This study has chosen to assess the need for, and the role. of, urban development in the context of national development,

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1 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This study has chosen to assess the need for, and the role of, urban development in the context of national development, and to postulate a national framework within which this can take place. The di:scussion has provided indicators which clearly reveal the pattern of urban development centers within the overall advancement of the country; and urbanisation appears to be gathering increased importance as an element for inclusion in national development planning. A further conclusion is that the advantages of urban development are reflected as complementary to tutal development. Sri Lanka is presently in the stage of its development planning process, wherein it is moving from the concept of the 'town' to the more comprehensive 'urban' status; and national-urban relationships are thereby becoming more evident. This is reflected by way of inceeased demand upon resources from the national budget. Hence, the integration of urban development in the national planning Process is a necessary conclusion. 139

2 140 In view of these notions, the study of the urban setting in Sri Lanka indicates that the share of urban population has not varied greatly in the years following independance, nor is it very large; but the issues and problems which are concentrated in larban' ftreas are of a magnitude to deserve special attention in national policy formulation. It is also noted in this respect, that the resource framework, both at national and sub-national levels, is responding to the dimensions of urbanisation. It necessarily follows that tho challenges posed by the issues of urban growth now require careful analysis in formulating national development policy. The multi-facoted nature of development, the advantages consequent upon urban development, and the noed for policy in this regard, have also been identified in this study. The conclusion here is that, of the many options with respect to urban development, the criteria for selection should be, to relate the options to Sri Lanka's developmental goals. And as Sri Lanka moves towards integrated development, the requirement for policy at appropriate levels Is clear. In the absence of clearly enunciated urbanydevelopment plans, and even national plans, and policies, the policies on urban development were extracted from investment programmes initiated in urban areas. The analysis of these programmes and priorities indicated that there is a significant urban component in the development process now being pursued. Despite a certain lack of comprehensiveness in planning,

3 141 it is seen that existing policies re-inforce each other c In fact, two of the three lead projects in the country are heavily urban-based. The translation of these programmes into the spatial form reveals Intensive urbanisation in the South-VJest quadrant, intermediate urban development in selected urban centers, and less intensive development of urban areas in the Mahaweli region. "^he study therefore concludes that there is an immediate need for conscious urban development policy, in keeping with the overall patterns, existing policies, and the needs of the country, for the achievement of development. It is suggested that such a policy could Include the development of selected large towns, together with a series of smaller towns. Thos could be implementd within the existing resource framework, now geared to changing developmental needs. The recommendations that emerge from the descriptions, analyses, and proposals regarding urban development are therefore as follows* - A comprehensive national urban development policy should be formulated without delay.- - The overall responsibility for national urban policy to rest with the Ministries of Finance and Planning, and of Local Government, Housing, and Construction. - Tho development of Districts, and of the towns within them, to constitute a co-ordinated effort. - The spatial implications of resource allocations to be assessed.

4 142 - Due consideration to be given to the sectoral aspects within urban areas. - A study of tho resources and potentials of each urban area to be made. - Details of Policy to be worked out by the Urban Development Authority, in conjunction with sectoral departments and local authorities. - Co-ordination of sectoral activities at local, regional, and national levels to be enhanced. - Implementation at local level to be through sectoral departments and local government. - Adequate financial and technical resources to be provided to local government. - Physical Planning legislation ( the Town and Country Planning Ordinance ) to be suitably amended in keeping with current 1 dad Sr. - Adequate manpower for urban development planning be trained to fill roles at national, regional, and local levels - including training at technical levels. - Increased awareness of the advantages and implications of urban development to be imparted to those involved in the development process - politicians, planners, officers, and public alike.

