GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT for Horticultural Crops

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2 GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT for Horticultural Crops S E C O N D R E V I S E D A N D E N L A R G E D E D I T I O N S. Prasad U. Kumar Agrobios (India)

3 S. Prasad Ex-Associate Professor of Horticulture Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner U. Kumar Managing Directore Agrobios (India), Jodhpur Published by: Agrobios (India) Agro House, Behind Nasrani Cinema Chopasani Road, Jodhpur Phone: , Fax: E. mail: First Published 1999 Reprint: 2001, 2002 Second Edition: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010 Reprinted 2015 All Rights Reserved (2015) All rights reserved. No part of the book or part thereof, including the title of the book, be reprinted in any from or language without the written permission of the author and the publishers. The copyists shall be prosecuted. ISBN (10): ISBN (13): Published by: Dr. Updesh Purohit for Agrobios (India), Jodhpur Laser Typeset at: Yashee Computers, Jodhpur Cover Design by: Reena Printed at: Babloo Screen Prints, Jodhpur

4 PREFACE A greenhouse is a framed or an inflated structure covered with a transparent or translucent material in which crops could be grown under the condition of at least partially controlled environment and which is large enough to permit persons to work within it to carry out cultural operations. The Floriculture industry, especially cut-flower industry, has its major role in the development of greenhouse industry in world. We feel pleasure to present Second Edition of the book. Several improvements have been made from the previous edition. The present book includes chapter like Greenhouse: An Artificial House for Plants, Types of Greenhouses, Greenhouse Construction: Related Aspects, Greenhouse Heating, Greenhouse Cooling, Root Media, Nutrient Solution for Growth Media, Mineral Nutrition and Fertilization for Greenhouse Crops, Technical Control of the Nutrient Solution, Alternative Cropping Systems for Greenhouse, Carbon Dioxide Fertilization, Light and Temperature Management in Greenhouse, Various Types of Soilless Culture: General Aspects, Water Culture, Sand Culture, Gravel Culture, Technical Control of the Plant Culture in Greenhouse, Plant Tissue Culture Technique for Developing Greenhouse Crops, Chemical Growth Regulation of Greenhouse Crops, Pests and Soil Organisms of Greenhouse Plants, Pest Management, Post Production Handling, Pesticide Application: Equipment and its Calibration, and Greenhouse Plant Diseases and Their Control. The present book is an attempt to provide overall information to the readers interested in agricultural engineering and horticultural industry. Authors

5 CONTENTS 1 GREENHOUSE: AN ARTIFICIAL HOUSE FOR PLANTS... 1 Introduction... 1 Origin And Development Of The Greenhouse Industry... 1 Advantage Of Greenhouse... 3 Greenhouse Effect... 3 How the problem intensifies... 4 Carbon dioxide and greenhouse effect... 4 Floriculture Industry And Development Of Greenhouse Industry... 5 Floriculture Production And Marketing Businesses... 6 Floriculture Business Competition... 7 Cut Flower Industry In Indian Scenario TYPES OF GREENHOUSES... 9 Greenhouses: Classification... 9 Greenhouse Types Based on Shape... 9 Greenhouse Type Based on Utility Greenhouse Type Based on Construction Greenhouse Type Based on Covering Materials Glass Greenhouses Film Plastic Greenhouses Role Types of Film Plastic Quonset-style Greenhouse Gutter-connected Greenhouse Greenhouse with Double-Layer Covering Rigid-Panel Greenhouses Polyvinyl Chloride Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Acrylic and Polycarbonate GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTION: RELATED ASPECTS Location Room for Expansion Topography of the Land... 26

6 Land-Use Prediction Climate Labor Supply Accessibility of the Site Available Water Orientation Floor Plan for the Greenhouse Doors Utilities Framework For Various Types Of Greenhouse Types of Greenhouse Covering Materials Covering Materials For Greenhouse Fiberglass Poly Film Heating And Cooling Of Greenhouse Sensing Temperatures Sources of Heat Methods of Distributing Heat in Greenhouse Conservation of Heat Energy in Greenhouses Insulation of Greenhouse Roofs Ventilation And Air-Movement Equipment For Greenhouses The Principle of Ventilation and Air-Movement Air in the Greenhouse Carbon Dioxide Generation Equipment In Greenhouse Importance of Carbon dioxide in Greenhouse Greenhouse Benches Materials Used for Greenhouse Benches Greenhouse Benches for Cut-flowers Greenhouse Benches Pot-plant Arrangement of the Benches Greenhouse Walks Working Room Conveyors Cloth Houses Lath Houses Bulb Storage General Storage Boilers For The Greenhouse Heating System Operation of the Boiler Draft System Operation of the Boiler Emergency Heating Equipment For Greenhouse Emergency, Standby Power Figuring the Heat Requirement of the Greenhouse Location of Heating Lines Arrangement and Placement of Heating Lines Steam Traps Control of Heating-Line Special Heat Requirements for Greenhouse Providing Steam for Treatment of Soil and Equipment... 57

