Table of Contents. Executive Summary. Results-at-a-Glance. Acknowledgements. List of Tables. List of Figures. Introduction 1.

Transcription

1 Protocol for Irrigtion of Shrubs During Estblishment: Estblishing Best Mngement Irrigtion Prctices for Shrub Estblishment in Florid Lndscpes Edwrd F. Gilmn, Professor; Christine Wiese, Biologist; Amy Shober, Assistnt Professor; Kimberly Moore, Associte Professor; Michele Scheiber, Assistnt Professor; Mri Pz, Biologist June 30, 2009

2 Tble of Contents Executive Summry Results-t--Glnce Acknowledgements List of Tbles List of Figures i ii iii iv vi Introduction 1 Abstrct 2 Study A. Irrigtion frequency nd volume study - Citr, FL 3 Mterils nd Methods 3 Results nd Discussion 5 Summry 7 Study B. Irrigtion frequency nd shrub estblishment under rin shelter - Apopk, FL 8 Mterils nd Methods 8 Results nd Discussion 10 Summry 13 Study C. Phse one: Irrigtion frequency nd shrub estblishment study - Citr, Blm, nd Ft. Luderdle, FL 13 Mterils nd Methods 13 Results nd Discussion 16 Summry 21

3 Study D. Phse Two: Irrigtion frequency nd shrub estblishment study using ntive nd non-ntive shrub species - Citr, Blm, nd Ft. Luderdle, FL 21 Mterils nd Methods 21 Results nd Discussion 22 Summry 23 Study E. Irrigtion frequency nd volume study - Apopk, FL 23 Mterils nd Methods 23 Results nd Discussion 23 Summry 24 Study F. Lysimeter study - Apopk, FL 25 Mterils nd Methods 25 Results nd Discussion 25 Summry 26 Project Conclusions 26 Literture Cited 27 Tbles 33 Figures 47 Appendix 56

4 Protocol for irrigtion of shrubs during estblishment: Estblishing best mngement irrigtion prctices for shrub estblishment in Florid lndscpes Edwrd F. Gilmn, Professor; Christine Wiese, Biologist; Amy Shober, Assistnt Professor; Kimberly Moore, Associte Professor; Michele Scheiber, Assistnt Professor; Mri Pz, Biologist June 30, 2009 Executive Summry The objective of this project ws to determine how best to irrigte shrubs during estblishment in Florid residentil nd commercil lndscpes. This three prt project ws executed from 2003 through 2009 t four loctions in Florid (Ft. Luderdle, Blm, Apopk nd Citr, Florid). Loctions represented three wter mngement districts nd most climtic zones in the stte. Twenty-seven species were plnted t 10 points in time over the course of 4 yers. Irrigtion ws pplied in vrious volumes nd frequencies to determine the minimum required for estblishing shrubs with cceptble qulity. Irrigtion requirements for Florid ntive nd non-ntive shrub estblishment were compred. A preliminry study (Study A) conducted on 3 shrub species estblished tht 3 liters of wter pplied per irrigtion event ws n cceptble volume for estblishing 3-gllon continer grown shrubs into the lndscpe. An dditionl preliminry study conducted under rin shelter (Study B) confirmed the need for regulr irrigtion (3L) pplied every 4 dys to keep shrubs live when rinfll ws eliminted. Phse one (Study C) estblished n effective irrigtion frequency for shrub estblishment in the lndscpe using 3 liters of wter on totl of 7 shrub species: every 4-8 dys in north nd centrl Florid nd every 2-4 dys in south Florid. Additionlly, phse one determined tht, under norml rinfll conditions, regulr irrigtion could be discontinued once shrub roots reched the edge of the cnopy, however, irrigtion ws required in dry wether during the next 18 months to fully ensure survivl. Phse two (Study D) confirmed the effectiveness of irrigtion frequencies estblished in Study C on 12 dditionl shrub species in the lndscpe (6 ntive nd 6 non-ntive shrub species) t ech of 3 loctions in the stte. A totl of 10 Florid ntive shrubs nd 11 non-ntive shrubs were evluted. There were no differences between ntive nd non-ntive species. We verified the point t which regulr irrigtion could be discontinued under norml rinfll conditions for 3- gllon shrubs in the Florid lndscpe. Finlly, lysimeter system (Study F) ws designed, built nd compred with shrubs instlled in field plots (Study E) for evluting wter loss from lndscpe systems in future reserch. Results of this 6-yer study will help guide development of irrigtion strtegies for newly plnted nd estblishing Florid lndscpes. i

5 Results t Glnce Three liters irrigtion volume ws sufficient to estblish ll 27 species of shrubs plnted from 3-gllon continers in this study. Irrigtion frequency did not significntly ffect shrub survivl or qulity (mesured s cnopy density nd diebck). Shrubs grown in north Florid (hrdiness zone 8b) could be estblished with 3 liters irrigtion pplied every 8 dys under norml rinfll conditions, but incresing the irrigtion frequency to every 2 dys incresed cnopy growth for some species. Shrubs grown in centrl Florid (hrdiness zone 9) could be estblished with 3 liters irrigtion pplied every 8 dys under norml rinfll conditions, but incresing the irrigtion frequency to every 2 or 4 dys incresed cnopy nd root growth nd cnopy dry weight for some species. Irrigting t lest every 4 dys is recommended for survivl when plnting during extended dry periods. Shrubs grown in south Florid (hrdiness zone 10b) could be estblished with 3 liters irrigtion pplied every 4 dys under norml rinfll conditions, but incresing the irrigtion frequency to every 2 dys incresed root growth, cnopy dry weight, nd root dry weight for some species. Irrigting t lest every 4 dys is recommended for survivl when plnting during extended dry periods. Shrub roots spred out to rech the edge of the folige cnopy between 12 nd 104 weeks fter plnting depending on species. Occsionl irrigtion ws required fter regulr irrigtion ws discontinued (12 to 22 weeks fter plnting) for up to 2 yers fter plnting. Shrubs should therefore be monitored for symptoms of wter stress during the first 2 yers fter plnting nd irrigted ccordingly. There were no differences in growth or qulity between ntive nd non-ntive shrubs s group t ny irrigtion frequency in ny region of Florid. Survivl of Viburnum ws reduced to 50% by 16 weeks fter plnting when irrigted every 7 dys under rin shelter. This suggests tht rinfll is needed to supplement irrigtion t frequencies used in this study for some species. ii

6 Acknowledgements We would like to cknowledge the following persons, orgniztions, nd governmentl gencies tht ssisted with funding nd guidnce of this reserch: Florid Deprtment of Agriculture nd Consumer Services Southwest Florid Wter Mngement District St. John's River Wter Mngement District South Florid Wter Mngement District Jim Sprtt, Florid Nursery Grower's nd Lndscpe Assocition Hugh Grmling, Tmp Wholesle nd Grower's Assocition Dr. Terril Nell, Dept. Chir, Environmentl Horticulture Dept., University of Florid iii

7 List of Tbles Tble1. Ten ntive nd 11 non-ntive species used in phse two experiments in north, centrl, nd south Florid; USDA hrdiness zones 8b, 9, nd 10b respectively. 33 Tble 2. Cnopy nd root mesurements 52 weeks fter My 2004 plnting of Viburnum odortissimum with 2 irrigtion frequencies nd 3 irrigtion volumes. 34 Tble 3. Cnopy nd root mesurements 52 weeks fter My 2004 plnting of Ilex cornut 'Burfordii Nn' with 2 irrigtion frequencies nd 3 irrigtion volumes. 35 Tble 4. Men growth index for V. odortissimum irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d verged over 8 plnting dtes over 2 yer period in USDA hrdiness zones 8b, 9, nd 10b. 36 Tble 5. Men root spred rdius nd root to cnopy spred rtio for V. odortissimum irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d verged over 8 plnting dtes over 2 yer period in north, centrl, nd south Florid (USDA hrdiness zones 8b, 9, nd 10b). 37 Tble 6. Men root extension to cnopy spred rtio, shoot dry weight, nd root dry weight t 52 nd 104 WAP for P. nervos (wild coffee) nd M. pnicult (ornge jsmine) irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d with 3 L of wter. 38 Tble 7. Dry shoot nd root biomss for V. odortissimum irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d verged over 8 plnting dtes over 2 yer period in north, centrl, nd south Florid (USDA hrdiness zones 8b, 9, nd 10b). 39 Tble 8. Shoot nd root dry biomss for I. cornut Burfordii Nn irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d verged over 8 plnting dtes over 2 yer period in north nd centrl Florid (USDA hrdiness zones 8b nd 9). 39 Tble 9. Shoot nd root dry biomss for P. tobir Vriegt irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d verged over 8 plnting dtes over 2 yer period in north nd centrl Florid (USDA hrdiness zones 8b nd 9). 40 Tble 10. Men root lengths for Ilex cornut Burfordii Nn, Pittosporum tobir Vriegt, nd Viburnum odortissimum irrigted t three frequencies (2, 4, or 7 d) over 6-month period during lte summer to erly spring in centrl Florid. 40 Tble 11. Growth mesurements for Pittosporum tobir Vriegt nd Viburnum odortissimum irrigted every 2, 4, or 7 d over 6-month period during lte summer to erly spring in centrl Florid. 41 iv

8 Tble 12. Men dily g S (g s ) recorded monthly on the dy before irrigtion (stressed) nd irrigtion dy (unstressed) for shrub species irrigted every 2, 4, or 7 d over 6-month period during lte summer to erly spring in centrl Florid. 42 Tble 13. Cumultive dily wter stress integrls (S Ψ ) clculted monthly on the dy before irrigtion (stressed) nd irrigtion dy (unstressed) for shrub species irrigted every 2, 4, or 7 d over 6-month period during lte summer to erly spring in centrl Florid. 44 Tble 14. Plnt qulity for Viburnum odortissimum irrigted every 2, 4, or 7d. 45 Tble 15. Growth mesurements for Ilex cornut Burfordii Nn nd Viburnum odortissimum irrigted with three frequencies (2, 4 or 8 dy) t 3 liters per irrigtion event over 6 month period during mid summer to lte fll in centrl Florid (Summer 2007). 45 Tble 16. Growth mesurements for Viburnum odortissimum irrigted with three frequencies (1, 2, or 4 dy) t 9 liters per irrigtion event over 6 month period during erly winter to lte spring in centrl Florid (Winter 2007). 46 v

9 List of Figures Figure1. Actul cumultive monthly rinfll, historicl monthly rinfll, nd supplementl irrigtion pplictions received by field plnted viburnum in USDA hrdiness zone ) 8b (Citr, FL), b) 9 (Blm, FL) nd c) 10b (Fort Luderdle, FL). 47 Figure 2. Significnt min effects nd interctions on cnopy growth of Viburnum odortissimum nd Ilex cornut 'Burfordii Nn'. 48 Figure 3. Actul monthly rinfll June 2004 through Jnury 2006 nd historicl verge monthly rinfll. 49 Figure 4. Effects of irrigtion volume on root spred rdius nd root spred to cnopy spred rtio of Ilex cornut 'Burfordii Nn' 26, 34, or 52 weeks fter plnting in My Figure 5. Root spred to cnopy spred rtio for Ilex cornut 'Burfordii Nn' plnted in November 2004 nd mintined with two frequencies nd three volumes of irrigtion. 51 Figure 6. Cnopy growth index 4 to 104 WAP of I. cornut Burfordii Nn nd or P. tobir Vriegt verged cross 8 plnting dtes in north Florid. 52 Figure 7. Root spred rdius 12 to 88 WAP of I. cornut Burfordii Nn nd or P. tobir Vriegt verged cross 8 plnting dtes in north Florid (hrdiness zone 8b, Citr, FL). 53 Figure 8. Men root to shoot spred rtio of 12 ntive nd non-ntive shrub species in hrdiness zones 8b, 9, nd 10b in Florid. 54 Figure 9. Cumultive dily wter stress integrls (S Ψ ) clculted monthly on the dy before irrigtion (stressed) nd irrigtion dy (unstressed) for Ilex cornut Burfordii Nn irrigted with three frequencies (2, 4, or 7 d) over 6-month period during lte summer to erly spring in centrl Florid. 55 vi

10 Introduction Rpid growth in Florid's urbn centers, coupled with frequent droughts, hs led to wter use restrictions throughout the stte. Lndscpe irrigtion hs been one focus for the stte's wter restrictions. Mny Florid wter mngement districts limit irrigtion for the estblishment of newly instlled plnt mteril to dy (d) period. However, current reserch indictes tht plnt mteril trnsplnted into the lndscpe from 11.4 liter (L) nursery continers my require 6 to 12 months to fully estblish (Trenholm et l. 2002). A recent study conducted under rinout shelter in Apopk, FL reported tht Viburnum odortissimum were estblished 16 weeks fter plnting (WAP) bsed on comprisons of cumultive wter potentil (S Ψ ) between stressed (nonirrigted) nd unstressed (irrigted) V. odortissimum (Scheiber et l., 2007). Reducing irrigtion frequency from every 2 or 4 d to every 7 d delyed estblishment of Ilex cornut 'Burfordii Nn' by 4 to 8 weeks (Scheiber et l., 2007). Wter is one of the most limiting fctors in estblishing continer-grown shrubs in the lndscpe. Immeditely fter instlltion (the estblishment period), shrubs do not hve sufficient root system to compenste for the losses resulting from evpotrnspirtion without dequte irrigtion (Brnett, 1986; Gilmn et l., 1996; Montgue et l., 2004). Indequte irrigtion during the estblishment period cn result in reduced root growth (Blok nd Hilire, 2002; Witherspoon nd Lumis, 1986), vegettive growth (Shckel et l., 1997; Gilmn nd Beeson, 1996), nd reproductive growth (Shckel et l., 1997). Newly instlled shrubs receiving indequte irrigtion will likely hve symptoms of drought stress, resulting in decline in plnt helth nd qulity (Pittenger et l., 2001; Geisler nd Ferree, 1984) nd eventully in plnt deth (Ekes et l., 1990; Geisler nd Ferree, 1984). This cn result in significnt economic losses to the lndscping industry, becuse compnies often provide gurntee on plnt mteril for some time period following instlltion. Recent reserch reported incresed cnopy nd root growth during estblishment in response to incresed frequency of irrigtion (Stbler nd Mrtin, 2000; Mrshll nd Gilmn, 1998; Gilmn et l., 1996; Brnett, 1986). Cnopy growth of Ligustrum vulgre incresed to 4.9 ft 3 from 1.0 ft 3 when irrigtion frequency ws incresed from every 10 d to every 5 d (Brnett, 1986). A similr growth increse occurred s irrigtion frequency incresed (every 2, 5, or 10 d) on Ceslpini pulcherrim nd Cercidium floridum (Stbler nd Mrtin, 2000). Mrshll nd Gilmn (1998) reported incresed trunk dimeter (5.8 cm vs. 4.7 cm), height (3.4 cm vs. 2.7 cm), nd root mss (102.9 g vs g) of red mple s irrigtion incresed. Similrly, Hrris nd Gilmn (1993) reported greter regenerted root dry weight nd root volume when Ilex x ttenut 'Est Pltk' ws wtered more frequently. Irrigtion frequency ppers to be more importnt to tree estblishment thn the volume of irrigtion pplied. Gilmn et l. (1998) found tht irrigtion volume (11, 22, or 33 L) did not significntly ffect plnt growth or stem wter potentil of Quercus virginin, while reducing irrigtion frequency resulted in reduced cnopy nd root growth of continer grown trees compred to other production methods. Similrly, pech trees were 1

