Training systems. At planting (trunk establishment): The tree is headed back to cm above ground. The remained part is called trunk

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1 Training systems The Vase Tree or Open Center The oldest, cheapest and simplest system. Used in the low and medium planting densities. Require little skill. The trees propagated on vigorous or semidwarf rootstocks. Steps At planting (trunk establishment): The tree is headed back to cm above ground. The remained part is called trunk First spring Many shoots develop on trunk, which considered as the main branches of the tree. First winter (primary scaffold establishment): Select 3-4 branches distributed around the tree, the lower one should be at least 40 cm above the ground. Remove all other branches on the trunk. Head back the selected branches to about 1 m, or remove about one third of each branch. These branches are called the primary scaffold branches. The selected branches should be at broad angle with the trunk. If the angle is narrow, you have to increase this angle by spreaders Second spring Many shoots develop on primary scaffold branches, which considered as the secondary scaffold branches. Second winter (secondary scaffold establishment): Select 2-3 branches distributed around each leader. Remove all other branches on each primary scaffold branches, especially the branches grow vertically or down to the ground, Head backs the selected branches. Remove about one half to two third of each branch. These branches are called secondary scaffold branches.

2 Third spring Many shoots develop on secondary scaffold branches, which considered as the tertiary scaffold branches of the tree. Third winter (tertiary scaffold establishment): Select 2-3 branches distributed around each secondary scaffold branch. Remove all other branches on each secondary scaffold branches, especially the branches grow vertically or down to the ground, Head backs the selected branches. Remove about one half to two third of each branch. These branches are called tertiary scaffold branches. Nectarine Before pruning After pruning

3 Central leader and Modified Central leader Give the tree the pine tree shape, which is efficient in both interception of sunlight and management of fruit crops. Fruits get too much direct light, which cause sunburn. The tree trainer needs a lot of understanding of how trees grow. The trees need support system if the tree grows on dwarfing rootstock. Central leader Steps At planting (trunk establishment): The tree is headed back to cm above ground. The remained part is called trunk First spring Many shoots develop on trunk, which considered as the main branches of the tree (primary scaffold tree). First winter (primary scaffold establishment): Select 4-5 branches distributed around the tree, the lower one should be at least 40 cm above the ground. The first branch at the top will be considered as the central leader. Remove all other branches on the trunk. Head back the selected branches, except the central leader, to about 1 m, or remove about one third of each branch. These branches are called primary scaffold branches. Remove any competitor to the central leader. The selected branches should be at a broad angle with the trunk (except the central leader, which considered as the extension of the trunk). If the angle is narrow, you have to increase this angle by spreaders. Second spring Many shoots develop on primary scaffold branches, which considered as the secondary scaffold branches of the tree. Second winter (secondary scaffold establishment): Select 2-3 branches distributed around each primary scaffold branches and leader.

4 Remove all other branches on each primary scaffold branches, especially the branches grow vertically or down to the ground, Head backs the selected branches. Remove about one half to two third of each branch. These branches are called secondary scaffold branches. Third spring Many shoots develop on secondary scaffold branches, which considered as the tertiary scaffold branches of the tree. Third winter (tertiary scaffold establishment): Select 2-3 branches distributed around each secondary scaffold branch. Remove all other branches on each secondary scaffold branches, especially the branches grow vertically or down to the ground, Head backs the selected branches. Remove about one half to two third of each branch. These branches are called tertiary scaffold branches. Before pruning Pear After pruning

5 Slender Spindle Steps At planting (trunk establishment): The tree is headed back to cm above ground. The remained part is called trunk. Position the support stake 10 cm from the base of the trunk and loosely fasten the tree to it First spring Many shoots develop on trunk, which considered as the main branches of the tree (primary scaffold tree). On varieties which tend to produce narrow crotch angles, clothespins can be used (when shoot length is 3 to 10 cm) to encourage wider angles. First winter (primary scaffold establishment): Select 4-5 branches distributed around the tree, the lower one should be at least 40 cm above the ground. The first branch at the top will be considered as the central leader. Remove all other branches on the trunk. Head back the central leader, remaining laterals should not be headed. Branch angles should be 60 to 90 degrees, depending on variety. Remove any competitor to the central leader. If the angle is narrow, you have to increase this angle by spreaders. Second spring Many shoots develop on primary scaffold branches, which considered as the secondary scaffold branches of the tree. On varieties which tend to produce narrow crotch angles, clothespins can be used (when shoot length is 3 to 10 cm) to encourage wider angles. Second winter (secondary scaffold establishment): Select 2-3 branches distributed around each primary scaffold branches and leader. Remove all other branches on each primary scaffold branches, especially the branches grow vertically or down to the ground, Branch angles should be 60 to 90 degrees, depending on variety. As the central leader extends in length, tie it several times to the stake, using a nongirdling material.

