Course themes. We make the city and the city makes us Winston Churchill

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Kristina Montgomery
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1 Course themes 1. Tension between the way urban landscapes are produced by human intention and action, and the way they shape human experience and social identity. We make the city and the city makes us Winston Churchill 2. What are the possibilities for achieving social change through the arrangement of physical space. 3. View of urban space as communication, a language

2 Industrial Revolution 18 th century The invention near Manchester of new machines to make cloth meant the ability of machines to produce surplus. The steam engine and water power were used to power larger and larger factories for the making of identical goods Instead of a craftsman making a whole object (a chair, for example) in the same way his father made it, he now supervises a machine that makes parts of it, which are later assembled. Manufacturing processes become standardized. Inherited skill becomes less important. This logic is extended to the making of everything. Factories led to a wave of rapid urbanization. Rural people left the land to seek work in the growing cities.

3 Industrial Revolution A. Material trends i. population increase [England]: million million million source of increase? ii. increase in production [England, ]: Iron: 20,000 to 700,000 tons Coal: 4.3 mill. to 115 mill. tons Cotton: 4 mill. lbs to 270 mill. lbs.

4 Crystal Palace (housed exhibits) 1851 Exhibition, London

5 Crystal Palace interior

6 1889 Paris Exhibition

7 Galerie des machines, 1889

8 Plan of the Champ-de-Mars at the 1889 Exhibition Eiffel tower at far left; machine gallery at far right

9 Industrial Revolution B. Trends in building and architecture i. new building materials ii. architecture as revolutionizing force in society

10 Industrial Revolution C. Economic philosophy i. Adam Smith [1776, Wealth of Nations] - Individual choice not state action as fundamental mechanism of economy - Individuals acting in own self-interest can generate the maximum public good ii. Thomas Malthus [1798, Principle of Population] - Population increases faster than means of subsistence - Hunger as best limit to population increase

11 Industrial Revolution D. Outcomes i. New opportunities for porfit - Exploitation generates surplus for trade - Birth of land market - Economic theory: state nonintervention - Exhibitions & department stores - Stock market and financial speculation ii. Pauperization Engels

12 Engels depiction of spatial segregation in Manchester rich poor Manuracturing core Rich

13 The Invention of Town Planning A. Revolution and Reform French revolutions, 1830, 1848, 1871: bourgeois and working class rejection of monarchy and authoritarian rule British reform laws, especially sanitary laws, Needs of Railways and sanitary reform: 1850 laws enabling compulsory acquisition of land = eminent domain or expropriation

14 Medieval Paris before Haussman

15 Paris after Haussman

Haussmanization in Rome, 1881: Cutting a grand boulevard through the medieval tangle Rome, alternative routes for the new Corso Vittorio Emanuele,

The line of the artery as planned in 1873 and implemented after r8so is shown in black. From the Gesà to Piazza S.

16 Haussmanization in Rome, 1881: Cutting a grand boulevard through the medieval tangle Rome, alternative routes for the new Corso Vittorio Emanuele, i88i. The map is oriented with southwest at the top. Ponte S. Angelo leading across to the Borgo appears bottom right, the Gesx bottom left. The line of the artery as planned in 1873 and implemented after r8so is shown in black. From the Gesà to Piazza S. Pantaleo (left of center) it followed the Via Papale; after that it often cut through blocks. Goffredo Narducci proposed instead a straight east west Street between the Campidoglia and the bridge.

17 Baron von Haussman with healing pick

18 The Invention of Town Planning B. Haussmanization Liberal reform laws used as mechanism of state control by neo-conservatives 1851 coup in France, Napolean III Used planning as an instrument of power Fear of socialist revolution: use public works as a way to control the working class and segregate rich from poor Baron von Haussman, Prefect of the Seine, How did he accomplish Napolean s goals? Imagery of the pick

19 World s Columbian Exhibition Chicago 1983 The map labels the major buildings, in the main part of the fair set on Lake Michigan, with their names and dimensions.

20 The White City World Columbian Exhibition, 1893

21 The Invention of Town Planning C. City Beautiful movement In England and the United States, reform movements emerged that sought to improve the quality of life of the ordinary worker. Some of these were driven by charity; others were driven by the recognition by factory-owners that a better-treated workforce will produce more profits. One of these reform movements was the City Beautiful movement. Inspired by Haussmann s image of Paris a clean, easy to navigate, organized city based on business and consumption Daniel Burnham proposed to build new towns. In 1893 Burnham was the designer of the World Columbian Exhibition in Chicago, which showcased new technologies. Its campus was comprehensively planned and built according to City Beautiful principles. This led to his 1909 Chicago Master Plan, which was the first city-scaled plan for a whole city.

22 Acrobat Document

23 The Invention of Town Planning D. Other sites of Haussmanization Haussman s city building methods also found appeal among more explicitly authoritarian rulers around the world in the 20th century. E.g., British Raj: New Delhi, Hitler s Berlin

26 Garden City Garden City

27 Garden City

In 1733, James Kay, invented a simple weaving machine called the flying shuttle. The flying shuttle improved on the old hand loom.

In 1733, James Kay, invented a simple weaving machine called the flying shuttle. The flying shuttle improved on the old hand loom. A worker pulled a cord of rope back and forth to send a small piece of