Hops Production. Dr. Heather Darby UVM Extension Agronomist
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1 Hops Production Dr. Heather Darby UVM Extension Agronomist
2 Precipitation Normals for WA, MI and VT Station Name Beulah, MI Burlington, VT Yakima, WA Pre Harvest January February March April May June July August September October November December
3 Cumulative Degree Day Normals (50-95 F) for WA, MI and VT 3000 Station Name Beulah, MI Burlington, VT Yakima, WA Deg Harvest Jan 1 Feb 1 Mar 1 Apr 1 May 1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 Dec 1 Jan 1 Day of Date [2010]
4
5 Cascade Centennial Chinook Cluster Crystal Fuggle Galena Glacier Hallertau Liberty Mt Hood Newport Nugget Perle Saaz Santiam Sterling Tettnang Vanguard Willamette
6 High performance cultivars Yields among the best (1000 to 1500 lb/a): Centennial Chinook Newport Cascade Nugget Galena
7 Low performance cultivars Yields among the five worst (below 500 lb/a) : Liberty Crystal Saaz Sterling Cluster
8 High performance cultivars Yields among the best (800 to 400 lb/a): Centennial Chinook Newport Cascade Nugget Galena (best in 2015) 2015 Yields Disappointing?
9 What is Driving Yields? Fertility Pests Training Timing Growing Season
10 Downy Mildew Life Cycle Systemic (year after year) Overwinters in buds and crown Primary basal spikes emerge in spring Spores travel, landing on leaves Image Credit: Dr. Lily Calderwood In-Season Infection
11 Ideal Downy Mildew Conditions 36 of 108 of days, or 33% of days, between 1-May and 16-Sep increased downy mildew susceptibility
12
13 Hop Downy Mildew Systemic (year after year) What can you do? 1. Predict emergence 2. Reduce habitable area for spores Overwinters in buds and crown Primary basal spikes emerge in spring Spores travel, landing on leaves In-Season Infection
14 Mechanical Control Crowning removal top 1 to 2 inches of crown before bud break (April) Scratching disks scratch soil and remove buds from crown (Early May) Pruning removal of shoots before training (Mid-Late May)
15
16
17 Scratching in the Spring
18 Post-Scratch
19 Mechanical Crowner
20 Whole Row Crowning Critical
21 Crowning Works. (Gent et al. 2012) Excellent = no green leaves or stems present Downy Mildew Most effective when plants were crowned twice. -mechanical -chemical
22 UVM Crowning Trial Year April May
23 Crowning Trial Disease Incidence 2014 vs 2015 April May Control Dis
24 Crowning and Dry Yield Mean Yield per Acre (dry lbs) A AB B Early Not Crowned Late 4/23 5/13 Crowning Time
25 2 inch soil cover ready to train 17-May 4 inch soil cover ready to train 22-May 8 inch soil cover ready to train 28-May Rybacek, 1991
26 Del Moro, 2016
27 Managing Downy Mildew by Crowning Historical Crowning Dates in Variety Trial Crowning in Action!
28 Growing degree day normals (50-95 F) for WA, MI and VT Weather Station Beulah, MI Burlington, VT Yakima, WA Deg Harvest Jan 1 Feb 1 Mar 1 Apr 1 May 1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 Dec 1 Jan 1
29 HOP TRAINING One of the most IMPORTANT factors in determining cone density! 40 to 60% increase yields
30 Washington Training Dates Station Name Beulah, MI Burlington, VT Yakima, WA Deg Cascade, Centennial Nugget, Chinook Galena Solstice Harvest Jan 1 Feb 1 Mar 1 Apr 1 May 1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 Dec 1 Jan 1 Cascade, Centennial: Nugget, Chinook: Galena: May 1-5 May 8-12 May days to solstice days to solstice days to solstice
31 Finish Crowning 30 days before training!! Late Season Varieties April 1 st Early Season Varieties May 1 st Prediction based on 10 year normals:
32 Vermont training dates Station Name Beulah, MI Burlington, VT Yakima, WA Deg VT Training Solstice Harvest Jan 1 Feb 1 Mar 1 Apr 1 May 1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 Dec 1 Jan 1 May 19-30
33 Growing degree days (50-95 F) at the UVM research farm 2014 and Date Lines 2014, 2014 Gdd , 2015 Gdd 50 Area Gdd2 10-year normal Deg February March April May June July August September
34 High performance cultivars Yields among the best (1000 to 1500 lb/a): Centennial Chinook Newport Cascade Nugget Galena Should do Well in our Climate What is Limiting Yields?
35 Managing Downy Mildew with Fungicides Variety Trial Spray Schedule
36 Hop Cone Discoloration Cone browning from Alternaria + Phoma Healthy Dark bracts from downy mildew or other secondary infection Severe dry-down from disease
37 Spores Identified on Hop Cones (Severity Scale 0-5) Mean Spore Abundance on Cones Sampled Fusarium Downy Mildew Cercospera Phoma Alternaria Pathogen
38 Hop Requirements PRODUCE 5000 LBS DM/acre 3.0% Nitrogen = 150 Lbs 2.0% Potassium = 100 Lbs 0.50% Phosphorus = 25 lbs CONES 1/3 to 1/2 of DM/acre 3.0% Nitrogen = 75 Lbs 2.0% Potassium = 50 Lbs 0.50% Phosphorus = 12.5 lbs
39 Nitrogen Removal by Variety Added 169 lbs N acre Expected Range
40
41 Fertigating 75% Increase in Biomass Aroostok Hops, 2014
42 Farms adding lbs training 3 to 5 lbs N per acre per day through drip 4 to 6 week of fertigating = 84 to 210 lbs N acre
43 Hop Yard Ground Covers Heather Darby & Lily Calderwood University of Vermont Extension
44
45
46 Bad Year for Potato Leafhopper (PLH) Damage: Hopperburn
47 2012 and 2013 Mean # PLH/leaf in Alburgh, VT (2 nd and 3 rd yr old plants) > 2.5 PLH #/leaf < 2.5 PLH #/leaf
48 Dr. Sid Bosworth
49 Hop Plant Defenses Liberty Centennial Peltate Trichome (Lupulin Gland) Bulbous Trichome Area Measured = cm 2
50 Hop Plant Defenses
51 Effect of Cover Crops on Potato Leafhopper A large, established stand of clover served as a PLH trap crop
52 Leafhoppers were more attracted to a full stand of clover than hop plants. Highest # PLH in Clover Drive Rows P < 0.005
53 In years with high PLH population and well established clover stand > > Clover stand (10 x 30 ft) Hop plants Diverse mix (Polyculture)
54 Trap Crop Management Do not mow the legume! How big does a legume stand need to be? Would clover or alfalfa work better? What is the ideal distance from trap crop to hops? Do the leafhoppers need to be removed from the trap crop?
55
56 Northfield, MA
57 Natural Enemies are in the Landscape Overwintering habitat Alternative food sources
58 Effect of Natural Enemies on Pests Lacewing larva can eat 4 PLH/day P:NE Ratio = 1.3:1 1.3 pests to each natural enemy
59 Two Spotted Spider Mites TSSM Stippling Damage Spider Mites on Underside of Leaf Characteristic Webbing
60
61 Two-spotted spider mites, spider mite destroyer lady beetles Two-spotted spider mites Mite destroyer larva Mite destroyer pupa Mite destroyer adult
62 1 mite destroyer 20 spider mites per leaf threshold
63
64
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