11 reportedly more influenced by irrigtion frequency (weekly or every 4 weeks) thn by volume (1 x crop evpotrnspirtion (ET c ) or 1.5 x ET c ) during estblishment. Trunk cross-sectionl re of pech trees ws reduced when irrigtion frequency ws reduced (Renquist, 1987). Additionlly, n increse in irrigtion volume (50, 75, or 100% replcement of ctul wter-use) did not result in incresed growth of Photini x frseri (Welsh et l., 1991). However, environmentl fctors including soil type (Kjelgren et l., 2000; Brnett, 1986), species drought tolernce (Scheiber et l., 2008; Shw nd Pittenger, 2004; Pittenger et l., 2001; Kjelgren et l., 2000), nd cultivr (Pine et l., 1992) my interct with irrigtion frequency to influence estblishment. Wter restrictions in Florid hve incresed interest in plnting ntive shrub species becuse they re often touted s hving lower wter needs thn non-ntive ornmentl species. However, reserch indictes tht wter use is more likely to be function of endemic hbitt (Scheiber et l., 2008), shrub morphology (King nd Wilson, 2006), nd shrub mturity (Stbler nd Mrtin, 2000) thn its ntivity. Scheiber et l. (2008) reported no differences in growth response or esthetic ppernce due to irrigtion tretment for 8 ntive nd 8 non-ntive species grown in north Florid. Only two species, which re endemic to swmps nd strems, showed incresed growth s response to irrigtion compred with no irrigtion (Scheiber et l., 2008). Additionlly, King nd Wilson (2006) reported no differences between ntive nd non-ntive species in response to irrigtion compred to no irrigtion, but did find differences between species s grouped by morphology. Forbs nd grminoids showed greter response to irrigtion thn woody nd cryptogmic species (King nd Wilson, 2006). Most of the reserch on the effects of irrigtion during estblishment hs been performed on trees. As result, few guidelines for irrigtion during shrub estblishment hve been developed. The objective of this study ws to evlute the impct of irrigtion frequency, volume, nd environmentl conditions on shrub estblishment. Abstrct This multi phse project exmined the effects of irrigtion frequency nd volume on qulity, survivl, nd growth of 3-gllon (11.4 L) continer grown shrubs during estblishment in Florid lndscpes. This project ws executed from 2003 through 2009 t four loctions in Florid (Ft. Luderdle, Blm, Apopk nd Citr, Florid representing most climtic zones in the stte. Shrubs were plnted from into the lndscpe from 3-gllon continers nd irrigtion ws pplied t vrying volumes (3, 6, or 9 L) nd frequencies (every 2, 4, 7, or 8 dys) depending on the phse of the study. Shrubs were successfully estblished by pplying 3 L of wter per irrigtion event (58 L totl) to the root bll nd soil djcent to the root bll t frequency of every 8 dys in north nd centrl Florid nd every 4 dys in south Florid for period of 20 weeks fter plnting. However, growth increses were seen with incresed irrigtion on some species, suggesting tht optiml growth my be chieved during the first 2 yers fter plnting when irrigtion frequency in north nd centrl Florid is incresed to every 4 dys nd irrigtion in south Florid is incresed to every 2 dys. Irrigting t lest every 2 (South Florid) or 4 dys (north nd centrl Florid) is recommended for survivl when plnting during extended dry periods. Supplementl irrigtion ws required in north, centrl, nd 2

12 south Florid fter regulr irrigtion ws discontinued (12-28 WAP depending on project phse). Supplementl irrigtion ws pplied up to 2 yers fter plnting only during extended periods of dry wether in order to mintin shrub survivl. Additionlly, the time needed to rech root spred to cnopy spred rtio of 1.0 when regulr irrigtion could be discontinued vried considerbly between species (from 12 to 104 WAP). The occsionl need for supplementl irrigtion nd the vribility in growth rtes between species suggest tht irrigtion needs during estblishment re contingent upon species nd rinfll conditions. Therefore, we recommend tht ll shrubs be monitored fter regulr irrigtion is discontinued for symptoms of wter stress for t lest the first 2 yers fter plnting. Study A. Irrigtion frequency nd volume study. - Citr, FL Mterils nd Methods Ilex cornut Lindl. & Pxt. Burfordii Nn, Pittosporum tobir Thunb. Vriegt, nd Viburnum odorotissimum Ker Gwl. obtined from commercil nursery in 11.4 liter continers were plnted My 27, 2004 into fine snd (Arredondo snd series) t the University of Florid s Plnt Science Reserch nd Eduction Unit in Citr, FL (USDA hrdiness zone 9). These three shrub species re commonly plnted in the southern prt of the US. Tx were plnted on 1.8 m centers with the top of the root bll positioned even with surrounding lndscpe soil. Circling roots t the edge of continers were not cut t plnting in ccordnce with lndscpe industry prctices. One plnt of ech species ws rndomly plnted in ech of the five blocks (15 plnts totl) in October 2003 (seven months before test plnts were instlled) in the sme mnner s test plnts. These more estblished plnts (clled indictor plnts) were irrigted with 9 L every 2 d for 9 months to encourge rpid estblishment. Indictor plnts were used to compre root to shoot rtios nd stem wter potentil with the test plnts. The entire plot ws mulched with cm long pine brk nuggets to depth of 8 cm (Florid Potting Soil, Orlndo, FL) immeditely fter plnting. A second (replicte) plot ws plnted Nov. 16, 2004 in the sme mnner nd djcent to the first plot. Two irrigtion frequencies (every 2 or 4 d) nd three irrigtion volumes (3, 6 or 9 L per plnt per irrigtion event) were evluted in 5 blocks, for totl of 30 plnts per species for ech plnting dte. The two irrigtion frequencies were rndomized within ech block; species nd irrigtion volume were rndomized within ech frequency. Ech plnt ws irrigted with three bubbler emitters (Model Shrubbler 360, Antelco, Longwood, FL) clibrted to deliver the desired volume. Ech emitter ws mounted 10.2 cm bove ground level with one emitter locted on the est nd west side of ech plnt, 15 cm from the outside of the rootbll, nd the third emitter positioned on the rootbll. Irrigtion ws switched on nd off using vlve controller (Model SVC, Hunter Industries Inc., Sn Mrcos, CA). Irrigtion begn t 0500 HR nd ws completed by 0600 HR ech dy. Flow meters (Model C700TP, ABS, Ocl, FL) were instlled for ech frequency block combintion to record irrigtion volume pplied. Regulr irrigtion ws discontinued 11 WAP. Supplementl irrigtion ws supplied when signs of wter stress (severe wilting) were pprent nd ws pplied to ech shrub consistent with the irrigtion frequency nd volume tretment tht ech shrub hd received. 3

13 Controlled-relesed fertilizer ws pplied every 3 months beginning 30 d fter trnsplnting t stndrd rte of 0.45 kg N/100 m 2 of 12N-0.9P-11.6K Southern Lndscpe Fertilizer (LESCO, Inc., Sebring, FL) uniformly brodcst to 0.84 m 2 re round ech plnt. Weeds were controlled with periodic hnd-pulling nd N- (phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphoste). Shrubs were not pruned during the study. Rinfll dt ws collected with wether sttion on site. To evlute shrub estblishment nd growth, cnopy height, gretest cnopy width (width 1), nd width perpendiculr to the gretest cnopy width (width 2) were mesured t plnting, nd t 26, 34, nd 52 WAP. These mesurements were used to clculte cnopy growth index (GI (m 3 ) = height width 1 width 2). Differences in initil shrub size t plnting were ccounted for by evluting cnopy growth. Cnopy growth ws clculted s follows: GI (m 3 ) - initil GI (m 3 ). Shrub qulity ws evluted bsed on visul estimte of plnt density nd diebck, ws rted t 52 WAP on scle of 1 (ded) to 9 (dense plnt, no diebck similr to the indictor plnts). Root spred rdius mesurements were mde t 26, 34, nd 52 WAP. Root spred ws mesured by gently removing the mulch lyer from section of soil pproximtely 30 cm wide just beyond the estimted edge of the root system on two opposite sides (est nd west) of the shrubs from ech tretment combintion, nd gently digging towrd the plnt until the outermost roots (those frthest from the trunk) were identified. Distnce between the trunk nd the frthest root ws recorded s root spred rdius. Mulch ws crefully spred bck into plce. Root spred rdius to cnopy rdius rtio ws clculted by dividing root spred rdius by the cnopy rdius. Cnopy rdius ws clculted by dividing verge dimeter of the cnopy by two. Cnopy dry weight nd root system dry weight were mesured t 64 WAP. The entire bove ground cnopy ws hrvested by severing the trunk t ground level. Two 1/8 th wedge-shped sections of the roots extending beyond the trunk were hrvested for totl of ¼ of the root system. Substrte nd soil were removed from roots. Shoot nd root mss were dried t 65 C until constnt dry weight ws obtined. Totl root system dry weight ws clculted by multiplying the hrvested weight by four. Root to shoot biomss rtio ws clculted by dividing totl root system dry weight by cnopy dry weight. Middy shoot wter potentil (Ψ w ) ws mesured on two replictes of ech tretment combintion for ll species including the estblished indictor plnts. Shoot wter potentil ws determined with pressure chmber (Model 3000; Soil Moisture Equipment Corp., Snt Brbr, CA) using compressed N, with pressure incresing t rte of 2.5 kp/s 2. Mesurements were mde on individul stem sections ( 10 cm long) t 19 WAP, which ws two months fter irrigtion ws discontinued. Cnopy GI, root spred rdius, root spred to cnopy rtio, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root dry weight to cnopy dry weight rtio, nd stem wter potentil were nlyzed seprtely for ech species using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS (Version 9.1, SAS Institute, Cry, NC). Men seprtion ws by Tukey's HSD Test (P < 0.05). 4

14 Due to non-norml distribution, lndscpe qulity rtings were nlyzed using the nonprmetric procedure outlined in Shh nd Mdden (2004). Lndscpe qulity rtings were first rnked using the PROC RANK procedure; the rnks were then used in PROC MIXED procedure to clculte ANOVA-type sttistic, which ws used to test the null hypothesis. Men seprtion ws by Tukey's HSD Test (P < 0.05). Ech plnting dte ws nlyzed seprtely. Results nd Discussion Irrigtion frequency nd volume hd no effect on P. tobir 'Vriegt' t ny time for ny mesured root or shoot prmeter during the study (dt not shown). This indictes tht these shrubs cn be estblished with 3 L of irrigtion pplied every 4 d under the conditions of this study. Applying more volume or irrigting more frequently did not increse survivl or growth. Irrigtion frequency nd volume did not ffect I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' nd V. odortissimum cnopy dry weight, root dry weight, root dry weight to cnopy dry weight rtio (My plnting: Tbles 1 nd 2; Nov plnting: dt not shown), nd stem wter potentil fter plnting (dt not shown). Similrly, Gilmn et l. (1998) reported tht growth of drought tolernt tree (Q. virginin Mill.) plnted from either continers or field nursery did not respond to incresing irrigtion volume during the months immeditely following plnting. V. odortissimum ws the only species where cnopy growth ws ffected by irrigtion tretment for plnts instlled in My V. odortissimum cnopy growth 26 WAP ws greter when irrigted every 2 d thn every 4 d, but these results did not persist through 34 or 52 WAP (Fig 2A). This indictes tht growth response to more frequent irrigtion only occurred while plnts were irrigted, with no lsting impct on growth once irrigtion cesed. Trees lso responded to more frequent irrigtion during estblishment with incresed growth, but the difference in size persisted for 5 yers (Gilmn et l., 2003). V. odortissimum cnopy density ws slightly, but significntly, reduced when shrubs received 6 L irrigtion compred with 3 or 9 L (Tble 2). Although I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' cnopy growth ws not influenced by irrigtion tretment, cnopy diebck ws significntly reduced when shrubs were irrigted every 2 d compred to every 4 d (P = 0.04) (Tble 3). V. odortissimum nd I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' instlled in Nov were influenced by irrigtion tretment. I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' cnopy growth ws greter t 26 WAP when irrigted with 6 L compred with 3 or 9 L every 4 d, but not with every 2 d irrigtion (P = 0.02) (Fig 2B). There ws no impct of irrigtion volume or frequency on I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' cnopy growth fter 26 WAP. V. odortissimum cnopy growth ws greter when supplied with 3 L irrigtion thn 6 or 9 L t 34 WAP (P = 0.03) (Fig 2C), but there ws no impct of irrigtion on V. odortissimum cnopy growth fter tht. Cnopy growth nd plnt qulity results, combined with results of pst reserch, suggest tht estblishment of these shrub species my be more influenced by environmentl conditions such s rinfll thn by the irrigtion frequency nd/or volume. Rinfll ws below verge for the first 4 WAP in My, during which time plnts were being irrigted; 5

15 in contrst, rinfll ws bove verge for the reminder of the irrigtion period (4-11 WAP) (Fig 3). Above verge rinfll continued through 20 WAP (Fig 2), which ws 9 weeks fter irrigtion cesed. Totl rinfll the first 6 months fter plnting ws 384 mm (15.12 in.) bove norml, which probbly negted ny irrigtion tretment effects. Other reserch showed reduced effects of irrigtion on cnopy growth (Stpe et l., 2008) or yield (Rzeknowski nd Rolbiecki, 2000) in the wetter yer of multiple yer study. Following the Nov. plnting, rinfll ws below verge for the 11 weeks, during which time irrigtion ws supplied; however, rinfll ws bove verge for pproximtely the next 16 weeks (Fig 3), which my hve negted ny irrigtion tretment effects when shrubs were mesured t 26, 34, or 52 WAP. Altogether, n dditionl 182 mm (7.2 in.) of rinfll occurred bove the historicl verge rinfll during the 16 weeks fter irrigtion ws discontinued. The different volumes nd frequencies of irrigtion pplied to the root bll nd to the smll re round the root bll did not pper to hve gretly influenced cnopy growth or helth of 11.4 L continer-grown shrubs in lndscpe soil under verge or bove verge rinfll conditions. Irrigting every 4 d with 3 L ppers to efficiently estblish shrubs of this size when verge rinfll occurs fter plnting. V. odortissimum root systems were not influenced by irrigtion tretment t ny time. Only I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' root spred nd root spred to cnopy spred rtio were influenced by irrigtion tretment. I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' root spred rdius t 26 nd 52 WAP (Fig 4A) nd root spred to cnopy spred rtio t 52 WAP (Fig 4B) were greter when shrubs received 3 or 9 L irrigtion compred to 6 L irrigtion in the My plnted plot. Root spred rdius ws not different mong min effect tretments for shrubs plnted in Nov., but the interction between irrigtion frequency nd volume on root spred to cnopy spred rtio ws significnt (P = 0.04) (Fig 4). I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' irrigted every 4 d produced the lest root spred to cnopy spred rtio when supplied with 9 L compred to 3 L (34, 52 WAP) or 6 L (26 WAP). In greement with Gilmn et l. (1996) this suggests tht pplying excessive irrigtion volume (in this cse 9 L) reduced root spred to cnopy spred rtio for this drought tolernt species, nd could increse the time needed for plnts to grow enough roots to survive without irrigtion. Other studies reported reduced root growth with incresing irrigtion during estblishment. For exmple, incresed irrigtion frequency in winter plnted Photini x frseri decresed growth; however, neither incresed frequency of irrigtion (every 3.5 or 7 d) nor incresed volume (50, 75, or 100% replcement of ctul wter use) significntly ffected growth of summer instlled plnts (Welsh et l., 1991). Our study found only slight influences in shrub growth from irrigtion frequency nd volume regrdless of the time of yer when dt ws collected. Although seson of plnting could not be compred in our study, it seems tht under conditions of regulr rinfll, V. odortissimum, P. tobir 'Vriegt', nd I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' shrubs were mostly estblished by bout 19 WAP when 3 L wter ws supplied every 4 d. This is indicted by the similrity of xylem wter potentil between test plnts of ll tretments nd estblished indictor plnts (dt not shown). However, significnt nd frequent rinfll occurred during much of the study. When the first prolonged dry period without rinfll for 33 d occurred fter irrigtion ws discontinued on the My plnted shrubs, single 6