6 Third spring Many shoots develop on secondary scaffold branches, which considered as the tertiary scaffold branches of the tree. Third winter : Select 2-3 branches distributed around each secondary scaffold branch. Remove all other branches on each secondary scaffold branches, especially the branches grow vertically or down to the ground, Continue to head the central leader until it attains the desired height, and then begin to zig-zag it by cutting to a weak lateral in each dormant season. Branch angles should be 60 to 90 degrees, depending on variety, and after the tree fills its allotted space limb length can be controlled by cutting to a lateral. Weak laterals are retained at the top of the tree. These should be bent to encourage fruiting and should be treated as temporary limbs. Maintain a conical tree shape by dormant and summer pruning and by timely limb bending.

7 The Vertical Axe, French Axe, Central Axis or the Axe system It was developed based upon two principles. To establish a balance between vegetative growth and fruiting. The tree is allowed to achieve its own point of equilibrium between the two without much intervention by the grower through pruning. Pruning is kept to a minimum with no heading of the central axis or of the side shoots during the dormant season in the formative years of the tree To reduce time involved in pruning by simplifying pruning. Pruning is to consist of the removal of vigorous branches, pendulant branches and the renewal of fruiting wood by removing older wood on a regular basis. Steps At planting (trunk establishment): The tree is headed back to cm above ground. The remained part is called trunk Position the support stake 10 cm from the base of the trunk and loosely fasten the tree to it First spring Many shoots develop on trunk, which considered as the main branches of the tree (primary scaffold tree). First winter (primary scaffold establishment): Select 4-5 branches distributed around the tree, the lower one should be at least 40 cm above the ground. The first branch at the top will be considered as the central leader. Remove all other branches on the trunk. Remove any lateral branches that are more than 1/2 the diameter of the trunk. Remaining branches can be headed back by 1/3 their length if they are weak or left unpruned if they are strong. Do not head the central leader. Remove any competitor to the central leader. The selected branches should be at a broad angle with the trunk (except the central leader, which considered as the extension of the trunk). If the angle is narrow, you have to increase this angle by spreaders. Second spring Once growth begins remove the second and third bud below the chosen leader developing from the heading cut.

8 Many shoots develop on primary scaffold branches, which considered as the secondary scaffold branches of the tree. One method of inducing additional branches is to notch above a bud before bloom. Four weeks before bloom begins take a knife and notch افقي( )جرح just above buds on the central leader where you would like to produce new shoots. Be sure the cut is sufficiently deep to cut through the cambium layer. This will allow the buds to break and form shoots or spurs Keep that leader as stationary as possible to promote rapid growth and increased spur development To encourage better development of the central axis, head back new lateral shoots that develop in the upper third of the tree when they are 10 to 15 cm long. Heading is accomplished by removing the terminal growing point of the shoot. On vigorous cultivars this may need to be done 2 or 3 times as regrowth occurs. Keep lateral branches as flat as possible. Remove any vigorous growing limbs that can not be bent horizontal. Second and third winter Minimal amount of pruning is needed. Do not head the leader. Remove or tie down any vigorous upright growing shoots Third spring Four weeks before bloom begins take a knife and notch just above buds on the central leader where you would like to produce new shoots. To encourage better development of the central axis, head back new lateral shoots that develop in the upper third of the tree when they are 10 to 15 cm long. Heading is accomplished by removing the terminal growing point of the shoot. On vigorous cultivars this may need to be done 2 or 3 times as regrowth occurs. Keep lateral branches as flat as possible. Remove any vigorous growing limbs that can not be bent horizontal. The most desirable wood to leave is the weak horizontal growth. In mid summer tie down or weight down any new upright shoots that develop.

