Research on Interaction of Xi an Urban Development with. Great Heritage Sites Protection

Transcription

1 Applied Mechanics and Materials Online: ISSN: , Vols , pp doi: / Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Research on Interaction of Xi an Urban Development with Great Heritage Sites Protection Lin LV 1,a Ren-yi LV 2,b 1 Department of Architecture, Xi an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yan-ta Road, Xi an, Shaanxi Province, China Department of Architecture, Xi an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yan-ta Road, Xi an, Shaanxi Province, China a , lv-00@126.com b , @qq.com Key words: Great heritage site; Heritage park; Heritage protection; Site area Abstract. Started from analyzing the resource characteristic of Xi an cultural ruins and great heritage sites classification, through the review on important sites protection and their functional evolution in main urban districts of Xi an, summarized three kinds of relationships between urban layout and great heritage sites of Xi an, they are: the site surrounded or covered by built-up areas; the site located in the outlying regions of city; and the site located in the urban and construction regions. Furthermore, analyzed the discrepancy of environmental requirements of different heritage site, put forward three kinds of spatial pattern models of site area and adjacent region, then analyzed the interactive relationship between each other. The resource characteristics and classification of great heritage sites in Xi an The resource characteristics of Xi an great heritage sites. Xi an, ancient Chang an, is one of the most famous ancient capitals in the world, the heritage sites and cultural relics, in terms of quantity, content, scale and grade, are all in front of the country. The history of civilization of Xi an has very distinct orientation feature in space dimension. Feng-he river area in the west is the birthplace of Western Zhou Culture; Both sides of Wei-he river in the north is the abundant distributing region of palaces of Qin and Han Dynasty; Chan-he and Ba-he River area in the east is the advanced civilization region of Guan-zhong plain; while central hinterland is the urban built area in Sui, Tang, Ming and Qing dynasty, Qin-ling mountain in the south guards Chang an as a natural ecological barrier all the year round. [1] (Figure 1) The classification of great heritage site areas in Xi an. The distribution of important heritages in Xi an covers almost all mountains, water courses, and plateaus (such as Shao-ling plateau, White Deer plateau, five Mausoleum plateau) and river terraces, they form collectively several important heritage site areas with distinctive features. According to the distribution characteristics of ruins and the relationship between each other, they could be divided into 4 types: (1) Type A: site area consists of a large-scale conservation unit and the surrounding environment (such as capital and mausoleum ruins), which including multiple cultural relics inside. (2) Type B: site area contains more large-scale conservation units and surrounding environment, their relevance is strong with each other due to the close geographical distance. They make up of a complex unity with the landscape space altogether. (3) Type C: site area contains multiple small-scale sites of cultural relics, they make up of a unity with the landscape space altogether. (4) Type D: site area is not a All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, (# , Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-16/09/16,09:29:16)

2 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols proper conservation unit or just protected in very low grade, with most of the cultural relics disappeared, but the physiognomy features are still clear and less destroyed by urban construction. (Figure 2) Figure 1 Zoning of cityscape feature in Xi an A B C D Conservation unit Environment area Cultural relics Area of disappeared relics Protection limit Figure 2 The classification of great heritage site areas in Xi an Review on important heritage sites protection and their functional evolution in main urban districts of Xi an. Xi an urban has always been groping in coordination with heritage sites, presently, many kinds of protection and utilization models has come into being, for example, heritage park (including archaeological heritage park, comprehensive park, theme park, etc.), heritage museum, heritage forest land and so on. This changed the external conditions of heritage site protection and utilization, at the same time adjusted the space environment of urban construction and region in which the heritage site located, meanwhile make some site areas evolve from the original natural state to the urban historic area with cultural identification function. The heritage sites include the following main examples:

3 1930 Architecture, Building Materials and Engineering Management (1) Xing-qing Palace: In the 1950s, Xing-qing palace ruins was surrounded by the urban construction area which located in south-east of the ancient city. After archaeological survey of the cultural relics, a leisure culture park named Xing-qing Palace Park with more than 50 ha was decided to build for public. (2) Ban-po Ruins: Also in the 1950s, at the same time with textile city construction, China s first neolithic ruins museum, ban-po ruins museum, was built on the east river bank of Chan-he river of Xi an, protecting the cultural relics, as well as providing a place of education and tourism for visitors. (3) Qing-long Temple: It had been systematically surveyed in the 1970s, Kukai, Hui-guo memorial hall and other buildings were constructed in the 1980 s. Now it has become a famous scenic spot on Le-you plateau in south-east Xi an. (4) Ancient City Wall of the Ming Dynasty: Since the 1980s, in order to adapt to urban and ancient city protection, the recreation zone which integrated with Ming city wall, river, forest, alley and road has been finally set up after nearly 20 years of effort. The project on the one hand protects the city wall with heritage very well, demonstrates the ancient capital scene and urban civilization, on the other hand, provides a good leisure and recreation place for citizens. At present, Xi an Ming city wall scenic area, including the park surround it, has become an important part of the urban ecological green system and the list of tourism products. (5) Qu-jiang Ruins Area. This site area include: Tang Chang an city wall, Temple of Great Maternal Grace, Qin II tomb ruins, Han-yao ruins, etc. After nearly 20 years of efforts, a series of projects of leisure, cultural relics protection and display, and tourism service facilities have been successively built up in this region, for example, three Tang project, Great Tang lotus garden, Tang Chang an city wall ruins park, Han-yao ruins park, Qin Ⅱ tomb ruins park, Temple of great maternal grace ruins park, Great Tang all Day Mall, Qu-jiang south lake, Wild goose pagoda square, and so on. Qu-jiang district with Tang style has become one of the city landmarks, cultural creative industry zones, and tourism service centers in Xi'an. (6) Tang Chang an City Wall Ruins (South-west Part): At the beginning of this century, on the basis of investigation, survey, exploration to Tang Chang an city wall ruins (south-west part), Yan-ping gate ruins, wooden tower temple ruins, and so on, Tang Chang an city wall heritage park, with several kilometers long, 110 meters wide, has been built up according to the plan in Xi'an high-tech district. (7) Tang Da-ming Palace Ruins: Da-ming Palace is not only one of the Three Great Palaces of Tang Chang an, but also one of the Four Great Heritage Sites in Xi an. The protection area is about 3.5 square kilometers. In recent years, in order to conserve the cultural relics better and adapt to the in central urban area, Da-ming Palace National Archaeological Heritage Park was built up in the core areas within the imperial palace, based on the comprehensive investigation and archaeological survey. This project has accumulated valuable experience for protection and utilization of great heritage sites in China. Analysis of the layout relationship between urban and important great heritage sites in Xi an. With the implementation of Xi an fourth round overall urban planning, the pace of constructing Xi an international metropolis has been accelerated, the city scale will expand rapidly. The emergence of new districts one after another, makes the relative layout relationship between urban and some heritage sites change significantly. Some important sites which away from the downtown area originally, are suddenly surrounded, or separated by new planned urban