16 irrigtion ppliction (Nov. 2004, Fig 3) ws needed to reduce wter stress s evidenced by wilting leves or shoots on the shrubs. Indictor plnts instlled 7 months prior to test plnts were not irrigted becuse they did not exhibit stress symptoms. This would indicte tht shrubs were not fully estblished nd therefore were not ble to sustin themselves on rinfll lone, even 6 months fter plnting. It is possible then tht during significnt periods of dry wether the first yer fter plnting shrubs my require occsionl irrigtion to mintin fvorble wter sttus. Irrigtion frequency ffected shrub growth during estblishment when similr study ws conducted on the sme three species under rin shelter (Scheiber et l., 2007). V. odortissimum receiving 3 L irrigtion every 7 d hd only 50% survivl. Additionlly, P. tobir 'Vriegt' nd V. odortissimum hd greter growth (e.g., lef re, shoot dry weight, totl biomss) when irrigted every 2 d compred with every 4 or 7 d. Since our dt showed little difference in plnt response between every 2 nd 4 d irrigtion frequencies in the outdoor environment, rinfll ppers very importnt in helping 11.4 liter continer-grown shrubs during the estblishment period. However, growth nd survivl of I. cornut Burfordii Nn under rin shelter were not ffected by irrigtion frequency indicting very high drought tolernce (Scheiber et l., 2007). Other reserch under rin shelter showed tht I. cornut Burfordii Nn could survive during the estblishment period when receiving irrigtion once every 14 d for 13 weeks fter plnting (Gilmn et l., 1996). While irrigtion did not generlly influence growth in our study (under norml or greter rinfll), Scheiber et l. (2007) suggested tht more frequent irrigtion my be necessry to estblish 11.4 L continer-grown shrubs under drier conditions. Reserch suggests tht smll continer-grown woody plnts instlled in the lndscpe do not respond to irrigtion with incresed growth (Pine et l., 1992). This is becuse there re mny roots on the outside surfce of the continer root bll compred with the inside of the root bll (Arnold nd Struve, 1993); wheres on woody plnts in lrger continers (Mrshll nd Gilmn, 1998; Stbler nd Mrtin, 2000), there re fewer roots on the outside surfce of the root bll compred with the inside. A lrge percentge of the totl plnt root re on the outside surfce of the root bll my offer smll plnts the dvntge of quicker estblishment (Wtson, 2005). This might explin why smll plnts my not respond to irrigtion when there is some rinfll in the months fter plnting to moisten soil surrounding the root bll. The lrger plnts remin stressed longer becuse there is lrge portion of the root system still present in the originl potting substrte even three yers fter plnting (Gilmn nd Kne, 1991). Gilmn et l. (1996) showed tht root contct with lndscpe soil on recently plnted continers is vitl to mnging postplnting stress, nd tht this contct is ttributed to the roots present on the outer periphery of the root bll. Summry Irrigtion frequency nd volume hd no effect on P. tobir 'Vriegt' nd miniml effect on I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' nd V. odortissimum. Our results suggest tht these shrub species cn be estblished with 3 L of irrigtion pplied every 4 d under the norml 7

17 rinfll conditions. Applying greter volumes of irrigtion did not increse shrub survivl or growth. Study B. Irrigtion frequency nd shrub estblishment under rin shelter - Apopk, FL Mterils nd Methods Plnting nd irrigtion tretments. I. cornut Burfordii Nn, P. tobir Vriegt, nd V. odorotissimum obtined from commercil nursery in 11.4 L continers were plnted on Aug. 11, 2004 into n excessively drined fine snd (Apopk fine snd series) under n open-sided cler polyethylene covered rinout shelter 4 m tll. Species were selected to represent tx with low, medium, nd high wter requirements, respectively. Clssifictions were bsed on plnt wter use efficiency estimtes for continerized specimens grown under nursery production conditions nd informtion grnered from survey conducted mong wholesle nursery growers regrding plnt irrigtion requirements (Beeson, 2000; Henley et l., 2000). Tx were plnted on 1.8 m centers in 1.5 m wide strips nd mulched with 7.5 to 10 cm pine brk nuggets to depth of 7.5 cm (Sunrise Lndscpe Supply, Orlndo, FL). Ares between strips were covered with single lyer of blck polypropylene ground cloth (0.6 m wide; BWI Compnies, Apopk, FL) to inhibit weed growth. Before trnsplnt, soil under the shelter ws sturted to depth of 0.6 m. To evlute the effect of irrigtion frequency on estblishment rte nd growth, ech species ws irrigted every 2, 4, or 7 d nd received 9 L of wter per plnt per irrigtion event. Ech plnt ws irrigted with three bubbler emitters (Model Shrubbler 360; Antelco, Longwood, FL) pplying 3 L ech. Ech emitter ws mounted 10.2 cm bove ground level with one emitter locted on the north nd one on the south side of ech plnt, 15 cm from the outside of the root bll, nd the third emitter positioned on the root bll. Irrigtion of ech bed ws controlled s seprte zone using n utomted irrigtion time clock (Model Sterling 12; Superior Controls Co., Vlenci, CA). Irrigtion begn t 0500 HR nd ws completed by 0600 HR ech dy. Flow meters (Model C700TP; ABS, Ocl, FL) were instlled for ech zone to record irrigtion volumes Mondy through Fridy. Weekend irrigtion volumes were included in totl volume recorded the next Mondy. In My, 2004, 6 replictes of ech species were plnted into compnion open field plot (Apopk fine snd series) to serve s control indictor plnts for wter potentil mesurement comprisons. Plnting occurred 3 months before instlltion of rinout shelter plnts to permit estblishment. Plots were irrigted s previously described. Only one plnt per species ws used for wter potentil mesurements on ech smpling dte. Fertiliztion of ech plot ws mnged using best mngement prctices (Trenholm et l., 2002). Controlled-relese fertilizer ws uniformly brodcst in ech bed re 30 d fter trnsplnting t stndrd rte of 0.91 kg N/100 m 2 of 12N 0.9P 11.6K Southern Lndscpe Fertilizer (LESCO, Sebring, FL). 8

18 Growth indices nd biomss. Mesurements of verge cnopy height, widest cnopy width (width 1), nd width perpendiculr to the widest width (width 2) were recorded to clculte growth indices (growth index = height x width 1 x width 2). All plnts were mesured immeditely fter plnting, monthly, nd t finl hrvest. The experiment ended Feb nd plnts immeditely hrvested. To clculte cnopy dry weight, shoots were severed t the soil line nd dried t 65º C until constnt dry weight ws obtined. To obtin new root dry weight, one-eighth segments of the soil volume outside of the root bll nd extending beyond the longest root in ech segment were removed from the north northest (NNE) nd south southwest (SSW) sides of ech plnt. Substrte or soil ws removed from roots, nd roots were dried s described for shoots. Dry weights of NNE nd SSW segments were summed nd multiplied by 4 to obtin totl new root dry weight. At trnsplnting, representtive smple of three plnt replictions per species were mesured nd dried s described to obtin initil vlues. Averge initil root dry weight in the root bll nd totl new root dry weight were summed to obtin n estimted totl root dry weight for clcultion of shoot-to-root biomss rtios. Root lengths were determined by mesuring the longest root extending from the center of the root bll in ech hrvested segment. Stem wter potentil nd lef gs exchnge mesurements. Shoot wter potentil (Ψw) ws mesured monthly on ll replictes of ech species for ech tretment beginning 8 WAP. Mesurements were mde t predwn, middy, nd dusk on the dy before irrigtion (stressed) nd the dy of irrigtion (unstressed). Shoot wter potentil ws determined with pressure chmber (Model 3000; Soil Moisture Equipment Corp., Snt Brbr, CA) using compressed N with pressure incresing t rte of 2.5 kp/s 2. Mesurements were mde on individul twigs (10 cm long). Cumultive dily wter stress integrls (S Ψ ) were clculted s described by Schulze et l. (1980) nd Beeson (1992). Are over the wter potentil curve ws integrted nd the bsolute vlue tken for ech species on ech smpling dte. G S mesurements were t 1000 HR, 1300 HR, nd 1600 HR on the sme smpling dtes described for shoot wter potentil. Mesurements were tken on two leves on ech plnt during ech smpling period with stedy stte porometer (LI-1600; LI-COR, Lincoln, NE). Climtic dt. Dily climtic dt were obtined from the Florid Automted Wether Sttion (FAWN) locted 50 m from the site. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) ws mesured within the rinout shelter with sunfleck ceptometer (Decgon Devices, Pullmn, WA) nd 12% reduction in PPF ws noted. Aesthetic qulity. Lndscpe qulity, bsed on esthetic ppernce, ws rted monthly by three subjects on scle of 1 (ded) to 5 (mounded, proportionl form; dense; complete coverge, no diebck). Rtings were verged cross subjects. Dt nlysis. The experiment ws conducted s rndomized complete block design with four blocks of single plnt replictes. Ech block contined ll three species nd ll three irrigtion frequency combintions for totl of nine plnts per block. Dt were nlyzed seprtely for ll species. Growth dt, consisting of finl plnt height, growth index, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, totl biomss, nd shoot-to-root rtio, were 9

19 nlyzed s one-wy nlysis of vrince with three irrigtion frequencies nd four replictions. Root length nd root dry weight were nlyzed seprtely by qudrnt s 3 2 fctoril with three irrigtion frequencies nd two qudrnts. Lndscpe qulity ws nlyzed using one-wy nlysis of vrince for ech smpling period. Cumultive wter stress integrl vlues nd g s were nlyzed s repeted mesures using split plot design with irrigtion frequency s the min plot nd dy s subplot (Snedecor nd Cochrn, 1980). Ech smpling dte ws nlyzed seprtely. Where significnt differences were indicted, men seprtion ws by Fisher protected lest significnce differences (Snedecor nd Cochrn, 1980). All nlysis ws conducted using SAS (version 8.1; SAS Institute, Cry, N.C.). Results nd Discussion Growth nd biomss. Survivl ws unffected by irrigtion frequency with the exception of V. odorotissimum. By 16 WAP, 50% of V. odorotissimum plnts irrigted every 7 d were ded. No other plnts of ny species died. For I. cornut Burfordii Nn, irrigtion frequency hd no effect on finl growth index, height, lef re, totl shoot nd root dry weight, new shoot nd root dry weight, totl biomss, or shoot-to-root biomss rtios. Bryl et l. (2003) reported similr results for Prunus persic (L.) Btsch Crimson Ldy irrigted t vrious frequencies with furrow or microjet irrigtion. Two- nd 4-d irrigtion frequencies incresed root extensions by 30% nd 17%, respectively, reltive to plnts irrigted every 7 d (Tble 10). Root dry weight ws greter in the northest segment (11.3 g) thn in the southwest sector (6.8 g). Mrshll nd Gilmn (1998) lso found more root growth on the northest side of red mples fter trnsplnt nd suggested the response my be the result of shding from the cnopy. For P. tobir Vriegt, finl height, totl root dry weight, new root dry weight, nd shoot-to-root biomss rtios were similr for ll irrigtion frequencies (dt not shown). However, plnts irrigted every 2 d hd greter lef re, shoot dry weight, biomss, nd finl growth index thn plnts irrigted every 4 or 7 d (Tble 11). Growth incresed by t lest 42% nd 52%, dependent on prmeter, if plnts received irrigtion every other dy reltive to pplictions every 4 or 7 d, respectively. Root lengths were 36% nd 50% greter, respectively, for P. tobir Vriegt receiving irrigtion every 2 d compred with 4 nd 7 d frequencies (Tble 10). For V. odorotissimum, irrigtion frequency did not ffect finl height, growth index, or shoot-to-root rtios (dt not shown). However, lef re, shoot dry weight, nd totl biomss were less for the 7 d frequency compred with the 2 d frequency (Tble 11). New root dry weight ws 2.3 times nd 14.1 times greter for plnts irrigted every 2 d compred with plnts irrigted every 4 or 7 d, respectively. Similr results were found for totl root dry weight with production mong 2 d frequency plnts incresing by 63% nd 147% versus 4 nd 7 d frequencies, respectively (Tble 10). V. odorotissimum irrigted every 2 d incresed root lengths by 1.3- nd 2.8-fold versus 4 nd 7 d tretments, respectively (Tble 10). Pour et l. (2005) reported lef, stem, nd root biomss of Pistsi ver L. decresed with incresing irrigtion intervls. Similr results were 10

20 reported for Acer nigrum Michx., Acer scchrum Mrsh., nd Coffe rbic L. (Azevedo et l., 2002; Grves, 1994). Wter potentils. Cumultive wter stress (S Ψ ) of I. cornut Burfordii Nn ws ffected by n irrigtion frequency stress dy interction (Fig. 9) with S Ψ rnging from 2.4 to 20.4 MP/h. On the dy before irrigtion (stressed), S Ψ (Fig. 9) ws greter nd predwn Y (dt not shown) more negtive for plnts irrigted every 7 d t 8 nd 12 WAP. Plnt stress declined (i.e., S Ψ ws less nd predwn Ψ becme less negtive) on the stressed dy s irrigtion frequency incresed. On the dy of irrigtion (unstressed), plnts were less stressed in comprison with the previous stressed dy, nd there were no differences mong irrigtion frequencies for ll mesurement dtes. Only plnts irrigted every 7 d on the dy before irrigtion hd higher S Ψ t 16 WAP. There were no differences in S Ψ by 24 WAP. Similr trends were observed for both middy (Ψ middy ) nd dusk (Ψ dusk ) wter potentils (dt not shown). Irrigtion frequency hd no ffect on P. tobir Vriegt wter potentil, nd interctions with stress dy were not significnt (P > 0.05). However, Ψ predwn, S Ψ (Tble 12), Ψ middy nd Ψ dusk (dt not shown) of P. tobir Vriegt were ffected by stress dy through 12 WAP. Wter stress ws lwys greter on the dy before irrigtion thn on the dy of irrigtion. By week 16, Ψ predwn, Ψ middy, Ψ dusk, nd S Ψ stress levels were similr mong irrigtion frequencies. However, t 24 WAP, S Ψ ws gin higher on the dy before irrigtion compred with irrigtion dy (Tble 13). This my be ttributed to new shoot growth flushes tht likely ltered shoot-to-root rtios. Rpid shoot to root blncing is essentil to prevent wter stress (Beeson, 1992; Gilmn et l., 1998; Montgue et l., 2000). Among V. odorotissimum plnts, Ψ predwn becme less negtive on irrigtion dy (unstressed) compred with the dy before irrigtion (stressed) t 8 nd 12 WAP (Tble 13). Similr results occurred for S Ψ t 12 WAP. An irrigtion frequency stress dy interction occurred t 8 WAP with lower S Ψ on irrigtion dy (dt not shown). Vlues rnged from 13.3 to 2.6 MP/h nd were lowest mong plnts irrigted every 2 d on irrigtion dy. By 16 WAP, tretment, stress dy, nd irrigtion frequency stress level dy effects were nonsignificnt (P > 0.05) for Ψ predwn, Ψ middy, Ψ dusk, nd S Ψ with the exception of middy stress dy effect t 20 WAP (dt not shown). When stress dy effects were significnt, wter stress ws greter the dy before irrigtion. Lef gs exchnge (g s ). On irrigtion dy for I. cornut Burfordii Nn, g s incresed compred with the dy before irrigtion t 8 nd 12 WAP (Tble 12). Irrigtion frequency only ffected g s t 12 WAP with greter men g s within the 2 d tretment compred with 4 nd 7 d tretments. Men g s ws significntly higher within the 4 d tretment compred with the 7 d tretment. Interctions were not significnt nd no differences for ny prmeter were evident by 16 WAP. Tretment nd stress dy effects on g s were found for P. tobir Vriegt t 8, 12, nd 20 WAP (Tble 12). Lef gs exchnge ws directly proportionl to irrigtion frequency for ll tretments with men g s declining from 2 to 7 d. On the dy before irrigtion (stressed), g s ws less thn on irrigtion dy (nonstressed) t 8 nd 20 WAP; however, t 11

