TRAINING AND PRUNING FRUIT PLANTS. Elizabeth Wahle (with contributions from Sonja Lallemand) February 2015 GROWING A NEW GENERATION
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1 GROWING A NEW GENERATION OF ILLINOIS FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FARMERS TRAINING AND PRUNING FRUIT PLANTS Elizabeth Wahle (with contributions from Sonja Lallemand) February 2015
2 Today s Objectives Understand the basic principles of Pruning How to prune tree fruits, including pome and stone fruits How to prune small fruit, including blueberries, brambles and grapes
3 Goals of Annual Pruning Develop good framework in young plants Remove poor, unproductive wood And broken and pest damaged wood Increase light penetration Increase air flow Maintain the tree height and spread
4 Goals of Pruning cont. To maintain the proper balance between vegetative growth and fruit production to obtain high yields of quality fruit each year Maintain fruiting wood throughout the tree canopy Positioning of fruit zone Positively affect fruit size
5 Dormant Pruning vs. Summer Pruning Dormant pruning Invigorating process Heavy dormant pruning promotes excessive vigor and reduced fruit growth and development Summer Pruning Devigorating
6 Equipment Pruner Lopper Saw Scale (Grapes)
7 Pruning technique Flush cut NEVER Collar cut The collar Stub cut
8 Pruning Cuts Encourage growth Encourage fruiting Produce strong vertical growth at the cut
9 Pruning cuts Heading cut to produce new growth Thinning cut to direct new growth
10 Pruning cuts Bench cuts
11 Pruning technique can affect Cytospora infection in stone fruits Treatment Pruning time January March August Type of cut Stub Flush Collar % Cytospora infection 35.4 a 20.0 a 21.3 a 26.5 ab 31.0 a 19.3 b Cytospora a fungal disease most destructive in peaches, nectarines, plums and sweet cherries.
12 Pruning Apples, Pears and Plums
13 Pruning Apples, Pears and Plums Modified Central Leader training Strong central trunk Scaffold limbs 4-7 Scaffold placed vertically and around the leader Moderate annual pruning when mature
14 A Suckers (root and crown) B Stubs or broken branches C Downward growing branches D Rubbing branches E Shaded interior branches F Competing leaders G Narrow crotches H Whorls I Heading back or growth diversion
15 Pruning Apples, Pears and Plums Pruning bearing trees Mold and Hold Prune back scaffolds to allotted space Contain leader growth cut to weak side shoot Do not allow upper scaffolds to shade lower scaffolds
16 Pruning Apples, Pears and Plums Do not allow interior of tree to become too dense Renew bearing surface of tree
17 Peaches and Nectarines
18 Peaches and Nectarines Open center training No central leader Scaffold limbs connected in a short space on the trunk Short trunk 3,4, or 5 scaffold limbs form the open center framework
19 Peaches and Nectarines Open center training pruning bearing trees Annual heavy pruning is necessary to retain quality bearing wood, stimulate bearing wood and keep fruits close to trunk Annual pruning renews the bearing surface of the tree Bearing wood should be ¼ to 3/8 in diam., long, (no longer than 30 ) reddish-brown in color
20 Effect of shoot length on fruit diameter (cm) and fruit weight (G) Shoot length Fruit diameter (cm) less than to to Weight (G) P - value Effect of retaining long (>12 ) or short (<12 ) shoots on yield, average fruit weight (FW) and crop value of Redheaven peaches. Treatment Fruit per tree Yield (lbs) per tree Avg. FW (G) Short shoots Long shoots From R. Marini, 2004 Fruit Grower News 43 (4) Crop value ($/tree)
21 Blueberries
22 Understanding the Blueberry Plant Cane age Year 1 Year 2-3 Year 4 and after
23 Understanding the Blueberry Plant Cane growth New canes are reddish in color Older canes have a heavier, grayish bark
24 Understanding the Blueberry Plant Fruiting buds are round, plump, and produce flowers Vegetative buds are smaller, elongated, can produce lateral branches and leaves
25 Understanding the Blueberry Plant Vegetative bud Fruiting bud
26 Pruning Young Blueberry Plant Year 1-2 Minimal pruning Remove weak twiggy growth Remove damaged or diseased wood Remove flower buds
27 Pruning Young Blueberry Plant Year 3-5 Minimal pruning Remove weak twiggy growth Remove damaged or diseased wood Allow a small crop in year 3 (0.5-1pint/bush), gradually increase crop in year 4-5
28 Pruning Mature Blueberry Plant Remove 20% of the oldest canes each year (usually 1-2 canes) Remove to the ground Remove to a strong upright side shoot
29 Pruning Mature Blueberry Plant Remove low growing fruiting wood at base of plant Most efficient harvest is from knees to face
30 Pruning Mature Blueberry Plant Detail prune Thin out interior of bush Thin out flower buds
31 Pruning Mature Blueberry Plant Consider growth habit Upright growth habit Remove older center canes to open up bush Bluecrop, Collins, Lateblue, Elliot, Reka, Duke, Legacy, Nelson Spreading growth habit Prune to upright growth Blueray, Berkeley, Coville, Patriot, Nui, Summit, Toro, Chandler
32 Before After
33 Cane Fruits --Brambles
34 Pruning and Training Brambles Summer-bearing Raspberries Red Purple Black Fall- Bearing Red and Yellow Everbearing
35 Pruning and Training Brambles Blackberries Erect thorny Erect thornless Eastern semi-erect
36 Pruning and Training Brambles Biennial plants Types of Canes: -Primocanes vegetative -Floricanes bear flowers and fruit
37 Pruning and Training Brambles Trellis No trellis Steel posts + twine Permanent trellis
38 Pruning and Training Brambles Pruning fall-bearing red raspberries Remove all canes in late winter
39 Pruning and Training Brambles Red (and Purple) Summer-bearing Raspberries Remove old floricanes in winter Thin remaining canes to 3-4 /ft 2
40 Pruning and Training Brambles Pruning black raspberries and erect blackberries Tip primocanes in early summer Remove dead floricanes in winter Thin remaining canes to 3-6 per plant (black raspberries) or 6/sq. ft. (blackberries) Shorten laterals to 12-18
41 Pruning Erect Blackberries Before After
42 Pruning and Training Brambles Pruning semi-erect blackberries One or two wire trellis system Top wire 6 ft. from ground Summer tip primocane when they reach the top wire
43 Pruning and Training Brambles Pruning semi-erect blackberries Remove old floricanes in winter Select 8-10 strong canes and tie to the trellis in winter or early spring Remove remaining canes Prune laterals to 18-24
44 Pruning Semi-erect Blackberries
45 References Byer, P Pruning Fruits. Missouri State University Dept. of Agriculture Miller, S Peach Systems: Training and Production; USDA-ARS, AFRS, Kearneysville, WV Westwood, M. N Temperate Zone Pomology Physiology and Culture. Timber Press
46 Resources How to Prune Young and Bearing Apple Trees Pruning Peach Tree YouTube video - Pruning a Mature Peach Tree YouTube video - Pruning Apple Trees
47 To reach us Contacts Elizabeth Wahle Contact information Jeff Kindhart Rick Weinzierl
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