Breeding method for Clonal / Asexual propagated Crops Authors: SANDEEP KUMAR BANGARWA * and ASHWANI KUMAR
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1 Breeding method for Clonal / Asexual propagated Crops Authors: SANDEEP KUMAR BANGARWA * and ASHWANI KUMAR Breeding method for Clonal / Asexual propagated Crops Asexual reproduction :-Multiplication of plants without the fusion of male and female gametes is known asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction can occur either 1. By vegetative plant parts or 2. By vegetative embryos which develop without sexual fusion. Asexual reproduction is of two types :- 1. Vegetative reproduction. 2. Apomixis Vegetative Reproduction :- Vegetative reproduction refers to multiplication of plants by means of various vegetative plant parts. Vegetative reproduction is again of two types :- 1. Natural vegetative reproduction 2. Artificial vegetative reproduction Natural vegetative reproduction :- In nature, multiplication of certain plants occurs by underground stems, subaerial stems, root and bulbils. Underground stems:- The underground modifications of stem generally serve as strong organs and contain many buds. These buds develop into shoots and produce plant after rooting. Rhizome : Turmeric, Ginger Tuber : Potato Corm : Arvi, Bunda Bulb : Garlic, Onion Sub-aerial Stems:- These modifications include runner, stolon, sucker etc.. Sub-aerial stems are used for the propagation of mint (Mentha sp.), date palm, strawberry, banana etc.. Bulbils: Bulbils are modified forms of flowers that develop into plants directly without formation of seeds. These are vegetative bodies as their development does not involve fertilization and seed formation. They develop into plants when fall on the ground. Bulbils are found in garlic, lily etc.. Leaves: This is not very common and It is seen in plants such as Bryophyllum. It has fleshy leaves and adventitious buds are present at the margins of the leaves. These buds fall off and grow into new plants. Artificial vegetative reproduction :- Multiplication of plants by vegetative parts through artificial method is known as artificial vegetative reproduction. Page 1 of 7
2 Stem cuttings: Sugarcane (Saccharum sp.), Grapes (Vitis vinifera), Roses, etc. Root cutting: Sweet potato, Citrus, Lemon, etc. Layering, grafting are used in fruit and ornamental crops. STEM CUTTING Stem cutting from healthy, disease- free plants, preferably from the upper part of the plants. Cutting should generally consist of the current or past season s growth. Remove any flowers and flower buds when preparing cutting. ROOT CUTTINGS Root cutting is one of the most reliable and economical ways. Large fleshy root, the thicker the better. The best way to keep track of up and down is to make a flat cut on top up side, and a slanted cut on down or bottom side. Water the plants to settle the roots back into soil properly. LEAF CUTTINGS Page 2 of 7
3 Leaf cuttings are prepared from leaves with or without their stalk (petioles). Leaf section cutting can be used for propagating plants. Leaf cutting consist of a single leaf attached to a piece of 1 to ½ inch stem. The dominant bud, located where the leaf stalk joins the stem will give rise to a new shoot and braches. LAYERING Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant. Layering has evolved as a common means of vegetative propagation of numerous species in natural environments. Layering is also utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable plants. Natural layering typically occurs when a branch touches the ground, whereupon it produces adventitious root. There are two types of layering 1. Ground layering 2. Air layering GROUND LAYERING Page 3 of 7
4 Ground layering or mound layering is the typical propagation technique. The original plants are set in the ground with the stem nearly horizontal, which forces side buds to grow upward. After these are started, the original stem is buried up to some distance from the tip. At the end of the growing season, the side branches will have rooted, and can be separated while the plant is dormant. Some of these will be used for grafting roots stock. AIR LAYERING In air layering (or Marcotting), the target region is wounded, or a strip of bark is removed. Rooting hormone is often applied to encourage the wounded region to grow roots. When sufficient roots have grown from the wound, the stem from the parent plant is removed and planted. It can take the layer from a few weeks to one or more growing seasons to Page 4 of 7
5 produce sufficient roots. E.g.: Air layering of Limonium dendroides GRAFTING Grafting or Graf tage is a horticultural technique where by tissue from one plant are inserted into those another. The technique is most commonly used asexually propagation of commercially grown plants. Eg:- mango tree(malgoa) Some common method of grafting are 1. Splice or whip grafting 2. Whip and tongue grafting 3. Approach grafting 1. SPLICE OR WHIP GRAFTING It is a very simple popular and easy to perform method of grafting for small materials. It is usually done when the sap has started to rise before the bud break. 2. WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING It is similar to splice grafting except that a tongue is added to the cut surface to Page 5 of 7
6 provide better fitting and rigidity. It has the highest rate of success as it offers the most cambium contact between the two species E.g.: Common in fruit trees like- Bramley Apple 3. APPROACH GRAFTING Approach grafting or inarching is used to join together plant that are otherwise difficult to join. It is used in pleaching. The graft can be successfully accomplished any time of year. Eg:- Mango- Malgoa, Guava. Significance :- Vegetative reproduction has several advantages It leads to continuity of same genotype with great precision, because all the progeny have similar genotype and phenotype. Useful in obtain large number of genetically identical individuals. Promising genotype can be maintained. It makes use of desirable bud mutations. Mutants can be directly released as varieties. References (if any) 1. Wikipedia Page 6 of 7
7 Terms - Do not remove or change this section ( It should be ed back to us as is) Page 7 of 7
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