Why do soils differ across the landscape?
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2 Today s Objectives: Elements of soil formation Describe important soil physical & chemical properties Describe the ability to use and interpret soil survey information (printed and digital) List some site specific control practices for soil conservation.
3 Why do soils differ across the landscape?
4 Why do soils differ across a landscape? Parent material rocks (and minerals) Landscape position (topography) Biotic factors Climate temperature and rainfall Time
5
6 Soil Horizons O organic material A mineral and organic components mixed E eluviated horizon loss of clays, Fe, Al B illuvial accumulation of clays, Fe, Al, OM C unconsolidated bedrock R hard bedrock University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
7 E O A What horizons can you see in this soil? B1 B2
8 What are Soils? Dynamic, reactive, three-phase ecosystems composed of solids, liquids and gases 25% 49% 25% 1% Minerals Air Water Organic Matter topsoil several days after rainfall or irrigation
9 Soil Solids Mineral or inorganic solids often classified based on particle size Organic solids a.k.a. organic matter
10 mineral class Major Mineral Classes in a Soil size of mineral particles feel of particles sands millimeters (mm) gritty silts millimeters (mm) like flour, cornstarch or talcum powder clays less than millimeters (mm) sticky when wet
11 What is the texture of a soil with 30% clay and 50% sand?
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13 Effect of Soil Texture on Soil Properties water-holding capacity nutrient retention capacity leaching potential susceptibility to erosion coarse textured medium textured fine textured low moderate high low moderate high high moderate low low high moderate
14 Photo: Paul Meyer, MSCD
15 Photo: Paul Meyer, MSCD
16 Review Question #1 The soil physical property that describes the proportion of sand, silt, and clay-sized particles in a soil is called a) structure b) texture c) bulk density d) porosity
17 Two questions to ponder: How does organic matter affect soil texture? How does organic matter affect soil structure? Photo: Brady & Weil, 14 th ed.
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19 Photo: Brady & Weil, 14 th ed.
20 Organic Matter Humus 75% 10% 15% Biomass Residues & By-Products Department of Environmental Science and Technology
21 Humus: What It Is Stable end product of residue decomposition Composes the majority of organic matter Resists further decomposition (1% per year) It is not a good nutrient or energy source for soil creatures
22 Humus: What It Does Very small in particle size High surface area Charged sites at many locations on the surface Effective at holding water and nutrients Figure: Brady & Weil, 14 th ed.
23 Biomass: What Is It? The living component of the soil Consists of a range of creatures microscopic viruses & bacteria worms and other creatures that are visible to the unaided eye everything in-between
24 Biomass: What It Does Participates in nutrient cycling digest plant and animal materials (residues), using what they need and leaving behind what they don t immobilization & mineralization
25 Biomass: What It Does (cont.) Creation of biopores larger organisms move through soil creating channels channels promote water infiltration and create a healthy balance between large and small pores Photo: R. Weil
26 Residues and By-Products: What are They? Dead stuff - crop residues, dead roots and bodies of soil creatures By-products - materials that plant roots and soil creatures release or exude into the soil
27 Residues and By-products: What They Do Fuel and nutrients for soil organisms energy and nutrient source for most of the soil creatures Formation and maintenance of soil aggregates (structure) sticky by-products of residue decomposition hold soil particles together in clumps or aggregates Photo: Brady & Weil, 14 th ed.
28 Figure: Brady & Weil, 14 th ed.
29
30 Review Question #2 The property that describes how particles are arranged into aggregates is called a) texture b) porosity c) structure d) particle density
31 Photo: Brady & Weil, 14 th ed.
32 Soil Aeration The exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between the soil pores and the ambient atmosphere Hillel
33 Balance Between Water and Air Macropores (large pores) drain quickly after rain or irrigation allow rapid infiltration of rainfall and replenishment of oxygen in the root zone Mesopores (medium-sized pores) storage pores hold water in form most plants can use Micropores (very small pores) water is held too tightly to be use to most plants
34 Texture and Porosity
35 Wetting front 24 hours after 5 cm rainfall What makes the wetting front wavy/not uniform? Photo: Brady & Weil, 14 th ed.
36 How much does soil weigh? Expressing soil weight as density English units pounds/cubic foot (#/ft 3 ) Metric units - grams/cubic centimeter (g/cm 3 ) 1 acre of soil to a depth of 6 inches weighs approximately 2 million pounds!
37 What is its density? 2 kinds of density in soil bulk density density of whole soil particle density density of soil solids only passel.unl.edu
38 Soil Organic Soil Volcanic Forest & Native Grassland Typical Bulk Density (g/cm 3 ) Cultivated Silt Loams Cultivated Sandy Loams Plow Pans BD through which roots cannot penetrate: 1.6 g/cm 3
39 If a soil ped has a volume of 124 cm 3 and a dry weight of 138 grams, what is its bulk density? BD = dry weight/volume #/ft 3 grams/cm 3 BD = 138 grams/124 cm grams/ cm 3
40 Formula for porosity % PORE SPACE = % SOLID SPACE OR % PORE SPACE = (BD/PD X 100)
41 A very compacted plow pan has a bulk density of 1.74 g/cm 3 and a particle density of 2.68 g/cm 3. What is the percent porosity? %PS = 100 [(1.74/2.68)*100] %PS = = 35%
42 Formula for soil moisture %moisture = (weight of water/oven dry soil weight) x 100 wet weight oven dry weight oven dry weight x 100
43 Biological Classes of Water
44 Biological Classes of Soil Water
45 Soils are Biochemical Reactors The various phases (soil air, soil water, soil minerals and organic matter) interact A wide array of chemical and biochemical processes occur
46 From this to this.
47 Map units Roads Hydric soils Slopes Drainage Profile Uses and Suitability Permeability
48
49 physical and chemical properties vegetative productivity water management land management
50 Today s Objectives: Elements of soil formation Describe important soil physical & chemical properties Describe the ability to use and interpret soil survey information (printed and digital) List some site specific control practices for soil conservation.
51 The End Questions?
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