CityForm-India: Sustainable urban form in Indian cities

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1 CityForm-India: Sustainable urban form in Indian cities Dr Nicola Dempsey and Dr Shibu Raman with Dr Seema Dave OISD: Cities

2 Contents Background information Urban forms in India Some issues for India s rapidly growing cities What has research got to do with it? CityForm-India

3 India s population: 1.15 billion China s population: 1.3 billion

4 Some facts and figures Total population: 1.15 billion Urban population: 286 million 2/3 of population live in rural areas There are 35 metropolitan cities A metropolitan city in India has at least 1 million residents Growth of metropolitan cities in India, Number of metro cities Population (millions) Proportion of urban population (%) Refs: CIA World Factbook (2008); Ministry of Urban Development (2006)

5 Some facts and figures Median age is 25 years Population by age Number % of total 0-14 years 363,610, ,638, ,622,321 8 Ref: Census of India (online source:

6 Some facts and figures Labour force (2003) Agriculture: 60% Industry: 12% Services: 28% Unemployment rate: 7.2% (2007) Population below poverty line: 25% (2007) Estimates taken from CIA World Factbook (2008)

7 Some facts and figures Census (2001): 1.9 million homeless Action Aid (2003): 78 million homeless 40 million people living in slums 1m+ live in Dharavi, Mumbai (largest slum in Asia) 360 million people living on <$1/ day Ref: Unicef (2005); Shaw and Satish (2007); Dave (2008)

8 Some facts and figures 3,000 registered planners (IITP) 1 per 100,000 urban residents 20,000 RTPI members (1/ 3,000 residents) e.g. for 1 per 5,000 residents, Bangalore would need 5,000 planners Approx 400 urban & regional planning graduates per yr 15% take up government planning posts Real skills shortage Refs: Ramanathan (2008) in Town & Country Planning, 77(2): 90-92

9 Some planning restrictions Land-use regulations Floor Space Index (FSI) Very low in India - Mumbai: 1.33; Gurgaon: <4 Dubai: 8-34; Hong Kong: 8-20; New York: 30 Planned high-density devt is currently impossible This has led to widespread urban sprawl Urban Land Ceiling Act (1976) Restricts amount of land owned w/in city limits Has been repealed in some states Rent Control Act Rents frozen since 1947 New Acts have been passed in some states Ref: Dave (2008)

10 A wide range of urban forms

11 Shimla

12

13 New Delhi

14 New Delhi

15

16 Old Delhi

17

18 Delhi

19 Mumbai

20 Mumbai

21 Some issues for India s rapidly growing cities

22 Edge growth Edge growth (privately financed) Shift of activity centres Gated developments/ townships Expensive enclaves

23

24 Real infrastructure problems in Gurgaon

25 Unplanned settlements Challenges Poverty alleviation Clustering of informal settlements Pressure on basic infrastructure

26 Mumbai

27

28 Transport All manner of transport methods Some more hazardous for health than others Some more sustainable than others

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36 Transport Transport infrastructure differs widely Mass Rapid Transit Systems No public transport linking gated devts

37 Metro construction, Delhi

38 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Delhi

39

40 Translating this into research

41 Need to examine SUF in India Patterns of urban growth Policy implications Delivery and implementation mechanisms Urban governance Poverty and migration Infrastructure provision Relationship between urban form and sustainability Lack of existing empirical research

42 Exchanging the knowledge

43 CityForm-India Why is OBU involved? Adopt integrated approach as used by CityForm UK In-house expertise on social equity/ sustainability by OISD:SUE Strengthen this expertise within context of rapidly growing developing countries

44

45

46

47

48 Real potential to be exploited Collaborative India-UK research could: Constitute the first holistic examination of sustainable urban form in India Form an international interdisciplinary research team Involve a combination of multidisciplinary research methods Incorporate urban form as the common link in the study of sustainability for the first time

49 CityForm-India An important research question needs to be asked: To what extent and in what ways does urban form contribute to sustainability in rapidly growing cities in India? Built environment experts will come together in an international research exchange on sustainability and urban form Key research networking events are planned for and beyond

50 Thank you!

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