21 12 WAP, g s ws less on irrigtion dy. Lower men g s vlues on irrigtion dy cnnot be explined. Correltions between g s nd environmentl fctors vpor pressure deficit, reference evpotrnspirtion, dily high temperture, reltive humidity, nd totl dily solr rdition were nonsignificnt (dt not shown). Despite tretment stress dy interction t 16 WAP (Tble 12), men g s ws highest for the 2 d irrigtion frequency on the dy of irrigtion nd lowest for the 7 d frequency the dy before irrigtion with men g s rnging from to 53.1 mmol/m 2, respectively (dt not shown). V. odorotissimum irrigted every 2 d hd higher men g s thn those irrigted every 4 nd 7 d t 8, 12, nd 16 WAP (Tble 12). No differences in men g s were found between 4 nd 7 d irrigtion frequencies with the exception of 16 WAP. By 20 WAP, irrigtion frequency effects were not significnt. Throughout the experiment, no effects resulting from stress dy were found, nd there were no interctions between irrigtion frequency nd stress dy. Similr results hve been reported for both herbceous nd woody ornmentls (Chu et l., 1995; Jimez et l., 1999; Tripepi et l., 1991). Tripepi et l. (1991) found dily irrigtion incresed g s mong Betul pendul Roth seedlings compred with 3 or 5 d irrigtion frequencies. Numerous methods for determining estblishment cn be found in the literture. Beeson (1994) considered Q. virginin Mill. estblished when differences between predwn nd dusk potentils were within 0.1 MP on irrigtion dy. No such trends were identified in the current study. Comprisons of predwn Ψ between trnsplnted nd estblished controls were used s n estblishment mesure for Acer pltnoides L. Schwedleri nd Tili cordt Mill. Greenspire (Montgue et l., 2000). Beeson nd Gilmn (1992) stte S Ψ is more sensitive mesure of diurnl wter stress thn predwn Ψ nd compred S Ψ between trnsplnted nd estblished plnts of Q. virginin (Beeson, 1994) nd Pinus elliottii Engelm. (Beeson nd Gilmn, 1992). However, we found both mesures were comprble estimtes of shrub estblishment. S Ψ differences between trnsplnted nd estblished indictor plnts were nonsignificnt by 20, 16, nd 16 WAP, respectively, for I. cornut Burfordii Nn, P. tobir Vriegt, nd V. odorotissimum (dt not shown). Predwn Ψ were similr t 16 WAP for ll species (dt not shown). In the current study, wter potentils between stressed nd unstressed plnts were lso not significnt t 16 WAP for ll species with the exception of I. cornut Burfordii Nn irrigted every 7 d on the dy before irrigtion (stressed). We found comprisons between stressed (non-irrigted) nd unstressed (irrigted) plnts is new method for estimting estblishment. This mesure of estblishment correlted with our estimtes of estblishment using comprisons of stress between trnsplnted nd estblished plnts, technique well documented in the literture (Beeson, 1994; Beeson nd Gilmn, 1992; Montgue et l., 2000). I. cornut Burfordii Nn trnsplnts were estblished within 16 to 20 WAP whether irrigted every 2 or 4 d. Irrigting shrubs every fourth dy insted of every second dy resulted in 100% reduction in irrigtion volume pplied with equivlent growth. Although estblishment ws delyed by 1 to 2 months if plnts were irrigted every 7 d, growth ws not reduced compred with irrigting every 2 or every 4 d. 12

22 Similr results were found for V. odorotissimum nd P. tobir Vriegt, except irrigtion frequency hd no effect on estblishment time. Plnts were estblished by 16 WAP, but differences in irrigtion volume pplied were significnt with 2, 4, nd 7 d tretments receiving 826.6, 424.7, nd L, respectively. Unlike I. cornut Burfordii Nn, growth nd esthetic qulity were reduced s the intervl between irrigtions incresed. Our protocol ws not designed to determine whether this ws incited by irrigtion frequency or volume. V. odorotissimum irrigted every 2 d hd greter root growth (i.e., mss nd length) compred with other irrigtion frequencies, nd shoot growth nd esthetic qulity ws reduced on plnts irrigted every 7 d (Tble 14). Furthermore, 50% of V. odorotissimum irrigted every 7 d died. Irrigting P. tobir Vriegt every 2 d incresed lef re, shoot dry weight, biomss, growth index, nd root length reltive to 4 nd 7 d tretments. Differences in growth re ssocited with higher g s rtes for plnts irrigted every 2 d. Reductions in g s in response to wter stress hve been reported for numerous herbceous nd woody species s n voidnce mechnism to reduce desicction nd conserve wter; however, photosynthesis declines nd growth is reduced (Clrk nd Hiler, 1973; Krmer, 1987; Montgue et l., 2000; Syros et l., 2004). Reductions in growth in response to declines in g s hve been reported for A. pltnoides Schwedleri nd T. cordt Greenspire. Montgue et l., (2000) found g s declined by 1.5 to 13 times for trnsplnted A. pltnoides Schwedleri trees compred with nontrnsplnted control trees; vlues rnged from 1.3 to 19.5 times for T. cordt Greenspire. Consequently, photosynthesis declined during the first growing seson nd stem re, shoot elongtion, lef size, nd totl lef re were significntly reduced mong trnsplnted trees (Montgue et l., 2000). Summry. Dt indicte tht for V. odorotissimum, I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' nd P. tobir Vriegt n irrigtion frequency of every 4 d is sufficient for estblishment within 16 WAP. However, growth of V. odorotissimum nd P. tobir Vriegt cn be enhnced by more frequent irrigtion. It must be noted the current study ws conducted in rinout structure to simulte mximum stress conditions nd effect of rinfll events could decrese estblishment times or increse growth rtes. Study C. Phse One - Irrigtion frequency nd shrub estblishment study- Citr, Blm, nd Ft. Luderdle, FL Mterils nd Methods Irrigtion frequency tretments. In north nd centrl Florid loctions (Citr nd Blm, Florid) three shrub species (I. cornut Burfordii Nn, P. tobir Vriegt, nd Viburnum odortissimum Ker Gwl) obtined from commercil nursery in 11.4 liter smooth-sided continers, were plnted t two sites in the stte of Florid: 1) Plnt Science Reserch nd Eduction Unit locted in north Florid (Citr, FL; Arredondo snd, USDA hrdiness zone 8b) nd 2) Gulf Cost Reserch nd Eduction Center locted in centrl Florid (Blm, FL; Zolfo fine snd or Seffner fine snd, hrdiness zone 9). Shrubs were plnted Sept nd 2005, Dec nd 2005, Mr nd 2006, nd June 2005 nd 2006, for totl of eight plnting dtes t 3 month intervls. 13

23 Three irrigtion frequencies (every 2, 4, or 8 d) were pplied t ech plnting dte rndomly to six plnt replictes t ech loction. Irrigtion ws terminted for ech plnting dte, irrigtion frequency, nd site combintion individully once shrub roots grew to the edge of the folige cnopy (within 12 to 22 WAP for ll plntings). Previous work suggested tht this species could survive t this site with little irrigtion once roots reched the edge of the cnopy (Gilmn et l., 2009). In the south Florid loction (Fort Luderdle, Florid), Psychotri nervos Swrtz, Aclyph wilkesin Müll. Arg., Murry pnicult Lkeview (L.) Jck nd Viburnum odortissimum Ker Gwl obtined from commercil nursery in 11.4 L (# 3) smooth sided pots, were plnted t the University of Florid, Fort Luderdle Reserch nd Eduction Center locted in south Florid (Fort Luderdle, FL; Mrgte fine snd, USDA hrdiness zone 10b). P. nervos, M. pnicult 'Lkeview' nd V. odortissimum shrubs were plnted in Sept. 2004, Dec. 2004, Mr. 2005, nd June 2005 nd irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d. A. wilkesin, M. pnicult 'Lkeview' nd V. odortissimum shrubs were plnted in Sept. 2005, Dec. 2005, Mr. 2006, nd June 2006 nd irrigted every 1, 2 or 4 d. Six replictes of P. nervos, A. wilkesin, nd M. pnicult 'Lkeview' shrubs were plnted for ech irrigtion frequency (3) nd plnting dte (4) combintion. Irrigtion for both experiments ws terminted pproximtely 28 weeks fter plnting (WAP) bsed on previous reserch. P. nervos is best grown s n understory plnt in prtil to full shde (Broscht nd Meerow, 1996; Gilmn, 1996). When P. nervos plnts re grown in full sun they require lot of wter (Gilmn, 1996). Becuse of poor performnce (plnt qulity rtings rnging from 4 to 5) under full sun conditions, P. nervos ws replced in the second experiment with A. wilkesin. Plnting nd irrigtion methods. For ll three sites, shrubs were plnted on 3.6 m centers t grde nd root blls were left undisturbed t plnting. Shrubs were mulched nd irrigtion ws instlled s described in study "A". Irrigtion frequency ws controlled using seprte zones nd n utomted irrigtion time clock (Model Sterling 12, Superior Controls Co., Inc., Vlenci, CA) in centrl nd south Florid or vlve controller (Model SVC, Hunter Industries Inc., Sn Mrcos, CA) in north Florid. Irrigtion in zones north nd south Florid begn t 0800 HR nd ws completed by 0830 HR; irrigtion in centrl Florid begn t 0200 HR nd ws completed by 0230 HR. Irrigtion ws terminted for ech plnting dte, irrigtion frequency, nd site combintion individully once shrub roots grew to the edge of the folige cnopy (within 12 to 22 WAP for ll plntings). Previous work suggested tht these three shrub species could survive t their sites with little irrigtion once roots reched the edge of the cnopy (Gilmn et l., 2009). Shrub plots were mintined s in study "A". Cumultive monthly rinfll dt ws collected t ech plnting loction from Florid Automted Wether Network (FAWN) sttions locted within 50 m of the plnting sites (Figure 1). Historicl monthly rinfll volumes were collected from the Ntionl Ocenic nd Atmospheric Administrtion (Ntionl Ocenic nd Atmospheric Administrtion, 2002). After utomted irrigtion ws terminted, supplementl irrigtion (3 L per plnt) 14

24 ws supplied periodiclly to ll shrubs for tht plnting dte over the two yer postplnting period, only when signs of wter stress (severe wilting) were pprent nd rinfll ws less thn 6 mm in ny 24 hr period consecutively for 32 d (Figure 1). Plnt survivl nd qulity. Qulity (plnt density nd diebck) ws visully rted on scle of 1 (ded plnt) to 9 (dense, full cnopy with no diebck) t 28, 52, nd 104 WAP. Additionlly, plnt survivl ws documented t 28, 52, nd 104 WAP for V. odortissimum, I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn', nd P. tobir 'Vriegt'. Growth index. Growth index (GI) ws used s quntittive indictor of plnt growth s in Study "A" on three plnt replictes per tretment. GI ws recorded t 0 (dte of plnting), 28, 52, nd 104 WAP for V. odortissimum, P. nervos, M. pnicult 'Lkeview', nd A. wilkesin nd t 0, 4, 8, 12, 20, 28, 52, 64, 76, 88, nd 104 WAP for I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' nd P. tobir 'Vriegt'. Root spred nd root to cnopy spred rtio. Root spred ws mesured on three plnt replictes per irrigtion frequency s in study "A". Root spred rdius root spred to cnopy spred rtio were clculted s in study "A". Root spred ws mesured on V. odortissimum, P. nervos, M. pnicult 'Lkeview', nd A. wilkesin t 28, 52, nd 104 WAP nd on I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' nd P. tobir 'Vriegt' t 12, 20, 28, 52, 64, 76, 88, nd 104 WAP. Dry biomss. The entire bove ground cnopy (shoots) ws hrvested from three plnt replictes per irrigtion tretment per plnting dte t 52 nd 104 WAP. Two wedgeshped sections of soil contining pproximtely ⅛ (zones 8b nd 10b) or ¼ (zone 9) of the soil volume contining roots (extending beyond the trunk) were excvted from northest nd southwest sides of the sme shrubs where the cnopy ws hrvested. Cnopy nd root biomss were processed to remove soil nd dried s in study "A". Totl cnopy biomss, root biomss, nd cnopy to root biomss rtio ws then clculted s in study "A". Experimentl design nd dt nlysis. The experiment ws designed s rndomized complete block design with 3 irrigtion frequencies pplied rndomly to 6 plnt replictes within ech block (plnting dte). The field loction for ech of the eight plnting dtes ws ssigned rndomly t ech loction. Cnopy GI, root to cnopy spred rtio nd verge root spred were nlyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS (SAS Institute, 2003) with WAP s repeted mesure (V. odortissimum, P. nervos, M. pnicult 'Lkeview', nd A. wilkesin) or were nlyzed seprtely for ech loction by WAP (I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' nd P. tobir 'Vriegt'). For nlysis of GI, initil GI (0 WAP) ws included in the model s covrite to ccount for vrition in initil plnt size t different plnting dtes. Qulity, survivl nd hrvest biomss dt were nlyzed seprtely for ech loction t 28, 52, nd 104 WAP (s pplicble). Hrvest biomss (biomss rtio, shoot biomss nd root biomss) ws nlyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS (SAS Institute, 2003). Plnt qulity nd density dt were nlyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX progrm in SAS (SAS Institute, 2003) using the multinomil distribution nd the cumultive logit link function. Plnt survivl ws 15

