, mild symptoms 1973 severe (+ Narromine) young blocks 2005 widespread widespread
7 weather Griffith Weather Data Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar-52 8-Apr Apr-52 6-May May-52 Date Temperature (oc) Rainfall (mm) Series2 Series1 Series3
8 weather - WY Griffith Weather Data Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar-53 9-Apr Apr-53 7-May May-53 Date Temperature (oc) Rainfall (mm) Max Min Rainfall
9 weather Griffith Weather Data Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar-07 9-Apr Apr-07 7-May May-07 Date Temperature (oc) Rainfall (mm) Temp Max Temp Min Rainfall
10 weather - WY Griffith Weather Data Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar-08 8-Apr Apr-08 6-May May-08 Date Temperature (oc) Rainfall (mm) Max Min Rainfall
11 Climatic triggers? Good summer rainfall Sudden cold snaps in early-mid autumn
12 Carbohydrates (CHO) Solar energy stored as chemical energy in form of CHO & other compounds Leaves manufacture CHO Accumulated: leaves (1 st ), branches, trunks, roots (last) Tree CHO levels variable: seasonal demands of competing developing vegetative & reproductive sinks Starch main CHO
13 CHO - sinks & storage Actively growing organs strong/priority SINKS Storage: roots (highest) > leaves/branches > trunk (lowest) Allocation to storage lower priority than needs of actively organs
14 CHO sinks & storage Reserves affect flowering, fruit set and yield following year Large crop loads (e.g. on year ): depletes CHO severe tree collapses/dies e.g. Murcott reduces summer/autumn flush CHO accumulation: most rapid between 5 15 C affects photosynthesis/cho transport
15 Leaves Long lived: 2+yrs if N adequate Photosynthesis rates relatively low Photosynthesis optimum C, reduced - at high temps >35 C & low temps Up to 45% dry matter mostly cell walls complex CHO
16 Leaves & CHO Age affects CHO storage & export No CHO export until FULLY expanded (1-2mths) Significant importer prior to export New flush strong sink
17 Leaves & CHO Older/shaded leaves export greater portion of CHO & more rapidly Shaded leaves significant contributor to autumn & winter CHO reserves Starch not readily mobilised for export No sinks chloroplasts packed with starch cell membrane damage
18 Movement of carbohydrates Fruit source CHO principally from leaves of same growth cycle (Source: Goldschmidt & Koch, adapted from Powell & Krezdorn 1977)
19 3 factors: - shoot growth* - soil temperature -soil water Root growth Growth alternates with shoot growth - greatest when shoots not growing * Major factor controlling intensity of root growth PRESENTATION TITLE --- NAME, POSITION TITLE.GO TO VIEW, MASTER, SLIDE MASTER
20 Root growth Valencia on Rough lemon Valencia on Carrizo citrange Source: Bevington & Castle 1985.
21 Root growth temperature & water Soil temperature: most intense at > 27 C limited < 22 C none below 14 C Soil water: Little growth < - 50 kpa (-0.05MPa) PRESENTATION TITLE --- NAME, POSITION TITLE.GO TO VIEW, MASTER, SLIDE MASTER
22 Roots & CHO reserves Highest CHO reserves usually in root Starch accumulation in roots mostly autumn & winter - dependent fruit/vegetative flush demands Build up greatest in absence of veg/fruit sinks (e.g. off year) C depletion high under a heavy crop load PRESENTATION TITLE --- NAME, POSITION TITLE.GO TO VIEW, MASTER, SLIDE MASTER
23 Summary - why leaves turn yellow Latest leaf flush able to produce CHO but can t export (leaves too young) + also a sink for CHO If no/little fruit no sink competition for CHO flush CHO movement to roots restricted Sudden low temperatures photosynthesis slows + CHO accumulates So..
24 Summary - why leaves turn yellow Youngest leaf flush loaded with starch normally re-greens following spring Severe - permanent damage to leaf structure Roots starved of CHO die
25 Reducing impact of winter yellows on young trees Avoid promoting vigorous autumn flush Leave some fruit on
26 Other reasons for leaf yellowing PRESENTATION TITLE --- NAME, POSITION TITLE.GO TO VIEW, MASTER, SLIDE MASTER
27 root curling Don t plant root-bound trees Check young tree roots before planting
28 Other reasons for leaf yellowing
29 root death Choose soil type carefully Manage irrigation to avoid over watering
30 Other contributors to tree collapse
31 collar rot Remove/check tree guards
32 References Bevington,K.B. and Castle,W.S. Annual root growth patterns of young citrus trees in relation to shoot growth, soil temperature and soil water content J.Amer.Soc. Hort. Sci. 110 (6): Cameron, S.H. Starch in young orange tree. American Soc. for Horticultural Science. Pp Castle,W. S Citrus root systems: their structure, function, growth and relationship to tree performance. Proc.Int.Soc.Citriculture Fraser, L.R. and Barkley,P. Virus and related diseases of citrus in New South Wales. Dept. of Agriculture,NSW. Goldschmidt,E.E. and Koch,K.E Citrus in Photoassimilate distribution in Plants and Crops Source-sink relationships. Ed. E.Zamski and A.A.Schaffer.pp Goldschmidt, E.E Carbohydrate supply as a critical factor for citrus fruit development and Productivity. HortScience, Vol34(6) October. pp Lenz,F Photosynthesis and respiration of citrus as dependent upon fruit load. Proc.Int.Soc.Citriculture. pp Purvis,A.C. and Yelenosky,G Translocation of carbohydrates and proline in young grapefruit trees at low temperatures. Plant Physiol 73, pp Schaffer,A.A; Liu,K.; Goldschmidt,E.E.; Boyer,C.D. and Goren,R Citrus leaf chlorosis induced by sink removal: startch,nitrogen and chloroplast ultrastructure. Plant.Physiol. 124: Syvertsen,J.P. and Lloyd,J.J Citrus in Handbook of environmental physiology of fruit crops. Vol 2 Subtropical and tropical crops. Ed. B.Schaffer and P.C.Anderson. Pp Vu,J.C. Photosynthetic responses of citrus to environmental change. In Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. Ed M. Pessarakli. Pp Yelonosky,G. and Guy,C.L Carbohydrate accumulation in leaves and stems of Valencia orange at progressively colder temperature. Botanical Gazette 138 (1): 13-17
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