7 Lower down Temperatures in the Greenhouse Design of the Fan and Pad Cooling System Cool Storage Other Essential Equipments For Greenhouse Equipment for the Control of Light Kinds of Screening Materials Photoperiod for Flowering Shading for the Control of Photoperiod Electric Light Equipment Fluorescent Light Electric Lights for Photoperiod Control Intermittent Light Problems with Fluorescent Lights Equipment For Moisture Control In Greenhouse How to Reduce Moisture in the Greenhouse Water-Distribution Systems for Pot plants in Greenhouse Capillary Irrigation System Water-Distribution Systems for Cut-Flower Crops Equipment For Regulation Of Irrigation Equipment For Handling Fertiliser Application of Fertiliser in Liquid Forms Proportions for Uniform Supply of Fertilisers Selection of Fertiliser Proportioner Pest And Pathogen Control Equipment Hydraulic Spraying Stationary and Portable Sprayer Dusting For Fumigators Equipment For Application Of Other Agro-Chemicals Equipment For Preparation Of Soil For Planting Soil Shredders Materials-Handling Equipment Trolley-type Conveyors Repair And Construction Equipment GREENHOUSE HEATING Important Units Heat Requirement Vs Heat Loss Ways Of Insulation Heat Loss By Air Infiltration Heat Loss Through Radiations Sources Of Heat Steam Systems Care is to be taken Localized Heating System Unit Heaters Types of Unit Heaters Solar Heating Heat Transfer/Distribution... 81

8 Steam And Hot Water Warm Air Sources Greenhouse Climate Sensing and Control Emergency Heaters and Generators Fuel Heat Conservation Greenhouse Design Double Covering Thermal Screens Radiant Heat Wall Insulation Sealing Air Leaks Windbreaks High-Efficiency Heaters Heater Maintenance Thermostat Maintenance Low Temperature Crops GREENHOUSE COOLING Manual Controlling Thermostats Fan-And-Pad Evaporative Cooling System Fog Evaporative Cooling System Greenhouse Summer Cooling Systems Greenhouse Winter Cooling System Description of Fan-Tube Ventilation Cooling And Heating Systems Integration ROOT MEDIA Soil And Farm Manure: General Aspects Soil Texture Soil Structure Soil Porosity and Permeability Field Soil And Its Adaptation To Containers Soil And Water Availability Water Holding Capacity Humus Properties Of A Root Medium For Greenhouse Stability of Organic Matter Carbon : Nitrogen Ratio Organic Matter Farm Yard Manure (Fym) Composted Manure Green Manuring Concentrated Organic Manures Oilcakes Cattle, Pig, and Poultry Manures Meat meal

9 Blood meal Fish meal Horn-and-Hoof meal Macro And Micronutrient Availability Composts: Production Compost Bin as Factory Transformation Agents Bulk Density Of Root Medium Cation Exchange Cation Exchange Capacity ph Components Of Root Media Field Soil Peat Moss and Peats Bark Sawdust Manure Crop By-Products Composted Garbage Vermiculite Calcined Clay Sand Perlite Polystyrene Foam Rock Wool Other Coarse-Textured Components Soil-Based Media Formulation Maintenance Of Root Media Soil-Less Media Components of Soil-Less Media Formulations Peat-Moss-Based Formulations Preparation And Handling Of Media Small-Batch Handling Intermediate-Volume Handling NUTRIENT SOLUTION FOR GROWTH MEDIA Theory Of Nutrient Solutions General Requirements Form In Which Element Is Available To The Plant Solution Mathematics Molar Concept Normal Concept Parts Per Million Concept Chemicals Required Macro Element Chemicals Other Chemicals Some Typical Nutrient Solutions

10 Minor or Micro Elements MINERAL NUTRITION AND FERTILIZATION FOR GREENHOUSE CROPS Mineral Nutrition : The Inorganic Support General Functions Of Mineral Elements Nutrient Depletion In Soil And Plant Growth Crop Removal Leaching Losses Methods Of Studying Plant Nutrition Solution Cultures Nutrient Solutions Chelating Agents Hydroponics Properties Of Root Surface Mycorrhizae : Special Method For Obtaining Essential Elements Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms And Functions Of Essential Nutrient Elements Nitrogen Phosphorus Calcium Calmodulin Magnesium Potassium Sulphur Iron Manganese Copper Zinc Boron Molybdenum Silicon Metal Toxicity In Plants Carbon Aluminium Toxicity Manganese Toxicity Iron Toxicity Other Metal Toxicities Phytoxicity Soil Factors Absorption of Metals Metal Translocation Fertilisers Fertiliser Application Principles For Proper Selection And Application Of Fertilisers Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash Methods Of Applying Fertilisers Greenhouse Fertilization

11 Greenhouse Management for Horticultural Crops (2nd Ed.) Publisher : Agrobios Publications ISBN : Author : Prasad S, Kumar U Type the URL : Get this ebook