25 nlyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX progrm in SAS (SAS Institute, 2003) using the binomil distribution nd the logit link function. Ded plnts were treted s missing dt. All pir-wise comprisons were completed using the Tukey test with significnce level of α = Results nd Discussion Plnt survivl. Irrigtion frequency during estblishment hd no significnt effect on survivl of field plnted V. odortissimum t ny loction (dt not shown). However, in south Florid, 25% of the V. odortissimum plnted between Sept nd June 2005 tht were irrigted every 8 d were ded by 52 WAP, compred with 0 nd 8.3% of the plnts irrigted every 2 nd 4 d (respectively). These results were similr to those reported by Scheiber et l. (2007), where more thn hlf the V. odortissimum irrigted every 7 d under rinout shelter hd died by 16 WAP. Therefore, the 8 d irrigtion tretment ws removed from the study in south Florid, becuse lthough survivl ws not sttisticlly significnt, the 8d tretment resulted in too mny ded plnts to be prcticl for most lndscpe pplictions. Irrigtion frequency hd no effect on survivl of I. cornut Burfordii Nn or P. tobir Vriegt in north or centrl Florid or on P. nervos, M. pnicult 'Lkeview', or A. wilkesin shrubs in south Florid (dt not shown). Rinfll my hve negted ny irrigtion tretment effects on shrub survivl (Figure 1A, B nd C). Scheiber et l. (2008) lso reported tht multiple shrub species, including P. tobir Vriegt, I. glbr (L.) A. Gry, nd I. vomitori Sol. Ex Aiton 'Nn', survived under norml rinfll conditions in Florid fter receiving regulr irrigtion for only 11 weeks. Plnt qulity. Irrigtion frequency lso hd no significnt effect on qulity of V. odortissimum (ll loctions), I. cornut Burfordii Nn, P. tobir Vriegt (north nd centrl Florid), P. nervos, M. pnicult 'Lkeview' or A. wilkesin (south Florid) t 28, 52, or 104 WAP (dt not shown), despite sesonl differences in the cumultive mount of rinfll tht occurred following plnting (Figure 1A, B, nd C). Results of V. odortissimum differ from nd results of I. cornut Burfordii Nn concur with those of Scheiber et l. (2007). Scheiber et l. (2007) reported tht the esthetic qulity of V. odortissimum ws reduced when irrigted every 7 d when compred to plnts wtered every 2 or 4 d, but esthetic qulity of I. cornut Burfordii Nn did not show tretment differences when plnted under rinout shelter in centrl, FL. However, it is likely tht the differences between our findings those of Scheiber et l. (2007) for V. odortissimum my be due to the influence of rinfll. The study by Scheiber et l. (2007) ws conducted under rinout shelter, thereby eliminting the effect of rinfll events, while the plnts in our study, received irrigtion s supplement to nturl rinfll events (Figure 1A, B, nd C). Similrly, Fitzptrick nd Burch (1986) ttributed the lck of irrigtion effect (0, 1, or 3 times per week) on qulity of Murry pnicult L. Jck fter 2 months in the field in south Florid to the influence of rinfll events. Pine et l. (1992) lso reported no significnt effect of irrigtion frequency (irrigted every 1, 3, 5 or 7 d) on visul ppernce (esthetics) of Cenothus griseus vr. horizontlis (Trel.) McMinn, Rhmnus clifornic (Eschsch.) A. Gry, nd Photini frseri Dress when plnts received the sme totl volume of irrigtion. 16

26 Growth index. Irrigting V. odortissimum every 2 d in north Florid resulted in lrger plnts t 28 nd 104 WAP thn irrigting every 4 or 8 d (Tble 4). Additionlly, I. cornut Burfordii Nn plnted in north Florid nd irrigted every 2 d hd greter GI thn shrubs irrigted every 8 d (52 nd 88 WAP) or every 4 or 8 d (64 nd 76 WAP) (Figure 6A). Growth index ws lso greter for P. tobir Vriegt plnted in north Florid nd irrigted every 2 d when compred with shrubs irrigted every 8 d from 12 to 104 WAP (Figure 6B). These results re supported by the findings of Scheiber et l.(2007), who reported tht V. odortissimum plnts grown in rinout shelter in Apopk, FL nd irrigted every 2 d were lrger thn plnts irrigted every 4 or 7 d with 9 L of wter per irrigtion event. Scheiber et l. (2007) lso reported n increse in cnopy growth index for P. tobir Vriegt plnts irrigted every 2 d under rinout shelter compred with plnts irrigted every 4 or 7 d. In centrl Florid, V. odortissimum irrigted every 2 d were significntly lrger thn those irrigted every 8 d; however, there ws no difference in GI for plnts irrigted every 2 nd 4 d (Tble 4). In ddition, irrigtion frequency hd no effect on the GI of I. cornut Burfordii Nn or P. tobir Vriegt (dt not shown). Similrly, there were no differences in GI t 28, 52, or 104 WAP in south Florid when V. odortissimum ws irrigted using the 2 nd 4 d frequencies (Tble 4) P. nervos nd M. pnicult 'Lkeview' shrubs irrigted every 2 d in south Florid hd lrger GI t 28 WAP in yer one when compred with plnts irrigted every 8d; but, there were no differences in GI of P. nervos or M. pnicult 'Lkeview' t 52 or 104 WAP. Growth index ws not different in yer two for M. pnicult 'Lkeview' or A. wilkesin shrubs when irrigted every 1, 2, or 4 d (dt not shown). It ppers tht irrigtion nd rinfll during the first 28 WAP were sufficient to void wter stress nd reduced shoot growth in south Florid, when shrubs were irrigted t lest every 4 d. These results differed from those reported by Scheiber et l. (2007), probbly due to the influence of rinfll events in our study or climtic differences (Figure 1A, B, C). Other studies lso confirm tht incresing irrigtion of woody plnts in the lndscpe results in greter growth (e.g. trunk dimeter, crown spred, height, etc.) (Gilmn et l., 1998; Mrshll nd Gilmn, 1998; Pine et l., 1992; Stbler nd Mrtin, 2000). Pine et l. (1992) reported no significnt differences in growth of Cenothus griseus vr. horizontlis, Rhmnus clifornic, nd Photini x frseri due to irrigtion frequency (every 1, 3, 5 or 7d). However, ll plnts studied by Pine et l. (1992) received the sme totl volume of wter (522 L or 63.8% ET o ) over the 14 week period regrdless of irrigtion frequency, while the plnts in our study (nd the other studies tht support our findings) received less wter when irrigtion frequency ws reduced. Root spred. Applying irrigtion to the root bll nd smll re round the root bll did not restrict roots to this volume of soil; roots of ll shrub species grew freely into soil outside this re. Irrigtion frequency did not ffect the root spred rdius of V. odortissimum plnted in north or centrl Florid (zones 8b or 9) (Tble 5). However, roots spred frther from the bse of the shrub by 52 WAP when plnts grown in south 17

27 Florid (zone 10b) were irrigted every 2 d compred with those irrigted every 4 d (Tble 5). Brnett (1986) lso reported tht roots of frequently irrigted (frequent irrigtion schedule: dily [0-4 WAP], every 5 d [5-11 WAP], nd every 6 d [11-21 WAP]) Ligustrum vulgre Lodense extended n verge of 45 cm from the plnt crown by 21 WAP compred with only 30 cm for plnts irrigted less frequently (infrequent irrigtion schedule: dily [0-4 WAP], every 10 d [5-11 WAP], nd every 12 d [11-21 WAP]). Roots of shrubs (Brnett, 1986) nd trees (Mrshll nd Gilmn, 1998) growing in moist temperte climtes spred fr beyond the re of the soil tht ws moistened during the irrigtion events, indicting tht wetting the root bll nd the soil immeditely round the root bll provides the plnts with the cpcity to explore lrge volume of soil beyond the wetted zone. In north Florid the roots of I. cornut Burfordii Nn irrigted every 2 d extended further from the trunk bse thn shrubs irrigted every 8 d t 20, 28, 52, 64, nd 88 WAP (Figure 7A). Root spred of I. cornut Burfordii Nn irrigted every 2 d were significntly greter thn for shrubs irrigted every 4 d t 28 nd 64 WAP only (Figure 7A). Comprble results were noted for P. tobir Vriegt, where root spred ws greter for shrubs irrigted every 2 d compred with plnts irrigted every 8 d t 20, 28, 64, 76, nd 88 WAP (Figure 7B). In the cse of P. tobir Vriegt, the 2 d frequency produced greter root spred thn plnts irrigted every 4 d t 64 WAP only (Figure 7B). Other studies hve reported n increse in root growth when irrigtion frequency incresed (Hrris nd Gilmn, 1993; Mrshll nd Gilmn, 1998). Frequently irrigted (irrigted dily from 2 to 9 WAP then every 2 d from 9 to 24 WAP) red mples hd greter number of roots thn the infrequently irrigted tretments (weekly from 2 to 3 WAP, every 3 d from 4 to 9 WAP, nd every 10 d from 10 to 19 WAP) t 24 WAP (Mrshll nd Gilmn, 1998) nd 5 yers (Gilmn et l., 2003) fter plnting. This further supports the ide tht irrigtion frequency during estblishment my continue to influence root growth long fter plnts re estblished. Irrigtion tretment effects on root extension for shrubs plnted in north Florid were significnt through 88 WAP, long fter the plnts were considered estblished. In contrst, irrigtion frequency did not influence root spred of I. cornut Burfordii Nn nd P. tobir Vriegt when plnted in centrl Florid. Ner-norml (historicl men) rinfll tht occurred in the centrl Florid loction during most of the study period my hve msked the influence of irrigtion frequency (Figure 1B). The dt suggest tht irrigtion my not need to be pplied more tht once every 8d when ner norml rinfll occurs fter plnting. The longest drought in the centrl Florid loction occurred from Feb Jun nd differed from the historicl verge for tht loction by only 159 mm compred with reduced cumultive rinfll of 351 mm in the north Florid loction during tht sme period (Figures 1A, B). Shoot biomss. Irrigtion frequency did not ffect dry shoot biomss for V. odortissimum plnted in centrl Florid (Tble 7). In north Florid, plnts irrigted every 2 d produced significnt more dry shoot biomss t 52 nd 104 WAP compred to plnts irrigted every 4 nd 8 d (Tble 7). There ws lso significnt irrigtion frequency effect on shoot biomss for shrubs grown in south Florid, where plnts 18

28 irrigted every 2 d produced more shoot biomss thn plnts irrigted every 4 d by 52 WAP (Tble 6). Pour et l. (2005) lso reported up to 50% to 68% increse in stem nd lef dry biomss for Pistci ver L. when irrigtion ws pplied dily compred to every 3 or 7 d, respectively. Irrigtion frequency hd no significnt effect on the cnopy dry weight of I. cornut Burfordii Nn or P. tobir Vriegt t 52 or 104 WAP when plnted in centrl Florid (Tble 8, 9). In north Florid, I. cornut Burfordii Nn irrigted every 2 d hd greter cnopy dry weight thn shrubs irrigted every 4 or 8 d t 52 nd 104 WAP, while P. tobir Vriegt hd greter cnopy dry weight thn shrubs irrigted every 8 d t 52 WAP nd every 4 nd 8 d t 104 WAP (Tble 8, 9). Comprble results were reported by Scheiber et l. (2007), where shoot dry weight ws lrger for P. tobir Vriegt. nd V. odorotissimum irrigted every 2 d compred with plnts irrigted every 4 or 7 d. Other studies lso found tht cnopy dry weight incresed with incresing irrigtion frequency (Knox nd Zimet, 1988; Mrshll nd Gilmn, 1998; Stbler nd Mrtin, 2000). Although, there were no differences in P. nervos or M. pnicult 'Lkeview' GI t 52 or 104 WAP, shoot dry weight t 52 WAP ws greter for P. nervos nd M. pnicult 'Lkeview' irrigted every 2 d thn every 8 d (Tble 6). However, there were no differences between shoot dry weight of M. pnicult 'Lkeview' or A. wilkesin when irrigted every 1, 2, or 4 d. We suspect tht irrigtion frequency during the first 28 WAP hd crry-over effect on shoot dry weight t 52 WAP. Gilmn et l. (1998) reported similr crry-over effect in the second yer of production observing tht trees grew fster when irrigted frequently for the first 41 WAP thn when irrigted infrequently for the first 26 WAP. Root biomss. Irrigtion frequency did not ffect dry root biomss of I. cornut Burfordii Nn, P. tobir Vriegt, or V. odortissimum t 52 or 104 WAP when plnted in north or centrl Florid (Tble 7, 8, 9) or P. nervos, M. pnicult 'Lkeview', nd A. wilkesin when plnted in south Florid (Tble 6) similr to Gilmn et l. (1996). However, in south Florid, irrigtion pplied every 2 d to V. odortissimum resulted in significntly more root biomss t 52 nd 104 WAP thn from plnts irrigted every 4 d (Tble 7). Similrly, Mrshll nd Gilmn (1998) reported tht frequently irrigted (frequent irrigtion schedule: 38 L of wter dily [2-9 WAP], nd every 2 d [10-24 WAP]) Acer rubrum L. trees hd more new root biomss 5 months fter trnsplnt thn infrequently irrigted trees (infrequent irrigtion schedule: 38 L of wter every 7 d [2-3 WAP], every 3 d [4-9 WAP], every 10 d [10-19 WAP], nd no irrigtion [20-24 WAP]). Similr results were lso reported for Pistci ver L. (Pour et l., 2005), Acer nigrum Michx., nd Acer sccchrum Mrsh. (Grves, 1994). Root to cnopy rtio. Irrigtion frequency hd no significnt effect on root to cnopy spred rtio of I. cornut Burfordii Nn, P. tobir Vriegt, or V. odortissimum plnted in north or centrl (dt not shown) or on P. nervos, M.pnicult 'Lkeview' (Tble 6), or A. wilkesin plnted in south Florid. In south Florid, V. odortissimum irrigted every 4 d hd lrger root to cnopy spred rtio by 28 WAP compred with plnts irrigted every 2 d, indicting period of ctive root growth nd decresed shoot 19

29 growth (Tble 5). By 52 WAP, this trend ws reversed (nd it held through 104 WAP), where plnts wtered every 2 d hd higher root to cnopy spred rtio thn those irrigted every 4 or 8 d (Tble 5). A root extension to cnopy spred rtio of pproximtely 1.0 indictes tht the roots hve grown to the edge of the shoot cnopy nd tht the root system is sufficiently developed to compenste for dily wter losses from the cnopy under norml rinfll conditions. By 28 WAP, V. odortissimum plnted in north, centrl, nd south Florid hd root to shoot spred rtio greter thn 1.0 (Tble 5). Studies hve suggested tht trees re fully estblished once the root to cnopy spred rtio reches vlue between 1.7 nd 3 (Gilmn, 1998). Four cultivrs of Juniperus chinensis L. reched men root to cnopy spred rtio of 2.75 three yers fter plnting; rtios vried from pproximtely 1.0 to 4.3 depending on the shpe of the cnopy (Gilmn nd Kne, 1991). Juniper cultivrs with wide spreding cnopy form ( Pfitzerin nd Hetzii ) hd lower root to cnopy rtio (root to cnopy spred rtio pproximtely 1.0 to 2.2) compred with cultivrs with more upright cnopy (root to cnopy spred rtio pproximtely 2.0 to 4.3). Therefore, our V. odortissimum shrubs, which hve wide spreding cnopy, my hve been nerly estblished by 28 WAP. Estblishment t 28 WAP is further supported by continued root nd shoot growth without decline in qulity through 104 WAP when receiving only limited supplementl irrigtion (5, 4, nd 2 times in north, centrl, nd south Florid, respectively) (Figure 1A, B, nd C). During the course of the study, supplementl irrigtion (3 L per plnt) ws pplied by hnd when signs of wter stress (e.g., severe wilting) were pprent nd rinfll ws less thn 6 mm (0.25 in.) in ny 24 hr period consecutively for 32 d (Figure 1A, B, nd C). Gilmn et l. (2009) reported tht shrubs plnted in the lndscpe from 11.4 L continers begn declining (following the cesstion of regulr irrigtion t 11 WAP) when rinfll ws bsent for 35 d. The root spred to cnopy spred rtio of I. cornut Burfordii Nn or P. tobir Vriegt shrubs exceeded vlue of 1.0 by 28 WAP, t which time regulr irrigtion hd been discontinued. This indictes tht the roots hd grown to the edge of the shoot cnopy nd tht the root system ws sufficiently estblished to compenste for dily wter loss under the ner norml rinfll conditions of this study (Figure 1A nd B). Root spred to cnopy spred rtio of both species in north nd centrl Florid t 52 WAP ws similr to other well estblished shrub species mesured three yers fter plnting from 11.4 L continers (Gilmn nd Kne, 1991). A stble root to shoot rtio suggests tht shrubs hve estblished the nturl reltionship between root nd shoot growth for tht species. Gilmn nd Beeson (1996) reported similr response of 5 cm cliper Quercus lurifoli Michx. plnted from fbric continers or field grown. Root pruned trees regenerted sufficient roots to fill the sme soil volume with roots one yer fter trnsplnting s before trnsplnting (Gilmn nd Beeson, 1996). In south Florid, P. nervos hd root spred to cnopy spred rtio of 1.0 t pproximtely 104 WAP, while M. pnicult 'Lkeview' reched rtio of 1.0 by 52 WAP (dt not shown). A. wilkesin plnts reched root spred to cnopy spred rtio of 1.0 by 28 WAP, while M. pnicult 'Lkeview' shrubs hd rtio of 1.0 by 52 WAP. As such, we speculte tht once the root to shoot blnce ws restored for P. nervos nd M. pnicult 'Lkeview', shoot growth incresed resulting in no difference in shoot dry 20