5 BIBLIOGRAPHY Benevolo, L.; The Origins of Modern Town Planning; London; Routledge and Kegan Paul rserler, A.;,Mew Towns in Israel ; Jerusalem; Israel Universities Press; Census and Statistics, Dept. of ; Gensus of Population 1971; Vol.II, Part I; Colombo; Dept. of Census and StatisH.cs ; Census and Statistics, Dept. of ; Housing Census 1971; Vol.1; Colombo; Dept. of Census and Statistics; Census and Statistics, Dept. of ; Statistical Abstract 1977; Colonbo; Dept. of Census and Statistics; Ceylon, Government of ; - Housing and Town Improvement Ordinance, Chapter 268, Legislative Enactments of Ceylon (Revised Ed.) Local Authorities Housing Act Wo.14 of Municipal Council Ordinance, Chapter 252, Legislative Enactments of Ceylon (Revised Ed.) National Housing Act No. 37 of Rent Restriction Act Wo. 27 of Town and Country Planning Ordinance, Chapter 269, * Legislative Enactments of Ceylon (Revised Edo),

6 - Urban Councils Ordinance, Chapter 255, Legislative Enactments of Ceylon,(Revised Ed.), Town Councils Ordinance, Chapter 256, Legislative Enactments of Ceylon, (Revised Ed.), 1956* Colombo Master Plan Project; The Republie of Sri Lanka, Ministry of Local Government, Housing and Construction, Dept. of Town and Country Planning, in Co-operation with United Nations Development Programme; - Colombo; Central Area Projects; 'Colombo Metropolitan Region, Regional Structure Plan' ; 'Development Activities Plan'; 'Shanty Improvement; An Action Project'; 'Slum and Shanty Upgrading in Colombo M.C; Policy Paper; 'Some Guidelines for the Industrial Location Policy within the Colombo Metropolitan Area'; Draft Policy Paper; »A Summary of the Proposed Development Plan'; Commission on Local Government, Report of; Sessional Paper XXXIII, 1955; Ceylon. Commission of Inquiry on Local Government, Report of; Sessional Paper Mo.VII, 1972; Colombo. Committee on Housing Development Programme, Report of; Colombo;

7 de Mel, Ronnie; Minister of Finance and Planning; 'Budget Speech 1979* ; Colombo. Desmond, G.M,; 'The Impact of National and Regional Policies on Urbanisation"; Urbanization and national Development, vol.1; Ed. L.Jakobscn and V.Prakash; Beverly Hills; Sage Publications; De Silva, G.L.D.; 'The Case for a Metropolitan Authority for the Development of the Colombo Region;' Unpublished Dissertation; Colombo; Economic Review; 'Metropolitan Development'; Economic Review, Vol.3, No.l, April Franklin,G. ; 'Urbanisation and Planning in Developing Nations'; Proceedings of Commonwealth Association of Planners Second Conference Grant, J.P. ; 'Basic Human Needs, Food and the World's Poorest Billion - What Future Prospects?^ ; Overseas Development Council, Washington D.C.j n. Green, L. ; 'First Report on Institutional Issues: Survey, Analysis, and Evaluation'; Colombo Master Plan Project, Stage II; Colombo; Gunatilleke,G. ; 'The Rural-Urban Balance and Development - The Experience of Sri^anka' ; MARGA Quarterly Journal Vol.2, No.l.; Harris, N.; 'The Political Economy of Cities'; Unpublished;

8 Hicks, U. ; Development fecr. Below; London; Oxford University Press; Information and Broadcasting, Ministry of; 'Free Trade Zone! Greater Colombo Rehabilitation Area '; Colombo; Inter-Regional Seminar on Physical Planning for Urban, Regional, and National Development, Report; New York; United Nations; Jakobsen,L. G Prakash,V. ; 'Urbanisation and Urban Development! Proposals for an Integrated Policy Base'; Urbanization and National Development;Vol.I; Ed. Jakobsen and Prakash; Beverly Hills; Sage Publications; Jayawardene,J.R.; Minister of Finance; Budget Speech Jayawardene,J.R. The President; 'Two Years of Progress'; Sunday Observer; July22, Joachim,n.E.; 'Housing Policy in Sri Lanka'j Economic Review, Vol.2. No.5; August Kaneshalingam,v ; A Hundred Years of Local Government in Ceylon ; Colombo; Modern Plastic works; Kearney,R.N.; The Politics of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) ; London; Cornell University Press; Koenigsberger,o. ; "Action Planning' ; Architectural Association Quarterly, May

