Vegetable Grafting a Pest Management Perspective

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1 Vegetable Grafting a Pest Management Perspective Sanjun Gu State Vegetable Specialist Lincoln University in Missouri

3 Outline Vegetable Grafting: some examples Vegetable Grafting: the Concept The Pest Management and Vegetable Grafting Grafting Methods: the very brief New challenges in Vegetable Grafting The labor concerns Vegetable Grafting Research

4 Lisbon, Portugal Increase vigor and yield

6 Ji nan, China The best watermelon

8 Increased vigor Enhanced cold tolerance Improved yield and quality Increased disease resistance

9 Photo: Dr. Wayne Fish --a Fusarium infected watermelon field

10 China, June 2010

11 Overwinter cucumber Cold resistance Disease resistance Much enhanced vigor High yield

12 Overwinter eggplants Cold resistance Disease resistance Much enhanced vigor High yield Enhanced color

13 In Japan and South Korea Watermelon: 91% Cucumber: 79% Eggplant: 57% Tomato: 41% Greenhouse production of the above: >90%

Mexico had over 1250 acres of grafted tomatoes to overcome Fusarium.

14 North/Central America About 40 millions of grafted hydroponic tomatoes (Ontario or British Columbia) Less than 100k grafted watermelons in open fields. Mexico had over 1250 acres of grafted tomatoes to overcome Fusarium. Mexico also has many grafted watermelons for Fusarium resistance (Abott&Cobb) Many farmers are interested in tomato grafting, especially with heirlooms because of the disease resistance

18 Scion Rootstock Graft Union What is Grafting?

Advantages: Pest management The phase out of Methyl Bromide Fumigation made the control

melon, cucumber and tomato Bacterium wilt: tomato, eggplant. Verticillium wilt: tomato.

Grafting can transfer resistance against the carmine spider mite from Lagenaria

19 Advantages: Pest management The phase out of Methyl Bromide Fumigation made the control of soil-borne disease difficult Resistance to some soil-borne diseases Fusarium wilt: melon, cucumber and tomato Bacterium wilt: tomato, eggplant. Verticillium wilt: tomato. Resistance to root-knot nematodes: cucumber, melon, watermelon, tomato, eggplant. Grafting can transfer resistance against the carmine spider mite from Lagenaria rootstocks to Cucurbita scions. Some rootstocks can render grafted plants resistant to some viruses.

20 Fusarium wilt: cucumber, melon, watermelon, tomato Bacterial wilt: tomato, eggplant Verticillium wilt: tomato, eggplant Phytophthora blight: pepper Nematode: tomato, melon

21 From Sally Miller, Ohio State Univ.

23 Tomato Spotted Wilt TSW incidence (%) Non-grafted: 79.8 a Self-grafted: 79.3 a Grafted: 59.5 b Rootstock: 1.3 c Zhao, Personal communication Riley et. al. 2011

24 Root Nematodes Ungrafted: 4.6 Self-Grafted: 4.4 Grafted: Galls rated at a 0-5 scale. Zhao, 2010 personal communication

25 Disease Resistance of Grafted Vegetables Disease resistance /tolerance in grafted plants: not well understood. Tomato

26 (Rivard and Louws, 2008)

27 Tomato Rootstocks

28 Cucurbit Rootstocks

29 Rootstocks for Watermelon Grafting

30 Rootstocks for Cucumbers

31 Water and Nutrient Uptake Vigorous root systems of the rootstocks Increased uptake of water and minerals in grafted plants Lower ion concentration in xylem sap from grafted plants due to the increased absorption of water and possible dilution effect Rootstocks affect uptake and translocation of N, P, Mg, Fe, and Ca.

32 Vigor of Grafted Hybrid Modification of endogenous plant hormone (e.g., cytokinins) status by rootstocks Gene expressions in the scion associated with various aspects of plant metabolism can be affected by rootstocks (Zhang et al., 2008). long-distance translocation of RNA (Kudo and Harada, 2007) and protein (Gόmez et al., 2005) through phloem in grafted plants Rootstock-scion interaction

33 Grafting Flow Chart and Methods Select scions and rootstocks Plant seeds Schedule the best time for grafting Conduct grafting The healing process Acclimate the healed grafts Plant grafted transplants

34 Tubing Grafting method Some Pics. from NC State University website (The Peet group)

35 Insertion method

37 Cucumber: tongue approach method Rootstock: Cucurbita ficifolia Scion

38 Rootstock Scion

39 Cleft Method

41 From Xin Zhao

42 Management of Grafted (Tomato) plants Graft union should be at least 1 inch above the ground when planting Keep removing suckers or lateral shoots arising below the graft union Keep one or two leaders depending on the rootstock varieties used Other management the same as that for normal tomato plants

43 Suckers should be REMOVED

46 Cost Analysis WATERMELON Non-grafted (seedless) watermelon - $0.28 Grafted (seedless) Watermelon - $0.75 $704 more per acre (1,500 plants) 12.6% return on investment when Fusarium wilt is problematic Adapted from Dr. Wayne Fish

Grafting labor was 11.1% to 14.4% of the cost of grafted transplant production.

47 Tomato Plants Grafted and nongrafted transplant production costs were $0.59 and $0.13 in NC, and $1.25 and $0.51 in PA, respectively. Direct costs associated with grafting (e.g., grafting labor, clips, chamber, etc.) accounted for 37% to 38% of the added cost of grafting. Grafting labor was 11.1% to 14.4% of the cost of grafted transplant production. Seed costs represented 52% and 33% of the added cost of grafting at the two sites. Indirect costs (e.g., soil, trays, and heating) accounted for 10% and 30% of the added cost of grafting. Rivard et. al. 2010

49 Research Examples in the U.S. North Carolina State Univ.: tomato Ohio State Univ.: tomato, watermelon Univ. of Arizona: tomato and melon Clemson Univ.: watermelon Texas A&M: melon Univ. of Florida: watermelon and tomato USDA : watermelon and Solanaceous crops Some info from Dr. Zhao

50 Research at LU Grafting Compatibility with Heirloom Tomatoes Grafted watermelons Training and Nutrients management of Grafted Tomatoes Grafting greenhouse type cucumbers

51 Questions? Sanjun Gu State Horticulture Specialist Cooperative Extension and Research Program Lincoln University of Missouri 820 Chestnut Street Jefferson City, MO Phone: Fax:

2/10/2016. Considerations of Vegetable Grafting. Why graft vegetables? In the context of. Scion Rootstock Grafted plants

2/10/2016. Considerations of Vegetable Grafting. Why graft vegetables? In the context of. Scion Rootstock Grafted plants 2/1/216 Why graft vegetales? Considerations of Vegetale Grafting Wenjing Guan Horticulture Specialist Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center, Vincennes IN Reduce or eliminate the need for pesticide use Lengthen