30 weight or GI t 104 WAP (Tble 6). Severl reports confirm tht smller field grown trees s well s continer grown trees will estblish quicker in the lndscpe thn lrger trees becuse roots come into blnce with shoots sooner (Wtson, 1985; Beeson nd Gilmn, 1992; Gilmn nd Beeson, 1996). Summry Under norml rinfll conditions, n irrigtion frequency of every 4 to 8 d ws sufficient to estblish 11.4 L continer grown shrubs in north nd centrl Florid, lthough growth my increse with more frequent irrigtion for some species. More frequent irrigtion, every 2 to 4 d ws most effective for estblishing 11.4 L shrubs in south Florid. Shrubs reched root spred to cnopy spred rtio of 1.0 between 12 nd 104 WAP, nd were therefore considered nerly estblished by tht time. Supplementl irrigtion ws needed during extended periods of dry wether fter regulr irrigtion ws discontinued. Study D. Phse Two - Irrigtion frequency nd shrub estblishment study using 6 ntive nd 6 non-ntive shrub species - Citr, Blm, nd Ft. Luderdle, FL Mterils nd Methods Twelve shrub species (Tble 1) (6 ntive to Florid nd 6 non-ntive) obtined from commercil nursery in 11.4 L (# 3) continers, were plnted t the Plnt Science Reserch nd Eduction Unit locted in north Florid, the Gulf Cost Reserch nd Eduction Center locted in west centrl Florid, nd Fort Luderdle Reserch nd Eduction Center locted in southest Florid. Sites nd soil conditions were s in phse one. Shrubs were plnted in Dec nd June 2007 t the Plnt Science Reserch nd Eduction Unit locted in north Florid, the Gulf Cost Reserch nd Eduction Center locted in centrl Florid, nd Fort Luderdle Reserch nd Eduction Center locted in south Florid. Due to irrigtion mlfunctions in the Dec instlltion t the Gulf Cost Reserch nd Eduction Center locted in centrl Florid, n dditionl plot ws instlled t tht loction in Dec Shrubs were instlled nd mintined using procedures described in phse one. Shrubs t the Blm nd Citr sites were irrigted with 3 L every 4 d. Shrubs t the Fort Luderdle site were irrigted with 3 L every 2 d. Six replictes were evluted for ech plnting seson. Emitters nd irrigtion ppliction system were instlled s in phse one. Irrigtions begn t 0800 HR nd were completed by 0830 HR. Flow meters (Model C700, AMCO, Ocl, FL) were instlled for ech irrigtion tretment to confirm wter volume being pplied to ech row. Irrigtion ws discontinued t 20 WAP. Dt collected (cnopy height, cnopy width, density, diebck, root spred rdius, cnopy dry weight, nd root dry weight) were mesured s in phse one. Cnopy dt ws collected t 0, 4, 8, 12, 20, 28, nd 52 WAP. Root spred rdius ws collected t 12, 20, 28, nd 52 WAP. Cnopy nd root dry weights were collected t 52 WAP. The experiment ws designed s rndomized complete block design with 1 irrigtion frequency pplied to 6 replictes of 12 shrub species (6 Florid ntive species nd 6 non- 21

31 ntive species) within ech plnting dte (plnting dte = block). Plnting dte nd ntive nested within species were included in the model s rndom effects. The field position for the two plnting dtes ws ssigned rndomly t ech loction. Dt ws nlyzed seprtely for ech loction in Florid. Plnt qulity dt were nlyzed t 20, 28, nd 52 WAP using the PROC GLIMMIX progrm in SAS (SAS Institute, 2003) using the multinomil distribution nd the cumultive logit link function. Shrub growth index, root spred, nd root to cnopy spred rtio were nlyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (SAS Institute, 2003) using the gmm distribution nd the log link function. Hrvest biomss dt for centrl nd south Florid were lso nlyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (SAS Institute, 2003) using the gmm distribution nd the log link function. However, hrvest biomss dt for north Florid were nlyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure. For nlysis of GI, log of the initil GI (0 WAP) ws included in the model s covrite to ccount for vrition in initil plnt size t different plnting dtes. All pir-wise comprisons were completed using the Tukey test with significnce level of α = Results nd Discussion Growth nd qulity. There were no differences in growth of shoots nd roots, or esthetic qulity of ntive versus non-ntive shrubs t ny of the plnting loctions. This ws consistent with the results from Phse one, suggesting tht shrubs plnted in north nd centrl Florid could be estblished from 11.4 L continers with n irrigtion regimen of 3 L pplied every 4 or 8 d for 20 WAP. In south Florid, shrubs could be estblished with 3 L irrigtion every 2 d for 20 WAP when rinfll conditions were norml or bove verge. Our results re similr to those of Scheiber et l. (2008), who found tht neither ntive species, nor non-ntive species were s group more responsive to irrigtion. Growth of 2 of 10 ntives nd 2 of 10 non-ntives incresed when irrigted (dily for 17 d, then every 2 d for 7 weeks, then every 7 d) (Scheiber et l., 2008). Enhnced growth of irrigted shrubs seemed to be ssocited with species hbitt preference, since ll species tht incresed in growth s response to irrigtion were ntive to wet hbitts (Scheiber et l., 2008). Additionlly, Scheiber et l. (2008) found no differences in esthetic qulity between irrigted nd non-irrigted ntives nd non-ntive species under norml or greter rinfll conditions Root spred to cnopy spred rtio. There were no differences in the root spred to cnopy spred rtio of ntive nd non-ntive shrubs. Both ntive nd non-ntive shrubs pproched root spred to cnopy spred rtio of 1.0 by 28 WAP nd hd exceeded 1.0 by 52 WAP. Shrubs in north nd south Florid hd reched rtio of 1.0 by 20 WAP. These results differ from those in Phse one, where different shrub species were plnted. During phse one, V. odortissimum reched root to shoot rtio of 1.0 by 28 WAP in ll three plnting loctions; I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' nd P. tobir 'Vriegt' reched root to shoot rtio of 1.0 by 28 WAP in north nd centrl Florid; P. nervos, M. pnicult 'Lkeview', nd A. wilkesin in south Florid reched root to shoot rtio of 1.0 by 104, 52, nd 28 WAP respectively. Root spred to cnopy spred rtio of tree species hs been reported to be species dependent (Rogers, 1933; Rogers nd Vyvyn, 1934; Gilmn nd Kne, 1991; Kummerow et l., 1977), but roots generlly extended 2 to3 times the distnce from trunk to dripline on estblished nursery grown trees (Rogers, 22

32 1933; Rogers nd Vyvyn, 1934) nd 1.7 to 3.7 times the dripline for shrubs (Gilmn nd Kne, 1991). Shrubs my be considered fully estblished when the root spred to cnopy spred rtio is stble (Gilmn nd Kne, 1991). Root spred to cnopy spred rtio continued to increse throughout the 52 week period of study in phse two, which suggests tht shrubs my be nerly estblished t 52 WAP nd ble to compenste for evpotrnspirtion losses without dditionl irrigtion under norml or greter rinfll conditions. Shrubs, ntive or non-ntive should be monitored for symptoms of drought stress for 2 yers fter plnting. Summry An irrigtion frequency of every 4 d in north nd centrl Florid nd every 2 d in south Florid with wter volume of 3 L ws sufficient to estblish ntive nd non-ntive shrubs from 11.4L continers in the lndscpe under norml rinfll conditions. There were no differences in growth prmeters (e.g., growth index, root spred, root spred to shoot rtio, dry weight) between ntive nd non-ntive species s group. Shrubs were estblished s defined by root spred to cnopy spred rtio of 1.0 between 28 nd 104. Study E. Irrigtion frequency nd volume study - Apopk, FL Mterils nd Methods V. odortissimum nd I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' were plnted in two seprte experimentl plots (high wter field plot, low wter field plot) in Apopk in December 2005, June 2006, December 2006 nd September Plnts in the high wter field plot were irrigted t one of the following frequencies: dily, every 2 d, or every 4 d with 9 L irrigtion per plnt per event. Low wter field plot plnts were irrigted every 2, 4 or 8 d with 3 L per plnt t ech ppliction. Plnting dtes, species, nd ppliction rtes were nlyzed seprtely. Results nd Discussion Growth index ws similr mong tretments for both V. odortissimum nd I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' plnted in the high wter plot in Dec Similr results were found for I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' plnted in the low wter plot. Irrigtion frequency did ffect GI for V. odortissimum receiving 3 L of irrigtion per event; s frequency decresed, GI decresed. V. odortissimum irrigted every 2 d hd men growth index of 0.26 m 3 compred to V. odortissimum irrigted every 8 d, which hd men growth index of 0.15 m 3. Both plots received n dditionl mm (6.71 in.) of rinfll. For the June 2006 high wter field plot plnting, only growth index of V. odortissimum ws ffected by irrigtion frequency. Dily irrigtion resulted in significntly higher GI (0.65 m 3 ) compred to irrigting every 2 d (0.44 m 3 ) or every 4 d (0.31 m 3 ). Shoot dry weight, root dry weight, nd shoot to root biomss rtio were similr mong tretments for V. odortissimum nd I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn'. Growth index ws lso similr mong irrigtion frequencies for I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn'. In the low wter field plot, only growth index ws not ffected by irrigtion frequency. Shoot dry weight, root dry weight, nd shoot to root dry weight rtio were significntly lower for V. odortissimum irrigted every 8 d (Tble 15). Plnts irrigted dily hd significntly greter shoot dry weight nd shoot to root dry weight rtios compred to other tretments. Results were 23

33 similr for I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' except for root dry weight where no differences were found mong tretments. Both plots received n dditionl mm (23.33 in.) of rinfll. With the exception of V. odortissimum root dry weight, ll growth prmeters (e.g., growth index, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, shoot to root dry weight rtio, root extensions, cnopy spred nd root extension to cnopy spred rtio) were similr mong tretments for both species in the low wter field plot plnted in Dec V. odortissimum irrigted every 2 d hd greter root dry weight (171.5 g) thn plnts irrigted every 4 d (156.1 g) or every 8 d (156.1 g). Similr results were found for I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' plnted in the high wter field plot. However, irrigtion frequencies did ffect growth indices, shoot dry weight, shoot to root dry weight rtios, nd cnopy spred of V. odortissimum. Growth index, shoot dry weight, nd shoot to root dry weight rtios were similr between plnts irrigted dily nd every 2 d, but significntly lower for plnts receiving irrigtion every 4 d (Tble 16). Cnopy spred ws significntly greter for plnts irrigted dily compred to plnts irrigted every 4 d. Plnts irrigted every 2 d hd similr cnopy sizes to other irrigtion tretments (Tble 16). Both plots received n dditionl mm (17.72 in.) of rinfll. For the finl plnting dte Sept. 2007, growth index, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, shoot to root dry weight rtio, root extensions, cnopy spred nd root extension to cnopy spred rtio of V. odortissimum were similr mong irrigtion tretments. The shoot to root dry weight rtio of I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' irrigted every 2 d ws greter thn other tretments. The higher rtio cn be explined by greter shoot growth nd less root growth within the 2 d tretment though differences in shoot dry weight nd root dry weight were not significnt mong tretments. Less root growth ws lso observed for I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' grown in the low wter field plot. Results were similr to those observed for the high wter field plot for V. odortissimum. There were no differences in growth prmeters mong irrigtion frequencies (dt not shown). The only differences mong tretments for V. odortissimum in the low wter field plot were found in root extension to cnopy spred rtio t 12 WAP nd shoot dry weight. Rtios were highest for plnts irrigted every 2 d (0.75) nd lowest for plnt irrigted every 4 d (0.24). Results were intermedite for plnts irrigted every 8 d (0.51). Differences in root to cnopy spred rtio were no longer present by 20 WAP. Shoot dry weight ws gretest for plnts irrigted every 2 d (675.5 g) compred to plnts irrigted every 4 d (532.5 g) or every 8 d (501.1 g). Both plots received n dditionl mm (11.23 in.) of rinfll. Summry Irrigtion frequency hd little if ny impct on the growth of I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' in either the high or low wter field plot. However, impcts on growth of V. odortissimum grown in high nd/or low wter field plots were observed for the June 2006, Dec. 2006, nd Sept plntings. In generl, growth decresed with irrigtion frequency. Study F. Lysimeter Study - Apopk, FL 24

34 Mterils nd Methods Two species (Viburnum odortissimum nd Ilex cornut Burfordii Nn ) grown in 11.4 L continers were plnted in two seprte experimentl plots (dringe lysimeters nd high wter field plot) Nov the Mid-Florid Reserch nd Eduction Center in Apopk, FL. Shrubs instlled in lysimeters were plnted in 9 concrete dringe lysimeters (3.66 m x 4.57 m x 1.01 m deep) filled with ntive soil. Five plnts of ech species were spced 1.8 m on center in ech lysimeter. Shrubs instlled in the compnion field plot were plnted nd irrigtion ws instlled s in study "A". Regrdless of plnting loction (lysimeters or field plot) shrubs received 9 L irrigtion per irrigtion event pplied evenly to the entire soil surfce within ech lysimeter. Irrigtion ws pplied to similr surfce re of shrubs plnted in the field. Irrigtion ws pplied t 3 irrigtion frequencies (every 1, 2, or 4 d). All plnts received n dditionl cm of rinfll over the course of the experiment. Volume of wter drining from the bottom of the lysimeters ws utomticlly recorded with digitl flow meters ttched to dt logger. Digitl flow meters lso utomticlly recorded irrigtion volumes pplied for ech tretment. Climtic dt ws recorded during the study period to clculte reference evpotrnspirtion (ET ref ). Wter budgets were clculted dily for ech dringe lysimeter nd compred with ET ref. Tensiometer redings were recorded on seprte dt logger. These redings were clibrted ginst irrigtion frequencies nd plnt mesurements. Twenty weeks fter plnting, cnopy height, widest cnopy width, the width perpendiculr to the widest width, nd the mximum root extension were recorded nd used to determine GI nd cnopy to root spred rtio s described in previous studies. Additionlly, the entire bove ground cnopy (shoots) ws hrvested nd two wedgeshped sections of soil contining pproximtely ⅛ of the soil volume contining roots (extending beyond the trunk) were excvted. Cnopy nd root biomss were processed to remove soil nd dried s in study "A". Totl cnopy dry weight, root dry weight, nd cnopy to root dry weight rtio ws then clculted s in study "A". The experiment ws designed s rndomized complete block with 3 irrigtion frequencies x 2 species x 3 replictes with 5 plnts per replictes (lysimeter). Dt for ech species ws nlyzed seprtely. To ensure growth ws similr in both experimentl plots, loctions were nlyzed both seprtely nd together. Shrub growth index, root spred, cnopy dry weight, root dry weight, root dry weigh to cnopy dry weight rtio nd root to cnopy spred rtio were nlyzed using the PROC GLM procedure in SAS (SAS Institute, 2003) All pir-wise comprisons were completed using the Tukey test with significnce level of α = Results nd Discussion When the experimentl plots were nlyzed seprtely, ll growth prmeters (i.e. shoot dry weight, root dry weight, growth index, shoot to root dry weight rtios, cnopy spred, root spred, nd root spred to cnopy spred rtio) were similr mong tretments in both loctions (dt not shown). Significnt differences were found for I. cornut 25

