Ancient Greek Culture
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1 3 Greek Architecture Page 1 Friday, July 02, 2010 Greek Context Rocky, hilly, mountainous terrain, archipelago Climate between rigorous cold and relaxing heat Clear atmosphere and intense light conducive to creating precise and exact forms Religion Polytheistic Mythology shows gods with imperfect human personalities Gods as personifications of natural elements, or deified mortals Zeus Hera Apollo Artemis Poseidon Athena Aphrodite Demeter King, lightning Queen Sun, medicine Moon, hunting Sea Wisdom Beauty, love Harvest Hephaestus Fire, volcanoes Ares Hermes Hades Nike War Messenger of the gods Underworld, death Rubber shoes Ancient Greek Culture Drama History Science Greek City-States (Polis) Sparta Athens Aeschylus (The Oresteia) Sophocles (The Oedipus Trilogy) Euripedes (Medea, Electra) Aristophanes (Lysistrata, The Frogs) Herodotus (The Histories) Thucydides (History of the Peloponnesian War) Thakes Pythagoras Ptolemy Euclid Archimedes Philosophy Socrates Plato (The Republic, Timaeus) Aristotle (Ethics, Politics, Poetics) Developed from the conquest of region's local natives - Forced into labor Military state - Sickly babies killed - Boys lived in barrack from age 7 - Military training - Became full citizens at 30 - Served the polis until death - Women managed farms Commercial and cultural center Developed democracy and written laws Valued mental and physical education Only men were educated and were full citizens Women took care of the home Foreign prisoners were slaves Ancient Greek Architectural Theory Golden Section a = b. b a + b = Ф = 1.618
2 3 Greek Architecture Page 2 Optical Corrections The Parthenon's columns seem straight, but it is only so through optical corrections If built as straight as possible in reality, it will appear this way Therefore, in reality, the Parthenon is built this way to achieve a straight optical correction Entasis - "swelling" of the column at approximately 1/3 the height to correct the illusion of its being concave Lettering on facades were enlarged in proportion to the height from the viewer Aegean Aegean: Mycenean Materials Used stone, gypsum, timber Buildings were constructed of rubble and rough stonework and doubleframed timber in-filled with brick or stone rubble Houses Single storied house Deep plan Entrance porch Anteroom with central doorway Living apartment or megaron proper Central hearth Thalamus or sleeping room behind Tombs (Tholoi) Singular: Tholos Rock-cut or chamber tombs Tunnel entrance with circular chamber at the end Dromos - tunnel corridor Walls Types Cyclopean wall Large stones, no mortar Hellenic Polygonal wall Rectangular wall Advanced technique dowels Materials "Carpentry in marble" Timber form imitated in stone Columnar and trabeated Used timber, stone and terra cotta
3 3 Greek Architecture Page 3 Mouldings Fillet Scotia Cavetto Hawk's or Bird's Beak Ovolo Torus Cyma Reversa Dentils Cyma Recta Astraga l Corona *For Powerpoint photo of mouldings, see 'Mouldings' photo in Facebook album of this reviewer
4 3 Greek Architecture Page 4 Building Types Temenos - enclosure around a sacred area Acropolis in Athens Parthenon Erecthion Old Temple of Athena Propylaea Temple of Nike Apteros Statue of Athena Pinacotheca *For Powerpoint photo of the Acropolis, see 'Acropolis' photo in Facebook album of this reviewer Temples Pronaos Epinaos or Opisthodomos Rear Front Naos or Cella Types according to Number of Columns in Front Hemostyle 1 Distyle 2 Tristyle 3 Tetrastyle 4 Pentastyle 5 Hexastyle 6 Heptastyle 7 Octastyle 8 Enneastyle 9 Decastyle 10 Dodecastyle 12
5 3 Greek Architecture Page 5 Types according to Column Arrangement In-antis Between anta Pseudoperipteral Engaged columns all around Amphi-antis Anta at front and back Dipteral Two rows of columns all around Prostyle Portico at front Pseudodipteral Engaged inner columns Amphiprostyle Porticoes at front and rear Peripteral Columns all around Tholos Peripteral round temple Columnation Rule for peripteral temples 2N + 1 N = number of columns in front
6 3 Greek Architecture Page 6 Types according to Column Spacing Pyknostyle 1.50 column base diameters Systyle 2.00 Eustyle 2.25 Diastyle 3.00 Araeostyle D 2D 2.25D 3D D Greek Orders for Temples Doric Temples Simplest design Height of entablature is 1 and 3/4 times the lower diameter of column in height Height of column (including capital) of 4 to 6 times the diameter at the base Entablature: Geison or Cornice Frieze, alternating triglyphs and metopes Architrave, principal beam Capital: Abacus Echinus Annulets Trachelion Hypotrachelion Column Shaft: - 20 shallow flutes separated by arrises Base: - No base - Directly on crepidoma or stereobate (stepped platform) Euthynteria Lowest step Stylobate Top step
7 3 Greek Architecture Page 7 Ionic Temples Entablature: Height of 2 and 1/4 times the diameter of column Cornice Dentil molding Frieze Architrave Capital: Egg-and-dart molding Volute or scroll Column Shaft: Height of 9 times the base diameter 24 flutes separated by fillets Base: Scotia molding Torus molding Plinth
8 3 Greek Architecture Page 8 Corinthian Temples Entablature: Same as Ionic Column: Height of 10 diameters Capital: 1 and 1/6 diameters high Capital supposedly invented by Callimachus, inspired by basket over root of acanthus plant Building Types (con't) Propylaea monumental gate to a sacred area Theatron theater for ritual dramatic performances Orchestra Open space Cavea Seating area Skene Stage background structure Proskenion Stage opening Agora civic plaza Stoa covered walkways sometimes with shops on one side and living quarters above Prytaneion assembly hall and living quarters for the presidents of the Council of the city-state Boleuterion assembly hall for the entire ruling Council Odeion theater for music Stadion stadium; sports arena for foot races and other events Gymnasion exercise; training area Palaestra wrestling school
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