UVM Hops Program. Dr. Heather Darby University of Vermont Extension

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1 UVM Hops Program Dr. Heather Darby University of Vermont Extension

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4 Variety Selection Disease resistance Insect resistance Aroma hops Bittering hops Adaptability to region Marketability

5 Low performance cultivars Yields among the five worst in 2013 and 2014: Liberty Crystal Saaz Sterling Cluster

6 14 Hill Failure by Variety number of hills

7 High performance cultivars Yields among the five best in 2013 and 2014: Centennial Chinook Newport Cascade Nugget

8 2014 yields 1200 at 8% moisture 1000 a Yield (lbs/acre) ab abc abc abc abc abc abc abc abc abc bc abc bc bc bc bc c Cultivar

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10 Local Propagation of virus free hop plants

11 Planting timing Late August, 2010 Spring, 2011: Root rot

12 Influence of Soil Type

13 Site Selection & Preparation Well drained soils Well structured clay ok Sandy soils will be expensive Silty/Loamy soils

14 Fertility Management Correct major issues before plant ph 6.2 to 6.5 Lime season before if necessary Make sure all nutrients in optimum range

15 Hop Requirements VARIES SLIGHTLY BY VARIETY 3% Nitrogen 2% Potassium 0.50% Phosphorus Other important nutrients Boron Zinc

16 Hop Requirements PRODUCE 5000 LBS DM/acre 3.0% Nitrogen = 150 Lbs 2.0% Potassium = 100 Lbs 0.50% Phosphorus = 25 lbs CONES 1/3 to 1/2 of DM/acre 3.0% Nitrogen = 75 Lbs 2.0% Potassium = 50 Lbs 0.50% Phosphorus = 12.5 lbs

17 First Year Hop Requirements PRODUCE 1750 LBS DM/acre 3.0% Nitrogen = 55 Lbs 2.0% Potassium = 35 Lbs 0.50% Phosphorus = 9 lbs

18 My Yields? You Should Know Cone Yields 1000 lbs dry cones per acre 30 to 50% of total weight 2000 to 3000 lbs total 60 to 90 lbs of N removed

19 Nitrogen Apply in late May to mid June Base rate of application on yields Also consider soil type 60 to 150 lbs of N per acre

20 Phosphorus Phosphorus (0 to 80 lbs/acre) Will depend on Al levels in soil and ph Will depend on soil test levels

21 Potassium Potassium (0 to 160 lbs/acre) Will depend on soil type Will depend on yield Also depends on soil levels For potash Category Low Medium Optimum High V. High K (ppm) >160 K to apply

22 Boron and Zinc Common deficiencies in the Northeast 1 to 2 lbs per acre of Boron if low If Zinc is low add to 2 to 4 lbs per acre Will need to put through irrigation or blend with other fertilizer

23 Training Easier to do earlier in the season before bines twist around weeds Risk breaking off growing point Later training can affect maturity and yields Broken tip during training

24 Watering/Irrigation

25 Aroostook Hops Wet season, above average rainfall, but irrigation still improved yields dramatically. Irrigated 3-year old Nugget yielded 3 times more than non-irrigated 3-year old Nuggets.

26 Downy Mildew Most difficult to control Promoted by wet conditions Obligate parasite specific to hops Attacks leaves and cones In the wood of the plant Persists in crown from year to year

27 Bad Hops

28 Downy Mildew Varietal Resistance Resistant Fuggle Newport Perle Spalter Wye Challenger Hallertauer Gold Hallertauer Magnum Hallertauer Tradition Centennial Comet Crystal East Kent Golding First Gold Galena Susceptib le Glacier Horizon Cluster Mt. Hood Northern Brewer Nugget Vanguard

29 Hop Downy Mildew Systemic (year after year) What can you do? 1. Predict emergence 2. Reduce habitable area for spores Overwinters in buds and crown Primary basal spikes emerge in spring Spores travel, landing on leaves In-Season Infection

30 Downy Mildew

31 Hop Downy Mildew Management Crowning: removes first growth Limits plant area for primary innoculum to land Spraying Fungicide: Protectant Spray before rain events for protection against secondary innoculum Moist conditions are ideal for infection: Forecasting (predict spray applications)

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34 Crowning Works. (Gent et al. 2012) Excellent = no green leaves or stems present Downy Mildew Most effective when plants were crowned twice. -mechanical -chemical

35 Pests Japanese beetle Aphids Corn borer Green cloverworm

36 Aphids 2012: 3 aphids found on cascade plants while scouting the hopyard throughout the months of July and August. 2013: 79 aphids found on cascade plants while scouting the hopyard throughout the months of July and August. *Scouting consists of examining three leaves per hill, and two hills per plot; on a weekly basis throughout the summer months.

37 Japanese Beetle Damage

38 Bad Year for Potato Leafhopper Damage: Hopperburn

39 Potato leafhoppers

40 In years with high PLH population and well established clover stand > > Clover stand (10 x 30 ft) Hop plants Diverse mix (Polyculture)

41 Trap Crop Management Do not mow the legume! How big does a legume stand need to be? Would clover or alfalfa work better? What is the ideal distance from trap crop to hops? Do the leafhoppers need to be removed from the trap crop?

42 Beneficial Insects Spined soldier bug Ladybird beetle/lady bugs Syrphid fly

43 Pyrethrin - Control Spined soldier bug Ladybird beetle/lady bugs Syrphid fly

44 Weed control

45 Mulch Expensive $1200 for 110 yards of hardwood mulch (including delivery) Covered ½ acre, 6 deep, 4 wide Approximately 100 woman hours saved Fertility trade offs?

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47 Steam Weeding Qg5us&feature=player_embedded

48 Plastic Mulch Good for first year Effective control Pain to pull up

49 Weeding Trial Yield at 8% moisture

50 Weeding Trial Biomass

51 Variety Date harvested Dry matter % Cluster 11-Aug Cluster 12-Aug Cascade 24-Aug Fuggle 24-Aug Saaz 24-Aug Cascade 26-Aug Galena 31-Aug Tettnang 31-Aug Vanguard 31-Aug Willamette 31-Aug Centennial 2-Sep Chinook 2-Sep Liberty 2-Sep-11 * Mt. Hood 2-Sep Perle 2-Sep Tettnang 2-Sep Vanguard 2-Sep Chinook 6-Sep Fuggle 6-Sep Glacier 6-Sep Nugget 6-Sep Santiam 6-Sep Glacier 8-Sep Crystal 12-Sep Sterling 13-Sep Crystal 14-Sep Glacier 14-Sep Newport 14-Sep Santiam 14-Sep Sterling 14-Sep

52 When to Harvest Hops Late August through Mid September 5 to 10 day picking window Difficult to determine optimal time Hops feels papery Lupulin full and bright yellow Top of hops turning golden 80% moisture (need to measure)

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