4 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols districts, which on the one hand brings about the threats and challenges to the protection of cultural relics, historical and cultural environment, and on the other hand provides new opportunities for their interaction with urban and construction. The author would suggest summarize the layout relationship between Xi an present important great heritage sites and urban into the following three categories: The great heritage site surrounded or covered by built-up area. Tang Xing-qing palace, ban-po Neolithic heritage, Qing-long temple, Ming city wall, Tang city wall, and Qu-jiang listed before are all belong to this category. The protection and utilization of these sites were carried out in different historical stages, reflects people s cognition and understanding to culture, relics, and leisure space at that time. Although their ways, methods of conservation and utilization are different, but can still provide us with abundant experiences, lessons and thought of. The great heritage site located in the outlying regions of the city. Mainly includes: The site of mausoleum of the first Qin emperor (including the Terracotta Army Museum), this site has been approved as world cultural heritage and built to be a heritage park; Hua-qing Palace the Mountain Li ruins area (National Scenic Area); Neolithic site of Jiang-zhai village; White deer plateau site area which comprise Ba-ling mausoleum, Nan-ling and Dou queen mausoleum of Han dynasty; Site area along Ba-he river which is composed of Hua-xu mausoleum, Lao-niu po, etc; Site area along north side of Qin-ling mountain, including Cui-wei palace and many religious cultural sites, etc. These sites areas are all away from the city center, although under the influence of tourism and local construction, but generally speaking, the threat and damage to them is not serious. Some protection and interpretation practices have achieved fruitful results and accumulated rich experience. The great heritage site located in the urban and construction region. Mainly includes: (1) five mausoleum plateau region (including nine mausoleums of Han dynasty, Xian-yang palace ruins and Lan-chi palace ruins of Qin dynasty, etc), this region is now up against enclosing and segmentation by Qin-han new district and a new airport town. (2) Shao-ling plateau region (including Du-ling, Shao-ling mausoleums of Han dynasty, thirteen tombs of Ming qin emperor), currently this region is confronted with threat and impact from the and construction of Qu-jiang district of second phase, Chang-ning district and other groups. (3) Site area along the lower Feng-he river (including Feng-jing city site, Hao-jing city site of Zhou dynasty, Kun-ming pool, Chang'an city of Han dynasty, etc.), the surrounding area of this region is now facing impact and challenges from urban expansion of west and east Feng-he new town, as well as the third phase of Xi an High-tech district. Analysis of the interaction of great heritage site with their adjacent urban construction and region Environment requirement of different heritage site. Different heritage site category, they are dissimilar in landscape elements inside (Table 1), and also different in the requirements of surrounding natural environment, cultural environment with social environment, due to their contrast in existence conditions. (1) Mausoleum site: in addition to the special natural Shan-shui pattern and tomb layout, human settlements, surrounding farm land, natural landscape and villages, etc, are all the essential elements of mausoleum site. (2) Site of ancient capital city and human settlement: including sites of prehistoric settlements, cities and palace ruins. Environmental elements which affect the site of this type may include: remnant historical landscape and water system; the axis of city and important visual corridor (such as the visual corridor of A-pang palace and Qin-ling mountain; the axis between wild goose pagoda and Han-yuan palace of Da-ming). (3)

5 1932 Architecture, Building Materials and Engineering Management Site of ancient landscape: including the conservation and utilization to original physiognomy; restoration to the historical environment; protection and rehabilitation to the historical water system. (4) Cultural site: contains religious culture, folk culture, and sites of cultural legend. Their character, connotation and cultural value are different, therefore the demand for surrounding environment are never identical. Table 1 elements of heritage site area Elements in Heritage Site Area Ruins Natural Environment Human Outside Settlements Urban Relics remains on the ground Relics remains under ground Disappeared relics (recessive culture) Physiognomy (Mountains and rivers )landscape The rural landscape Vegetation and animals species Water system landscape Artificial landscape of settlement construction (village, roads, canals, etc.) Folk culture Agricultural civilization landscape Urban skyline, whole identity Style and color of architecture Height control of architecture Urban green system (water system) The space relationship models between heritage site area and adjacent urban region. (1) Separation (isolated island) protect model. In addition to strictly follows the prescript of the cultural relic protection plan, for the site area which has no special requirements to the surrounding environment, such as: the settlement sites of early civilizations, the ruins of ancient tombs and ancient buildings with low grade importance and small scale, could appropriately take different contrast methods to build environment outside the protection zone, so as to achieve the connection with urban functions. (2) Transition (fusion) protect model. For the site area which is generally in large scale, higher protection level, with furthermore high value of exploitation and utilization, in addition to strictly conform to the various protection measures of the protection planning, special attention should also be paid to its adjacent urban construction areas, which include: the extension of culture axis and the choice of relative vista; orientation of ecological network; transition of land functions in and outside heritage site area; coordination of surrounding architectural style, height and color control, etc. (3) Network protect model. In a few great site areas, some heritage sites and relics of different category, grade, and size distribute intensively, even their protection scope (core protection area, construction controlled zone) are overlying each other. For such areas, attention should be paid to the following points: Firstly, fully comply with and based on the protection planning of the protection scope and conservation measures. Secondly, on the premise of historical and cultural environment analysis to different site areas, determine the impact conditions from surrounding urban region. In case of conflict among these heritage sites, should be adhered to the treatment principle of small according to big, low level according to high level. Finally, considering the sustainability of cultural relic exploration, the environmental impact scope of the

