Soils of Palau. Diversity and Fertility. Palau Livestock Management Workshop March 23-25, Jonathan Deenik, PhD University of Hawaii
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1 Soils of Palau Diversity and Fertility Jonathan Deenik, PhD University of Hawaii Palau Livestock Management Workshop March 23-25, 2011
2 Outline Plant nutrition Soil fertility Soil composition Texture and clay minerals Soil organic matter Soil diversity and formation Soil distribution on Babeldoab
3 Plant Nutrition Soil is the source of essential plant elements: Macronutrients Nitrogen (N) proteins, enzymes, photosynthesis Phosphorus (P) energy compounds, fruiting flowering Potassium (K) fruit quality and water balance Calcium (Ca) cell walls, root and leaf development Magnesium (Mg) chlorophyll Sulfur (S) proteins, chlorophyll, seed production Micronutrients Boron (B) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Zinc (Zn) N deficiency in corn
4 Soil Composition 1. Mineral: sand, silt and clay 2. OM: organic matter
5 Extremely high surface area - water retention - chemical reactions - biological activity Clay surfaces carry charge (-/+) Negative surface charge holds essential plant nutrients Clay Properties montmorillonite kaolinite Gibbsite and hematite
6 Clay has Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) CEC Negative surface charge attracts and holds nutrients (Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K + ) However, clays in acid soils have low CEC Organic matter has a very high CEC
7 Soil ph is an Expression of Acidity/Alkalinity Negative surface charge attracts and holds nutrients (Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K + ) However, clays in acid soils have low CEC Organic matter has a very high CEC False staghorn fern (Dicranopteris linearis) an indicator of very acidic soils
8 Soil ph Affects Nutrient Availability False staghorn fern (Dicranopteris linearis) an indicator of very acidic soils
9 Negative Effects of Soil Acidity Low nutrient retention (CEC) Nutrient deficiencies P deficiency Ca deficiency
10 High Soil Aluminum Causes Root Damage Low soil Al ph > 6.0 High soil Al ph < 5.5 Deformed root hair in soil with high Al Healthy root hair in soil with low Al
11 Soil Organic Matter is Responsible for Crop Productivity in Tropical Island Soils
12 Organic Matter Improves Soil Physical Properties OM decreases soil bulk density OM increases soil porosity OM promotes H 2 O infiltration and aeration OM increases water retention
13 Organic Matter Improves Soil Chemical Properties OM increases nutrient availability (N cycling, P and micronutrient solubility) OM increases nutrient retention (CEC) OM detoxifies Al
14 Organic Matter Improves Soil Biology OM is the food for soil organisms OM increases microbial diversity Microbial diversity ensures nutrient cycling Microbial diversity promotes pathogen suppression through competition
15 Soil Diversity Organic matter rich soils (Histosols) Iron and aluminum rich soils (Histosols)
16
17 Soil Formation Soil = f(pm, Cl, O, R, T) Factors: PM = parent material (rocks) Cl = climate (precipitation and temperature) O = organisms (plants and animals) R = relief (topography, drainage) T = time
18 Soil Formation Processes: 1. Additions Water, organic matter, sediment 2. Losses soluble compounds, erosion 3. Transformations Organic matter to humus Primary minerals to clay minerals 4. Translocations Soluble compounds Clays A-Horizon B-Horizon C-Horizon B. Gavenda
19 Island Formation Babaldaob & Koror formed by volcanic activity between Ma. Parent material is basalt The combination of coal limestone deposition and tectonic uplift created limestone islands Parent material is coral limestone
20 Primary Soils of Palau Sandy Entisols are found in low-lying coastal areas Very acidic, red iron and aluminum rich Oxisols are the dominant soil type Organic matter rich soils (Histosols) of the poorly drained lowlands are important taro producing lands Mixture of Inceptisols and Ultisols
21 Aimeliik Soil (Forests) Select chemical properties of the Aimeliik soil Depth ph Org C Ca Mg K Al sat cm % ppm % Fertility is in dependent on organic-rich surface horizon
22 Palau Soil (Grasslands) Select chemical properties of the Palau soil Depth ph Org C Ca Mg K Al sat cm % ppm % Once organic matter is depleted, soil loses fertility
23 Oxisols: Fertility depends on organic matter Subsoil is nutrient depleted and Al toxic
24 Ngerungor (Taro Soils) Select chemical properties of the Mesei soil Depth ph Org C Ca Mg K Al sat cm % ppm % VH 372 NA VH Organic matter is a source of nutrients and it detoxifies Al
25 Inceptisols Select chemical properties of the Dechel soil Depth ph Org C Ca Mg K Al sat cm % ppm % Select chemical properties of the Ollei soil Depth ph Org C Ca Mg K Al sat cm % ppm %
26 Summary Plants require 15 essential nutrients, which they get primarily form the soil. Soils vary on the landscape Palau has 6 main soil types Babeldoab is composed primarily of infertile, acid Oxisols in the uplands and fertile Histoslos and Inceptisols in the lowlands
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Factoids on SC soils Soils Managing Soils Over 100 different soil types Soil type covering largest areas 7.0% Ben Lomond Complex 50-70% slope 5.6% Lompoc Felton Complex 50-75% slope 5.8% Lompoc Felton
Soil Texture = %Sand, Silt & Clay in a soil.
Soils Soil Texture = %Sand, Silt & Clay in a soil. Soil texture is the single most important physical property of the soil. Knowing the soil texture alone will provide information about: 1) water flow
Soils and Fertilizer
Soils and Fertilizer Objectives Discuss soil components, texture, chemistry Consider relationships between soil, water, plants and air Steps to prevent soil compaction and salt accumulation Identify common