9 Koenigsberger,O.H. ; 'Physical Planning in the Development Process.Review of Experience During the Last Twenty Years.'5 Town Planning Institute Oversea Summer School. Lands, Land Development, Ministry of ; 'Mahaweli Ganga Development.*; (Sinhala); Colombo; Local Government, Housing, and Construction, Ministry of ; 'Annual Implementation Programme 1979'; Colombo Logan,M.I.; 'Implementation of Plans - An Overview'; Symposium on Implementation of Plans, Athens, 1977; OECD Technical Co-operation Service. Mahaweli Development Board; Ministry of Irrigation, Power and-highways; 'Mahaweli Ganga Development'; Feasibility Study for Stage II; Vol.vil, Settlement Planning and Development ; Colombo; MARGA ; Housing in Sri Lanka ; Colombo; MARGA Publications; Mattls,A.R. ; 'An Experience in Need-Oriented Development.' Participatory Development and Dependance;The Case of Sri Lanka; MARGA Quarterly Journal, Special Issue, Vol.5,No.3, McGee, T,G. ; The Urbanization Process in the Third World; London; G.lell and Sons Ltd.;

10 Mendis,M.W.J.G. ; 'A Review of Urbanization Trends and the Policies and Strategies for Urban Growth in Sri Lanka' ; Mew Delhi Journal of Planners. Mendis,M.W.J.G. s Local Government in Sri Lanka ; Colombo; The Colombo Apothecaries Co,Ltd.; 197S. Mendis,M.t-J.J.G. t 'The Spatial Policy Issues in the Economic Development of Sri Lanka ; Sanwardanaya. Percra,M. ; 'Plans to Revive Economy' ; Ceylon Daily News, July 29 a 30, Pieries,R. ; 'Modernisation: Some Sociological Issues' ; MARGA Quarterly Journal, Vol.2,No.1, Planning Secretariat; 'The Ten Year Plan '; Colombo; Reekie,F.; Environmental Planning; London; Edward Arnold; Rivkin,M. ; 'Urbanization and National Development^; International Societal Development Review; Vol.1 New York; United Natlone ; Rodwin,L. ; Nations and Cities; Safier,M. ; 'Habitat for Developments An Action Planning Approach'; Mimeo. 148

11 Selvaratnam,S, a Jones,W. ; 'Urbanisation in Ceylon 1946 to 1963' ; Modern Ceylon Studies, Vol.2; Silva,R. ; 'The Planning and Development of cities in Ancient Ceylon' ; Economic Review, Bpril Singh,T. ; 'Urban Development Policy and the Role of Governments and Public Authorities' ; Urbanization and National Development, Vol.1.; Ed. fltakobsen & Prakash; Beverly Hills ; Sage Publications; olesbury,W. ; Policy in Urban Planning ; Urban and Regional Planning Series, Vol.8; Oxford ; Pergammon Press; Sri Lanka, Government of ; - Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for tho Financial Year 1st January 1979 to 31st December 1979; Vol. I; 1979* - Motional Housing Development Authority Act Ho.17 of Urban Development Authority Law, Ho,41 of The Five Year Plan ; Colombo; Ministry of Planning and Employment; Town and Country Planning, Dept. of ; 'Urbanisation in Ceylon' ; Unpublished. Urban Development Authority ; 'An Improvement Plan for Batticaloa Town' ; Colombo,