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10 Other Training Methods Palmette

11 Ebro Espalier

12 Lincoln Canopy

13 Tatura Trellis

14 Suggested Question 1. The first winter pruning (one year after planting) of an open-center trained tree involves: a. Selection of primary scaffolds. c. Selection of secondary scaffolds. b. Cutting back all but most vigorously growing branches d. Heading back the tree to about 30 inches above ground level. 2. Training a young fruit tree as an open-center tree: a. Will reduce light penetration into the tree. c. Requires annual pruning to remove scaffold branches each year. b. Will result in central-leader type growth. d. Increases the bearing surface of the tree. 3. Modified central leader with zig-zag shape tree is developed in training system a. Slender spindle c. Open center b. Vertical axis d. Non of the above 1. At planting, the tree is headed back cm above ground and the remained part called 2. In.. training system, the trees propagated on vigorous or semidwarf rootstocks 3. If the angle between shoots is narrow, you have to increase this angle by training gives the tree the pine tree shape, which is efficient in both interception of sunlight and management of fruit crops. True or False 1. Open Center used in the low and medium planting densities 2. In central leader training system, heading back encourage development of the fruiting spurs 3. In central leader training system, the trees need support system regardless the type of rootstock Describe step by step (for example the Vertical Axe) training system Write the Name of the following training systems A B C D

15 Grape Training Systems Spur pruning Canes are cut back to two to five buds. This type of pruning applied on cultivars that have fruitful buds at the base of the cane. Example of this type on Cordon training system At Planting (trunk establishment): Select the strongest cane and remove all others. Head back the selected cane to about 10 cm below the first trellis. First spring: new other shoots will develop on the headed shoot First winter (cordons establishment): Select three new canes and remove all others. Orient one to the right, the other to the left and the third to the second trellis. Head back the right and the left canes to about cm (depend on the distance between the trees in the same row). Also head back the third cane to about 10 cm below the second trellis. The right and the left canes called cordons. Second winter (arms establishment): Select suitable canes on the cordon (remove canes grow vertically and canes grow down to the ground). The number depends on the length of cordon (5 canes at least on each cordon).

16 Head backs the selected canes to 2 buds to form arms Third winter (renewal spurs and fruiting spurs establishment): Two canes will develop on each arm. To establish renewal spur, head the cane closed to base of the arm to 2 buds To establish fruiting spur head the second remained cane to 2-6 buds. Cane pruning Canes are cut back to nine to fifteen buds. This type of pruning applied on cultivars that have fruitful buds at all nodes of the cane. Example of Cane training system At Planting (trunk establishment): Select the strongest cane and remove all others. Head back the selected cane to about 10 cm below the first trellis. First spring: new other shoots will develop on the headed shoot First winter (arms establishment): Select three new canes and remove all others. Orient one to the right and the other to the left and the third to the second trellis. Head backs the right and the left canes to about cm. Also head back the third cane to about 10 cm below the second trellis. The right and the left canes called arms. Second winter (renewal spurs and fruiting canes establishment): Select suitable 2 canes on each arm (remove canes grow vertically and canes grow down to the ground). To establish renewal spur, head the cane closed to base of the arm to 2-4 buds To establish fruiting cane, head the second remained cane to only 6 buds to prevent high yield on the young trees.

17 Third winter: Remove all canes except three on each arm. To establish renewal spur, head the cane closed to base of the arm to 2-4 buds To establish fruiting cane, head the second and the third remained canes to 9-15 buds. Grape pruning systems. (A) Unpruned. (B) Pruned to 6-cane Kniffen system. (C) Fan system. (D) Horizontal-arm spur system. (E) Geneva double-curtain system, with a lower center wire to support the trunks and 2 upper side wires to support the fruiting canes. (F) The head system with spur pruning.

18 Suggested questions The canes in grape trees could be headed back to form the followings except a. Fruiting spur c. Renewal spur b. Fruiting cane d. Renewal cane In cane-pruned grape tree, canes are cut back to two to five buds (T or F) 1. Name the following parts of grape tree Describe step by step the cordon training system