35 'Burfordii 'Nn' root spred nd root spred to cnopy spred rtios when loctions were compred. Plnts irrigted every 2 d hd higher root spred to cnopy spred rtio nd greter root spred (0.51 nd 29.1 cm, respectively) thn every 4 d, but were not different from plnts receiving irrigtion dily (0.48 nd 25.7 cm, respectively). There ws loction effect for V. odortissimum root spred to cnopy spred rtios. Lysimeter grown plnts hd root to cnopy spred rtio of 0.41 compred to 0.28 for field grown plnts. No interctions between tretment nd loction were found. However, significnt differences in irrigtion volumes, totl ppliction volumes (irrigtion + rinfll), lechte, ctul evpotrnspirtion (ETA), nd verge ETA were found mong tretments for both species (Tble 1). Dily irrigtion of I. cornut 'Burfordii Nn' resulted in 85% nd 2.75 greter ppliction volumes thn irrigting every 2 or 4 d, respectively. Totl volumes pplied to V. odortissimum were 1.08 nd 2.84 greter with dily irrigtion compred to 2 nd 4 d frequencies, respectively. Similr results were found for lechte volumes. It must be noted the ETA vlues presented re n estimte nd not n ccurte clcultion of ETA. To ccurtely clculte ETA, the entire soil surfce must be covered by the plnt cnopy. However, due to the short durtion of the estblishment project, 100% cnopy cover ws not chieved. Despite the limittions, the dt indictes plnts irrigted dily hve higher ETA rtes. The results re likely due to surfce evportion given tht cnopy sizes were similr mong tretments. In future reserch, clcultion of ETA rtes from n estblished lndscpe (i.e. 100% cnopy cover) for use in demnd-bsed irrigtion would be beneficil given the verge lifespn of mture lndscpe compred to the reltively short period of estblishment. Summry Dt presented indicte tht shrubs cn be irrigted every 4 d with growth equivlent to plnts irrigted dily or every 2 d. This results in verge reductions in pplied irrigtion of 76% nd 51%, respectively. Project Conclusions Bsed on our results, we suggest tht 11.4 L (3-gllon) continer-grown shrubs cn be successfully estblished by pplying 3 L (0.8 gllons) of wter per irrigtion event to the root bll nd soil djcent to the root bll provided ner norml rinfll occurs. Irrigtion should be pplied t frequency of every 8 dys in north nd centrl Florid nd every 4 dys in south Florid for period of 20 weeks fter plnting. However, optiml growth my be chieved during the first 2 yers fter plnting when irrigtion frequency in north nd centrl Florid is incresed to every 4 dys nd irrigtion in south Florid is incresed to every 2 dys. Irrigting t lest every 2 (south Florid) to 4 (centrl nd north Florid) dys is recommended for survivl when plnting during extended dry periods. Although regulr irrigtion ws discontinued by weeks fter plnting (WAP) depending on project phse, supplementl irrigtion ws required in north, centrl, nd south Florid during extended periods of dry wether s long s 2 yers fter plnting 26

36 (Figure 1A, B nd C). Additionlly, the time needed to rech root spred to cnopy spred rtio of 1.0 when regulr irrigtion could be discontinued vried considerbly between species from 12 to 104 WAP. The occsionl need for supplementl irrigtion nd the vribility in estblishment rte between species suggest tht irrigtion needs during estblishment re contingent upon species nd rinfll conditions. Therefore, we recommend tht ll shrubs be monitored fter regulr irrigtion is discontinued for symptoms of wter stress for t lest the first 2 yers fter plnting. Soil conditions t study plots were bout idel for plnt growth nd therefore wer not indictive of ll residentil nd commercil lndscpe soils. Wter requirements in rel lndscpes throughout Florid my vry with soil nd microclimte conditions. Fctors tht could increse wter requirements include soil compction, excessive dringe, corse texture, lyered soil profiles, hrdpns, restricted soil volume such s highwy medins, high soil ph, proximity to building, western exposure, slope, root bound plnts, close proximity to estblished trees, nd other fctors. None of these were studied in this project. Literture Cited Arnold, M.A. nd D.K. Struve Root distribution nd minerl uptke of corserooted trees grown in cupric hydroxide-treted continers. HortScience 28: Azevedo, T.L., A. Bertonh, A.C.A. Gonclves, P.S.L. Freits, R. Rezende, nd J.A. Frizzone Levels of superbsorbent polymer, irrigtion intervl nd coffee plnt growth. Act Scientirum. 24: Blok, C.A. nd R.S. Hilire Drought responses mong seven southwestern lndscpe tree tx. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 127: Brnett, D Root growth nd wter use by newly trnsplnted woody lndscpe plnts. The Public Grden. 1: Beeson, R.C Clssifying lndscpe ornmentl species into wter use groups using coefficients of wter use efficiency. Finl Reserch Report. Southwest Florid Wter Mngement District. Proj. ID P679-96CON Beeson, R.C Restricting overhed irrigtion to dwn limits growth in continer grown woody ornmentls. HortScience 27: Beeson, R.C Wter reltions of field-grown Quercus virginin Mill. from prehrvest through contineriztion nd 1 yer into lndscpe. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119: Beeson, R.C. nd E.F. Gilmn Diurnl wter stress during lndscpe estblishment of slsh pine differs mong three production methods. J. Arboriculture 18:

37 Broscht, T.K. nd A.W. Meerow Betrock s Reference Guide to Florid Lndscpe Plnts. Betrock Informtion Systems, Inc. Hollywood, FL. Bryl, D.R., T.J. Trout, J.E. Ayrs, nd R.S. Johnson Growth nd production of young pech trees irrigted by furrow, microjet, surfce drip, nd subsurfce drip systems. HortScience 38: Chu, C.C., T.J. Henneberry, nd J.W. Rdin Effect of irrigtion frequency on cotton yield in short-seson production systems. Crop Sci. 35: Clrk, R.N. nd E.A. Hiler Plnt mesurements s indictors of crop wter deficit. Crop Sci. 13: Ekes, D.J., C.H. Gillim, H.G. Ponder, C.E. Evns, nd M.E. Mrini Effect of trickle irrigtion, nitrogen rte, nd method of ppliction on field-grown 'Compct' jpnese holly. J. Environ. Hort. 8: Geisler, D. nd D.C. Ferree Response of plnts to root pruning. Hort. Rev. 6: Geisler, D. nd D.C. Ferree. 1984b. The influence of root pruning on wter reltions, net photosynthesis nd growth of young Golden Delicious pple trees. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109(6) Gilmn, E.F Betrock s Florid Plnt Guide. Betrock Informtion Systems, Inc. Hollywood, FL. Gilmn, E.F Predicting root spred from trunk dimeter nd brnch spred. J. Arboriculture 14: Gilmn, E.F. nd R.C. Beeson Production method ffects tree estblishment in the lndscpe. J. Environ. Hort. 14: Gilmn, E.F., R.J. Blck, nd B. Dehgn Irrigtion volume nd frequency nd tree size ffect estblishment rte. J. Arboriculture 24:1-9. Gilmn, E.F., J. Grbosky, A. Stodol, nd M.D. Mrshll Irrigtion nd continer type impct red mple 5 yers fter lndscpe plnting. J. Arboriculture 29: Gilmn, E.F. nd M.E. Kne Growth dynmics following plnting of cultivrs of Juniperus chinensis. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116: Gilmn, E.F., C.L. Wiese, M. Pz, A.L. Shober, S.M. Scheiber, K.A. Moore, nd M.M. Brennn Effects of irrigtion volume nd frequency on shrub estblishment in the lndscpe. J. Environ. Hort. In Press. 28

38 Gilmn, E.F., T.H. Yeger nd D. Weigle Fertilizer, irrigtion nd root bll slicing ffect burford holly growth fter trnsplnting. J. Environ. Hort. 14: Grves, W.R Seedling development of sugr mple nd blck mple irrigted t vrious frequencies. HortScience 29: Fitzptrick, G. nd D. Burch Interctive effects of nursery nd lndscpe irrigtion rtes in growth nd estblishment of two lndscpe ornmentls. Proc. Florid Stte Hort. Soc. 99: Hmn, D.Z., A. Smljstr, nd D. Pitt Uniformity of sprinkler nd microirrigtion systems for nurseries. Fl. Coop. Extension Service Bulletin 321. IFAS, Univ. of Fl. Hrris, J.R. nd E.F. Gilmn Production method ffects growth nd post-trnsplnt estblishment of 'Est Pltk' holly. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 118: Henley, R., T.H. Yeger, nd R.C. Beeson Opinions on plnt irrigtion requirements. ENH 148. Univ. Florid Inst. Food Agric. Sci., Ginesville, FL. Iles, J.K. nd M.S. Dosmnn Effect of orgnic nd minerl mulches on soil properties nd growth of 'Firview Flme' red mple trees. J. Arboriculture 25: Jimez, R.E., F. Rd, nd C. Grci-Nunez The effect of irrigtion frequency on wter nd crbon reltions in three cultivrs of sweet pepper (Cpsicum chinese Jcq.), in tropicl semirid region. Scienti Hort. 81: King, W. M.C.G. nd J. B. Wilson Differentition between ntive nd exotic plnt species in dry grsslnd: relized responses to perturbtion, nd comprison with fundmentl responses. Austrl. Ecology 31: Kjelgren, R., N. Chpmn, nd L. Rupp Tree seedling estblishment with protective shelters nd irrigtion scheduling in three nturlized lndscpes in Uth. J. Environ. Hort. 18: Knox, G. W. nd D. Zimet Wter use efficiency of four species of woody ornmentls under north Florid winter conditions. Proc. Florid Stte Hort. Soc. 101: Krmer, P.J The role of wter stress in tree growth. J. Arboriculture 13: Krus, H.T Effects of mulch on soil moisture nd growth of desert willow. HortTechnology 8: Kummerow, J., D. Kruse, nd W. Jow Root systems of chprrl shrubs. Oecologi 29:

39 Mrshll, M.D. nd E.F. Gilmn Effects of nursery continer type on root growth nd lndscpe estblishment of Acer rubrum L. J. Environ. Hort. 16: Montgue, T., R. Kjelgren, R. Allen, nd D. Wester Wter loss estimtes for five recently trnsplnted lndscpe tree species in semi-rid climte. J. Environ. Hort. 22: Montgue, T., R. Kjelgren, nd L. Rupp Gs exchnge nd growth of two trnsplnted, field grown tree species in n rid climte. HortScience 35: Ntionl Ocenic nd Atmospheric Administrtion Monthly sttion normls of temperture, precipittion, nd heting nd cooling degree dys :08-Florid, Asheville. 24 Mr < Pine, T.D., C.C. Hnlon, D.R. Pittenger, D.M. Ferrin, nd M.K. Mlinoski Consequences of wter nd nitrogen mngement on growth nd esthetic qulity of drought-tolernt woody lndscpes. J. Environ. Hort. 10: Pittenger, D.R., D.A. Shw, D.R. Hodel, nd D.B. Holt Responses of lndscpe groundcovers to minimum irrigtion. J. Environ. Hort. 19: Pour, A.T., A.R. Sepskhh, nd M. Mftoun Plnt wter reltions nd seedling growth of three pistchio cultivrs s influenced by irrigtion frequency nd pplied potssium. J. Plnt Nutr. 28: Renquist, R Evpotrnspirtion clcultions for young pech trees nd growth responses to irrigtion mount nd frequency. HortScience 22: Rogers, W.S Root studies III. Pers, gooseberry nd blck currnt root systems under different soil fertility conditions with some observtion on root stock nd scion effect in pers. J. Pomol. Hort. Sci. 11:1-18. Rogers, W.S. nd M.C. Vyvyn Root studies V. Root stock nd soil effect of pple root systems. J. Pomol. Hort. Sci. 12: Rzeknowski, C. nd S.T. Rolbiecki The influence of drip irrigtion on yields of some cultivrs of pple trees in centrl Polnd under different rinfll conditions during the vegettion seson. Act Horticulture 537: SAS Institute SAS/STAT 9 nd 9.1 users guide SAS Institute, Cry, NC. Scheiber, S.M., E.F. Gilmn, M. Pz, nd K.A. Moore Irrigtion ffects lndscpe estblishment of burford holly, pittosporum, nd sweet viburnum. HortScience 42:

40 Scheiber, S.M., E.F. Gilmn, D.R. Sndrock, M. Pz, C. Wiese, nd M.M. Brennn Postestblishment lndscpe performnce of Florid ntive nd exotic shrubs under irrigted nd nonirrigted conditions. HortTechnology 18: Shckel, K.A., H. Ahmdi, W. Bisi, R. Buchner, D. Goldhmer, S. Gurusinghe, J. Hsey, D. Kester, B. Krueger, B. Lmpinen, G. McGourty, W. Micke, E. Mitchm, B. Olson, K. Pelletru, H. Philips, D. Rmos, L. Schwnkl, S. Sibbett, R. Snyder, S. Southwick, M. Stevenson, M. Thorpe, S. Weinbum, nd J. Yeger Plnt wter sttus s n index of irrigtion need in deciduous fruit trees. HortTechnology 7: Shh, D.A. nd L.V. Mdden Nonprmetric nlysis of ordinl dt in designed fctoril experiments. Phytopthology 94: Shw, D.A. nd D.R. Pittenger Performnce of lndscpe ornmentls given irrigtion tretments bsed on reference evpotrnspirtion. Act Hort. 664: Snedecor, G.W. nd W.G. Cochrn Sttisticl methods. 7th ed. The Iow Stte Univ. Press, Ames. Stbler, L.B. nd C.A. Mrtin Irrigtion regimens differentilly ffect growth nd wter use efficiency of two southwest lndscpe plnts. J. Environ. Hort. 18: Stpe, J.L., D. Bonkley nd M.G. Ryn Production nd crbon lloction in clonl Euclpytus plnttion with wter nd nutrient mnipultions. For. Ecol. Mgmt. 255: Syros, T., T. Yupsnis, M. Omirou, nd A. Ecomomou Photosynthetic response nd peroxidses in reltion to wter nd nutrient deficiency in gerber. Environ. Exp. Bot. 52: Trenholm, L.E., E.F. Gilmn, G.W. Knox, nd R.J. Blck Fertiliztion nd irrigtion needs for Florid lwns nd lndscpes ENH860. Univ. Florid Inst. Food Agric. Sci., Ginesville, FL. Tripepi, R.R., M.W. George, R.K. Dumroese, nd D.L. Wenny Birch seedling response to irrigtion frequency nd hydrophilic polymer mendment in continer medium. J. Environ. Hort. 9: Wtson, G.W Tree size ffects root regenertions nd top growth fter trnsplnting. J. Arboriculture 11: Wtson, T.W Influence of tree size on trnsplnt estblishment nd growth. HortTechnology 15: Wtson, G. W. nd E.B. Himelick Root distribution of nursery trees nd its reltionship to trnsplnting success. J. Arboriculture 8:

41 Welsh, D.F., J.M. Zjicek, nd C.G. Lyons, Jr Effect of sesons nd irrigtion regimes on plnt growth nd wter-use of continer-grown Photini frseri. J. Environ. Hort. 9: Witherspoon, W.R. nd G.P. Lumis Root regenertion of Tili cordt cultivrs fter trnsplnting in response to root exposure nd soil moisture levels. J. Arboriculture12:

42 Tbles Tble 1. Ten ntive nd 11 non-ntive species used in phse two experiments in north, centrl, nd south Florid; USDA hrdiness zones 8b, 9, nd 10b respectively. North Florid (hrdiness zone 8b) Ntive Non-ntive Ilex vomitori 'Schillings' Rhpiolepis indic Forestier segregt Ligustrum jponicum Durnt erect 'Spphire' Grdeni jsminoides 'Mystery' Cllicrp mericn Juniperus chinensis 'Prsonii' Viburnum obovtum 'Whorled Clss' Viburnum suspensum Myric cerifier Loropetlum chinense rubrum 'Ruby' Centrl Florid (hrdiness zone 9) Ntive Non-ntive Forestier segregt Rhpiolepis indic Hmeli ptens Ligustrum jponicum Durnt erect 'Spphire' Jsminum multiflorum Ilex vomitori 'Schillings' Grdeni jsminoides 'Mystery' Viburnum obovtum 'Whorled Clss' Viburnum suspensum Myrcinthes frgrns Loropetlum chinense rubrum 'Ruby' South Florid (hrdiness zone 10b) Ntive Non-ntive Myrcinthes frgrns Rhpiolepis indic Ilex vomitori 'Schillings' Allmnd schotti Forestier segregt Codieum vriegtum Hmeli ptens Hibiscus ros-sinensis Conocrpus erectus vr sericus Jsminum multiflorum Chrysoblnus icco Ixor 'Nor Grnt' 33

43 Irrigtion Frequency Tble 2. Cnopy nd root mesurements 52 weeks fter My 2004 plnting of Viburnum odortissimum with 2 irrigtion frequencies nd 3 irrigtion volumes. Irrigtion Volume Cnopy Growth (m 3 ) Cnopy Density z Cnopy Diebck z Cnopy Dry Weight y (g) Root Spred Rdius (cm) Root Dry Weight y (g) Root Spred Rdius to Cnopy Rdius Rtio Every 2 d 3L Every 2 d 6L Every 2 d 9L Every 4 d 3L Every 4 d 6L Every 4 d 9L Root Dry Weight to Cnopy Dry Weight Rtio y Cnopy Growth Cnopy Density Cnopy Diebck Cnopy Dry Weight Root Spred Rdius Root Dry Weight Root Spred Rdius to Cnopy Rdius Rtio Irrigtion Frequency Irrigtion.38.01* x Volume 2 vs 4 d with L 2 vs 4 d with L 2 vs 4 d with L z Density nd diebck mens were generted by the Proc RANK procedure in SAS. y Biomss mesurements were recorded 64 weeks fter plnting. x Significnce of tretment effects nd interctions *(P < 0.05) ** (P < 0.01). Root Dry Weight to Cnopy Dry Weight Rtio 34

44 Irrigtion Frequency Tble 3. Cnopy nd root mesurements 52 weeks fter My 2004 plnting of Ilex cornut 'Burfordii Nn' with 2 irrigtion frequencies nd 3 irrigtion volumes. Irrigtion Volume Cnopy Growth (m 3 ) z Cnopy Density z Cnopy Diebck Cnopy Dry Weight y (g) Root Spred Rdius (cm) Root Dry Weight y (g) Root Spred to Cnopy Spred Rtio Every 2 d 3L Every 2 d 6L Every 2 d 9L Every 4 d 3L Every 4 d 6L Every 4 d 9L Root Dry Weight to Cnopy Dry Weight Rtio y Irrigtion Frequency Irrigtion Volume 2 vs 4 d with 3 L 2 vs 4 d with 6 L 2 vs 4 d with 9 L Cnopy Growth Cnopy Density Cnopy Diebck Cnopy Dry Weight Root Spred Rdius Root Dry Weight Root Spred Rdius to Cnopy Rdius Rtio * x **.58.01* Root Dry Weight to Cnopy Dry Weight Rtio z Density nd diebck mens were generted by the Proc RANK procedure in SAS. y Biomss mesurements were recorded 64 weeks fter plnting. x Significnce of tretment effects nd interctions *(P < 0.05) ** (P < 0.01). 35

45 Tble 4. Men growth index for V. odortissimum irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d verged over 8 plnting dtes over 2 yer period in north, centrl, nd south Florid (USDA hrdiness zones 8b, 9, nd 10b). Growth index z (m 3 ) Irrigtion frequency 28 WAP y 52 WAP 104 WAP Hrdiness zone 8b (north Florid) 2 d 0.42 x d 0.32b b 8 d 0.32b b Hrdiness zone 9 (centrl Florid) 2 d d 0.39b b 8 d 0.35b b Hrdiness zone 10b (south Florid) 2 d d z Growth index = height width 1 width 2. y WAP = week fter plnting x Men seprtions within column nd hrdiness zone using Tukey, P =

46 Tble 5. Men root spred rdius nd root to cnopy spred rtio for V. odortissimum irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d verged over 8 plnting dtes over 2 yer period in north, centrl, nd south Florid (USDA hrdiness zones 8b, 9, nd 10b). Root spred rdius (cm) Root:cnopy spred rtio z 28 WAP y 52 WAP 104 WAP 28 WAP 52 WAP 104 WAP Hrdiness zone 8b (north Florid) 2 d 56.6 x d d Irrigtion frequency Hrdiness zone 9 (centrl Florid) 2 d d d Hrdiness zone 10b (south Florid) 2 d b d b 105.8b b 1.6b z Root to cnopy spred rtio = root spred rdius / [¼ (cnopy width 1 + width 2)]. y WAP = week fter plnting x Men seprtions within column nd hrdiness zone using Tukey, P =

47 Tble 6. Men root extension to cnopy spred rtio, shoot dry weight, nd root dry weight t 52 nd 104 WAP for P. nervos (wild coffee) nd M. pnicult (ornge jsmine) irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d with 3 L of wter. Irrigtion Root extension to cnopy Shoot dry weight (g) Root dry weight (g) Frequency spred rtio (d) 52 WAP 104 WAP 52 WAP 104 WAP 52 WAP 104 WAP Wild coffee z b b Ornge jsmine b z Men seprtions within columns nd species using Tukey, P = 0.05, N = 12 38

48 Tble 7. Dry shoot nd root biomss for V. odortissimum irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d verged over 8 plnting dtes over 2 yer period in north, centrl, nd south Florid (USDA hrdiness zones 8b, 9, nd 10b). Shoot biomss (g) Root biomss (g) 52 WAP z 104 WAP 52 WAP 104 WAP Hrdiness zone 8b (north Florid) 2 d 820 y d 685b 3653b d 630b 3373b Irrigtion frequency Hrdiness zone 9 (centrl Florid) 2 d d d Hrdiness zone 10b (south Florid) 2 d d 401b b 846b z WAP = week fter plnting y Men seprtions within column nd hrdiness zone using Tukey, P = Tble 8. Shoot nd root dry biomss for I. cornut Burfordii Nn irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d verged over 8 plnting dtes over 2 yer period in north nd centrl, Florid (USDA hrdiness zones 8b nd 9). Shoot biomss (g) Root biomss (g) 52 WAP z 104 WAP 52 WAP 104 WAP Hrdiness zone 8b (north Florid) 2 d 551 y d 466b 1420b d 481b 1450b Irrigtion frequency Hrdiness zone 9 (centrl Florid) 2 d d d z WAP = weeks fter plnting. y Men seprtions within column nd loction using Tukey, P =

49 Tble 9. Shoot nd root dry biomss for P. tobir Vriegt irrigted every 2, 4, or 8 d verged over 8 plnting dtes over 2 yer period in north nd centrl Florid (USDA hrdiness zones 8b nd 9). Shoot biomss (g) Root biomss (g) 52 WAP 104 WAP 52 WAP 104 WAP Hrdiness zone 8b (north Florid) 2 d d 449b 1657b d 387b 1599b Irrigtion frequency Hrdiness zone 9 (centrl Florid) 2 d d d z Men seprtions within column nd loction using Tukey, P = Tble 10. Men root lengths for Ilex cornut Burfordii Nn, Pittosporum tobir Vriegt, nd Viburnum odortissimum irrigted t three frequencies (2, 4, or 7 d) over 6-month period during lte summer to erly spring in centrl Florid. Species Irrigtion frequency Root length (cm) z Ilex cornut Burford Nn 2-dy yx 4-dy dy b Pittosporum tobir Vriegt 2-dy dy b 7-dy b Viburnum odorotissimum 2-dy dy b 7-dy c zroot lengths were mesured outside the root bll of the hrvested segment. ymens clculted from four single plnt replictes. xmen seprtions within column nd species using Fisher protected LSD (P < 0.05). 40

50 Tble 11. Growth mesurements for Pittosporum tobir Vriegt nd Viburnum odortissimum irrigted every 2, 4, or 7 d over 6-month period during lte summer to erly spring in centrl Florid. Species Irrigtion frequency Lef re (cm 2 ) Shoot dry wt. (g) New root dry wt. (g) Totl root dry wt. (g) Biomss (g) Growth index z (m 3 ) Pittosporum tobir Vriegt 2-dy 8711 y NS NS dy 5696 b b b 0.12 b 7-dy 5256 b b b 0.11 b Viburnum odorotissimum 2-dy 9896 z NS 4-dy 6488 b b b b b dy 1583 b 84.9 b 8.22 b b b 0.13 z Growth index = height width 1 width 2. y Mens representtive of four single plnt replictes. x Men seprtions within columns nd species using Fisher protected LSD (P = 0.05). NS Nonsignificnt. 41

51 Tble 12. Men dily lef gs exchnge (g s ) recorded monthly on the dy before irrigtion (stressed) nd irrigtion dy (unstressed) for shrub species irrigted every 2, 4, or 7 d over 6-month period during lte summer to erly spring in centrl Florid. v G S (mmol_m 2) Weeks fter trnsplnting Species Stress Dy Ilex cornut Burford Unstressed zy b NS NS Nn Stressed b Pittosporum tobir Vriegt Viburnum odorotissimum Species Ilex cornut Burford Nn Unstressed b x Stressed 57.2 b b 98.3 b Unstressed NS 94.7 NS NS NS Stressed G S (mmol_m 2) Weeks fter trnsplnting Irrigtion Frequency 2-Dy NS NS NS 4-Dy b Dy c Pittosporum tobir Vriegt 2-Dy w Dy 85.0 b 59.3 b 95.9 b b 7-Dy 62.3 c 60.8 b 57.5 c 50.9 c Viburnum odorotissimum 2-Dy NS 4-Dy 80.7 b 65.1 b 87.3 c Dy 81.3 b 84.5 b b 50.9 z Mens clculted from four single plnt replictes. y Men seprtions within columns nd species using Fisher protected LSD (P < 0.05). 42

52 x Vlues represent pooled g s irrigtion frequency tretment mens on the stressed nd unstressed dys; however, stress dy effect cnnot be clerly identified due to significnt irrigtion frequency stress dy interction, P < w Vlues represent pooled g s stress dy mens for ech irrigtion frequency tretment; however, irrigtion frequency effect cnnot be clerly identified s result of significnt irrigtion frequency stress dy interction (P < 0.05). NS Nonsignificnt. v Lef gs exchnge mesurements were tken on two leves on ech plnt during ech smpling period with stedy stte porometer. 43

53 Tble 13. Cumultive dily wter stress integrls (S Ψ ) clculted monthly on the dy before irrigtion (stressed) nd irrigtion dy (unstressed) for shrub species irrigted every 2, 4, or 7 d over 6-month period during lte summer to erly spring in centrl Florid. Predwn Ψ (MP) Weeks fter trnsplnting Species Stress Dy Pittosporum tobir Unstressed 0.16 b zy 0.05 b 0.15 NS 0.22 NS 0.18 NS Vriegt Stressed Viburnum odorotissimum Unstressed 0.20 b 0.07 b 0.17 NS 0.09 NS 0.06 NS Stressed w Cumultive wter potentil, S Ψ (MP h 1) Weeks fter trnsplnting Species Stress Dy Pittosporum tobir Unstressed 2.71 b 2.29 b 4.04 NS 4.48 NS 4.89 b Vriegt Stressed Viburnum odorotissimum Unstressed 2.95 b x 3.89 b 3.06 NS 4.15 NS 3.66 NS Stressed z Mens clculted from four single plnt replictes. y Men seprtions within columns nd species using Fisher protected LSD (P < 0.05). x Vlues represent pooled Sy irrigtion frequency tretment mens on the stressed nd unstressed dys; however, stress dy effect cnnot be clerly identified s result of significnt irrigtion frequency stress dy interction (P < 0.05). NS Nonsignificnt. w Cumultive dily wter stress integrls (S Ψ ) were clculted s described by Schulze et l. (1980) nd Beeson (1992). 44

54 Tble 14. Plnt qulity z for Viburnum odorotissimum irrigted every 2, 4, or 7 d. Weeks fter trnsplnting Irrigtion frequency dy yx dy 3.5 b 3.3 b dy 1.8 c 1.8 b 1.5 b 1.5 b 1.5 b 1.5 b P vlue < z Plnts were rted monthly on scle of 1 (ded) to 5 (mounded, proportionl form; dense; complete coverge, no diebck). y Mens clculted from four single plnt replictes. x Men seprtions within columns using Fisher protected LSD (P < 0.05). Tble 15. Growth mesurements for Ilex cornut Burford Nn nd Viburnum odortissimum irrigted with three frequencies (2, 4 or 8 dy) t 3 liters per irrigtion event over 6 month period during mid summer to lte fll in centrl Florid (Summer 2007). Species Ilex cornut Burford Nn Viburnum odortissimum Irrigtion Frequency Growth index z (m 3 ) Shoot dry weight (g) Root dry weight (g) Shoot to root dry weight rtio 2-dy 0.21 nsyx ns dy b b 8-dy b b p-vlue > > dy 0.29 ns dy b b 8-dy c b 5.37 b p-vlue > z Growth index = height width 1 width 2. y Mens representtive of 3 single plnt replictes. x Men seprtions within columns using Fisher Protected LSD, P=0.05. ns Non-significnt. 45

55 Tble 16. Growth mesurements for Viburnum odortissimum irrigted with three frequencies (1, 2, or 4 dy) t 9 liters per irrigtion event over 6 month period during erly winter to lte spring in centrl Florid (Winter 2007). Irrigtion Frequency Growth index z (m 3 ) Shoot dry weight (g) Root dry weight (g) Cnopy spred y (12 WAP) Cnopy spred (20 WAP) 1-dy 0.96 xw ns dy b b 4-dy 0.46 b b b c p-vlue > z Growth index = height width 1 width 2. y Cnopy spred = (width 1 + width 2) 0.25 x Mens representtive of 3 single plnt replictes. w Men seprtions within columns using Fisher Protected LSD, P=0.05. ns Non-significnt. WAP = Weeks fter trnsplnt. 46

56 Figures B C Figure 1. Actul cumultive monthly rinfll (solid line), historicl monthly rinfll (dshed line), nd supplementl irrigtion pplictions (dshed rrows) received by field plnted V. odortissimum in USDA hrdiness zone ) 8b (Citr, FL), b) 9 (Blm, FL) nd c) 10b (Fort Luderdle, FL). 47