12 Sri Lanka, Government of ; - Apartment Ownership Law Mo.11 of 1973, - Cei&ing on House Property Lav/ Mo.l of Common Amenities Board Lav; Mo. 10 of Sousing Developer's (Special Provisions) Mo.49 of Protection of Tenants (Special Provisions) Act No.28 of Rent Act No.7 of United National Party ; Election Manifesto 1977; Colombo; Daham V/imalasena, General Secretary,U.^.P.; 1977 c United States Department of Housing and Urban Development; 'Improving the Quality of Urban Lifo'; A Programme Guide to Model Neighbourhoods in Demonstration Cities; HUD PG-47; 19S7. Vagale,L.R. ; 'National Development Planning and Its Relationship with the F<3!rm and Structure of Urban and Regional Systems in the Countries of the ECAPE Region' ; Planning for Urban and Regional Development in Asia and the Far East; (Seminar on Planning for Urban and Regional Development, including Metropolitan Areas, Hew Towns, and Land Policies);, Magoya, Japan; Mew York ; 1971; United Nations. UardjB. ; The Home of Man ; Harmondsworth ; Penguin Books;197G. 150

13 Weerasuriya,W. ; Secretary to the Ministry of Plan Implementation; 'The Development of Nuwara Eliya' ; Ceylon Daily News? April 23, World Bank; South Asia Projects Department, Agriculture Division A ; 'K-runegala Rufal Development Project* ; Staff Appraisal Report, Sri Lanka

14 > APPENDICES

15 LI3? CF APPENDICES I Definition of Urban Areas in Some Countries of Asia and the Far East II Distribution of Employed Work-Force in Sr Lanka by Major Industrial Divisions and Sectors III Housing Requirements 5 Sri Lanka ( Urban/Rural ) 1976 to 2001 IV Issues in Planning and Housing Ordinances V Strategy Proposals ( Colombo Master Plan Project ) VI Urban Development Authority - Powers and Functions

16 APPENDIX Is DEFINITION OF URBAN AREAS IN SOME COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND THE FAR EAST. Country Afghanistan! All provincial capitals, district contersj, and municipal areas. Sri Lanka: All Municipal, Urban, and Town Council areas. India: An urban area is a place which is either a municipal corporation or a municipality or under a town committee or cantonment board. Each census has also adopted a number of census towns, which do not enjoy any statutory label of administration. In the 19G1 census, these census towns were determined on the basis of the following tests: - a density of not less than 1,000 per sq.mile - a population of 5,000 - three fourths of the occupation of tho working population should be outside of agriculture. - the place should have, according to the State Census Superintendent, a few pronounced urban characteristics and amenities. Indonesia: All municipalities, irrespective of the characteristics of their area or population. Iran; All Shahrestan centers (i«e. District headquarters) regardless of their sise, and all other places with 5,000 or more inhabitants. Japan: Tho country is divided into 46 prefectures each containing shi (cities), machi (towns), and mura (villages). The latter two are

17 APPENDX3C I contd. : grouped onto what are called ciun as rural areas. However, shi area boundaries usually included not only the built-up land, but also farm and forest land especially after 1953 when Town and Village Meger Acceleration Lav; was enforced. The whole of the shi areas therefore could not be considered as truly urban. On the other hand population aglomerations were increasing, and the built-up areas of laege cities were extending beyond the city limits. Nepal % All population agglomerations of 10,000 or more having urban charaaceristies. These are given the status of rjagar Panchayats,(a form of urban munieipal government). Phillipines: Chartered cities, provincial capitals, and populaciones of municipalities, regardless of the size or characteristics, of the resident urban population. Urban areas broadly include Bagnio, Cebu, and Quezon city, municipalties with a dansity of not less than 1,000 persons per sq. Km., administrative centers of cities, with a density of not less than 500 persons per sq. Km., or with a population of 20,000 or more, administrative centers and "arrios of 2,500 persons and more. Republic of Korea: Administrative entities with a population of broadly 50,000 or more (attained through demographic growth and boundary ectensions) gain city status, and their population is

18 I contd. s counted as urban. Local administrative units with a population between 20,000 and 50,000 are classified as 'eups' ( towns ), These are sometimes counted as urban, though not always with apparent justification, because most of these are functionally large market towns, and 50% of their employment is in the primary sector, The boundaries of both cities and 'eups' cover much more than tha actu&jfcl^ built up urban core, which makes the identification of urban areas all the less precise.