6 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols site area should be expanded appropriately. Because heritage sites inside the area may have different cultural system, green belt and identification system ought to be built among each site to form a network, as well as construct cultural corridor between famous sites. Analysis of the interactive relationship between heritage site area and adjacent urban region. (1) The two-way O-T (opportunities-threats) influence relationship between site area and urban region. There are not only threat, restrict and challenges, but also the new opportunities and conditions between the heritage site area and adjacent urban region, the interactive relationship has been shown in Table 2. Table 2 Two-way O-T relationship between site area and urban region The urban and construction region adjacent to the site area The oriented impacts on adjacent urban region by site area Opportunities The restricted factors to the urban regions Challenges Promote the urban culture and civilization construction Be benefit to develop tourism and leisure of the adjacent region promote the of urban cultural and creative industries Be benefit to urban in groups and ecological network construction Opportunities May intensify financial support to heritage site protection The positive Accelerate the process of site area protection and utilization Be benefit to adjust industrial structure and village integration in site area Promote the reputation of the site, and explore its cultural connotation Restrict and construction strength of adjacent urban region Adjust urban landscape and function layout requirements to surrounding urban region Restrict large infrastructure construction close to these sites May destroy the site scenery and landscape by urban May disturb the site environment by urban pollution (including noise) Urban construction and population growth may increase the site protection difficulty impacts on site area by surrounding urban Challenges The threats to site area protection by urban and construction Heritage Site Area (2) Planning measures of urban region adjacent to site area under the condition of heritage protection and utilization. For large site area, the planning and construction of adjacent urban region should make corresponding adjustment, such as: protect and restore mountain landscape and historical water system within the range of vision. Urban streets should be linked practically and effectively to the roads inside site area. Avoid urban main road system, and urban rail transport traverse through the site. The adjacent urban region should be in

7 1934 Architecture, Building Materials and Engineering Management coordination with site area, adjust the overall identity, architectural style, color, size and height by the unified idea; Development intensity (plot ratio, building density) should be controlled according to principle of decreasing from far to near, which means that the closer to the site area, the lower of and construction strength. For heritage parks, land function layout in adjacent urban region should be adjusted accordingly, such as: link up the tourism service facilities inside and outside of the park, control the carrying capacity, construct cultural facilities outside of park, etc. Electric power, telecommunication lines should be connected to the service zone of site area in accordance with the plan, but high voltage corridor should be put only outside or along transportation corridor, without traversing through the site area. In addition, many important heritage sites in Xi an are distributed on plateaus and river course zones, where ravines spread all over, and natural disasters happen easily, so disaster prevention plan about adjacent urban region ought to be draw up to prevent and control this potential risk. Conclusion The great heritage site area is a valuable spiritual and material wealth for a city. It can reveal urban civilization, and improve urban culture. It can provide vast green space for new urban district to improve the quality of ecological environment, and the place for public to understand history, to appreciate culture, to do exercise, etc. It also can provide the ideal place for archaeological enthusiasts and cultural explorer. Ruins are valuable and non-renewable cultural resources. We must strengthen the protection and archaeological job for the heritage site which will be or being surrounded by urban construction. We should proceed carefully on the basis of previous experience and scientific research, make cultural heritage play the multiple roles of enhancing urban comprehensive competitiveness, and revealing ancient civilization with regional culture. Notes: All figures are provided by the author References [1] LV Lin, ZHOU Qing-hua, LI Bang-yan. Review on the Spatial Evolution of Relic Parks in Xi an [J]. Architecture, 2012 (2), In Chinese