19 .APPENDIX II«DIS^SIBUTIONJEMPLOYED WORK FORCE IN SRI LANKA BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL DIVISIONS, 8 SECTORS COOO) Major Industrial Division Urban Rural Estate Zones Agriculture, Forestry Hunting 6 Fishing Mining S Quarrying Electricity, Gas & Water Construction Manufacturing Wholesale & Retail Trades, Restaurant & Hotels Transport, Storage, & Communication , Finance, Insuranoe, Real Estate, & Business Services.. >Ml SMilfrLty., Sooial, & Personal Services 33 t U n r u l y car v, "y/ ' Activities not adsguately defined r Source 1 Socio - Economic Survey»69/70.

20 -it ii, APPENDIX: III HDLSING REQUIREMENTS. SRI LANKA (URBAN/RURAL)^ ' r.- - f Description URBAN RUfiaH SRI LANKA (Total) 1976 (231) 1986 (26%) 2001 (30%) a) Population (in '000 b) household size c) housing requirements , , (6.37) (5.66) 18,900 (S.53) = (a) / (b) in '000) Less present stock (*000) Urban: premanent Rural: Perm. + Semi-Perm Balance required ('000) Add Obsolete houses ('000)' Urban: Perm.-50 years old Rural: Perm. -50 years old Semi-Perm.-3Q Yrs. old 5. Total Req. in ' Sourcej Colombo Master Plan Team estimates and Projectionsj Colombo Master Plan Project i\ Development Activities Plan. p$ 64.

21 APPENDIX IV : ISSUES IN PLANNING AND HOUSING ORDINANCES Issues which may he includud in a Town Planning Schemes - regulation of land use (sondbng, densities, open space, eec) - regulation of roads - slum clearance - restrictions on structures - provision of public services and utilities - land acquisition - transport - other matters Standards for Buildings, Rooms, and Streets; - heights of buildings - proprtion of site used - siae and ventilation of habitable rooms - open air space around buildings and at rear - access - street widths Types of Improvement Schemes? - general improvement schemes - redistribution of sitos - rebuilding schemes - re-housing schemes - housing accomodation schemes - street/widening/intersection/back lane scheoes - building schemes - reclamation schemes - also land acquisition, redistribution and sale of land, demolition of 'unfit' buildings, construction of buildings a and streets, provision of open space, sanitary arrangements, low-income housing, communications, ets. %

22 corscfntaation COUNTER MA6P»fT TWfltOMAiK IrtMMALEE AflufiAWMFW RfG ioma.1 cmms GROWTH QOm\VO?\b SALLE EXI6TIRW TOWN5 APPENDIX.X: NATIONAL SToATffilE* -

23 APPENDIX Vis URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY - POWERS AND FUNCTIONS The powers and Functions of tho Urban Development Authority include; - integrate planning and physical development - implementing related programmes of development works, activities, and services - formulating development plans, including capital investment plans and programmes - undertaking the execution of development projects and schemes - contracting f o execution of development projects - implementing of capital development plans, and capital investment plans - formulating and implementing urban land use policy in urban development areas - developing environmental standards and preparing improvement schemes - carrying out building operations and infrastructure development - acquiring and holding property and disposing of it - formulating and executing housing schemes - clearing and developing slum and shanty areas - preparing development projects and planning schemes for other government bodies - approving, co-ordinating, regulating, and controlling development projects of government agencies - providing technical planning services to government and others - calling upon government bodies to undertake development projects - charging rents for buildings and fees for services 06;-lM97y "'A &